Locators:

• Required to fetch the address of any web element

• Locators are static methods belongs to the By
class. This By is an abstract class.
Types of Locators:
• Id Locator
• name locator
• tagname Locator
• classNameLocator id locator
• linktText locator
• partialLinkText
• css selector Locator
• X path Locators --------5 syntaxes

id Locators: This id() method Locator is used to

find the address of the web element using
attribute name called id in html tree structure.

<input type="text" class="inputtext _55r1 _6luy"

name="email" id="email" data-
testid="royal_email" placeholder="Email address
or phone number" autofocus="1" aria-label="Email
address or phone number"
fdprocessedid="i2bgk">
• driver.findElement(By.id(“email”));

name Locator: This name() method Locator is used

to find the address of the web element using
attribute name called name in html tree structure.

<input type="text" class="inputtext _55r1 _6luy"

name="email" id="email" data-
testid="royal_email" placeholder="Email address
or phone number" autofocus="1" aria-label="Email
address or phone number"
fdprocessedid="i2bgk">

• driver.findElement(By.name(“email”));

linkText Locator:
• with the help of this linkText() method locator we
can only fetch the address of web element called
link.
• Links are always developed with a tag name called
a
• Here we pick the text value to fetch the address.
 <a
href="https://www.facebook.com/recover/initiate/
?privacy_mutation_token=eyJ0eXBlIjowLCJjcmVhd
Glvbl90aW1lIjoxNjg4OTc4NjA1LCJjYWxsc2l0ZV9pZ
CI6MzgxMjI5MDc5NTc1OTQ2fQ%3D%3D&amp;ars
=facebook_login"
waprocessedanchor="true">Forgotten
password?</a>

• driver.findElement(By.linkText(“Forgotten
password?”);

partialLinkText Locator:
• with the help of this partialLinkText() method
locator we can only fetch the address of web
element called link.
• Links are always developed with a tag name called a
• Whenever the text is very big and contains more
spaces, then we will use this method
• Here we pick the partial text value to fetch the
address of a web element.
• When ever text contains more spaces or large text
then we will use this locator.
 <a
href="https://www.facebook.com/recover/initiate/
?privacy_mutation_token=eyJ0eXBlIjowLCJjcmVhd
Glvbl90aW1lIjoxNjg4OTc4NjA1LCJjYWxsc2l0ZV9pZ
CI6MzgxMjI5MDc5NTc1OTQ2fQ%3D%3D&amp;ars
=facebook_login"
waprocessedanchor="true">Forgotten
password?</a>

• driver.findElement(By.partialLinkText(“password”));

tagName locator: Using this tagName() method

locator, we can fetch the list of specified tag names that
web elements contains.

driver.findElements(By.tagName(“a”));

Script: Write a script to fetch all the links from the

facebook login page.

package Locators;

import java.util.List;

import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebElement;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;

import io.github.bonigarcia.wdm.WebDriverManager;

public class TagNameLocator {

public static void main(String[] args) throws Throwable {

WebDriverManager.chromedriver().setup();
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.manage().window().maximize();
driver.get("https://www.facebook.com/");
Thread.sleep(5000);
List<WebElement> links =
driver.findElements(By.tagName("a"));

for (WebElement b : links) {

System.out.println(b.getText());
}

driver.close();

className Locator: using this className() method

locator we can fetch the address of the web element
with the help of attribute name called class.

<form class="_9vtf" data-testid="royal_login_form"

action="/login/?privacy_mutation_token=eyJ0eXBlIjow
LCJjcmVhdGlvbl90aW1lIjoxNjg4OTc4NjA1LCJjYWxsc2l0
ZV9pZCI6MzgxMjI5MDc5NTc1OTQ2fQ%3D%3D"
method="post" onsubmit="" id="u_0_2_gT"><input
type="hidden" name="jazoest" value="2895"
autocomplete="off"><input type="hidden" name="lsd"
value="AVoRQIQ9IaY" autocomplete="off"><div><div
class="_6lux"><input type="text" class="inputtext
_55r1 _6luy"
• driver.findElement(By.className(“inputtext _55r1
_6luy”));

package Locators;

import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebElement;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;

import io.github.bonigarcia.wdm.WebDriverManager;

public class ClassNameLocator {

public static void main(String[] args) throws

InterruptedException {
WebDriverManager.chromedriver().setup();
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.manage().window().maximize();
driver.get("https://www.facebook.com/");
Thread.sleep(5000);
WebElement value =
driver.findElement(By.className("_6luy _55r1 _1kbt"));
value.click();

CSS (Cascading style sheet) Locator:

• With this locator we can fetch the address of an web
element using Attributes.
• Drawback of this it will not support text
• It has a syntax
tagname[Attribute name=’Attribute value’]
Below is the html code:
<input type="text" class="inputtext _55r1 _6luy"
name="email" id="email" data-testid="royal_email"
placeholder="Email address or phone number"
autofocus="1" aria-label="Email address or phone
number" fdprocessedid="ajgo2">

How to put this code in Syntax format:

Input[type=’text’]
driver.findElement(By.cssSelector(“Input[type=’text’]”)

NOTE: count should be 1 of 1

X-path: It is used to find unknown paths in html tree

structure.
2 types of x path locators
1. Absolute X path locator
2. Relative X path Locator
Absolute X path Locator:
• Here we have to write complete path beginning
from the root element to the element which we
wanted to identify.
• The Expression will becomes very big which is the
draw back of this locator
• To overcome this draw back we will go for Relative
x path.
• Here we use / (single forward slash) to traverse
from one element to another.
• Eg:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Sample Page</title>
</head>
<body>
<div class="container">
<h1>Sample Heading</h1>
<ul>
<li>Item 1</li>
 <li>Item 2</li>
<li>Item 3</li>
</ul>
<form>
<input type="text" id="username"
name="username" />
<input type="password" id="password"
name="password" />
<button type="submit">Login</button>
</form>
</div>
</body>
</html>

Absolute XPath: /html/body/div/form/button

Draw back: In real time application, we will not be
using this because the length of expression is too big.

Relative X path Locators:

 • It will search anywhere on the web page.
• We use // (double forwarding slash) to traverse
from parent to any child element.
We have 5 types of Relative X path Locators:
1. X path by Attribute
2. X path by Text
3. X path by contains
4. X path by traversing
5. X path by group index

1. X path by Attribute:
Syntax:
//tagname[@Attribute name=’Attribute value’]

<input type="text" class="inputtext _55r1 _6luy"

name="email" id="email" data-testid="royal_email"
placeholder="Email address or phone number"
autofocus="1" aria-label="Email address or phone
number" fdprocessedid="r13i4">
How to write this in script:
driver.findElement(By.xpath(“//input[@id=’email’]”));

Drawbacks:
• Attributes are mandatory.
• It does not support text.

2. X path by Text:

Syntax:
//tagname[text()=’text value’]

Drawbacks:
• It will support only text.
• If the text is too big and contains more spaces
difficult to handle.

<a
href="https://www.facebook.com/recover/initiate/?p
rivacy_mutation_token=eyJ0eXBlIjowLCJjcmVhdGlvbl
90aW1lIjoxNjg5MTUxODcyLCJjYWxsc2l0ZV9pZCI6Mzg
xMjI5MDc5NTc1OTQ2fQ%3D%3D&amp;ars=facebook
_login" waprocessedanchor="true">Forgotten
password?</a>

How to write this in script:

driver.findElement(By.xpath(“//input[text() = Forgotten
password?’]”));

3. X path by contains:
It has two syntaxs
1. X path contains with respect to Attributes:
//tagname[contains(@Attributename,’Attribute
value’)]
2. X path contains with respect to text:
//tagname[contains(text(),’text value’)]

<a
href="https://www.facebook.com/recover/initiate/?p
rivacy_mutation_token=eyJ0eXBlIjowLCJjcmVhdGlvbl
90aW1lIjoxNjg5MTUxODcyLCJjYWxsc2l0ZV9pZCI6Mzg
xMjI5MDc5NTc1OTQ2fQ%3D%3D&amp;ars=facebook
_login" waprocessedanchor="true">Forgotten
password?</a>
How to write this in script:
driver.findElement(By.xpath(“//input[contains(@wapro
cessedanchor,’true’)]”));

driver.findElement(By.xpath(“//input[contains(text(),Fo
rgotten’)]”));

Advantages:
• Easy to handle lengthy text and also text that
contains spaces.
• Supports both text and attributes.

NOTE: count should be 1 of 1

X path syntaxes:
Xpath Attribute: //tagname[@AN=’AV’]
Xpath text: //tagname[text()=’text value’]
X path contains Attribute:
//tagname[contains(@AN,’AV’)]
Xpath contains text:
//tagname[contains(text(),’text value’)]
 3. X path by traversing:
• It is used to handle dynamically changing
elements.
• We don’t have syntax.

Steps to be followed:
1. Identify the static element and write the x path
expression.
2. Identify the common parent (with the help of /..)
3. Write the tag name or xpath for dynamically
changing elements.
//span[contains(text(),'Samsung Galaxy M34 5G (Prism
Silver, 8GB, 128GB Storage')]/../../../..//span[@class='a-
price-whole']
Eg: //span[text()='itel
A60s']/../../../../../..//span[@class='a-price-whole']
 4.
Static: The element which is fixed and does not
change.
Dynamic: The element which changes frequently,

//span[contains(text(),'Samsung Galaxy M34 5G

(Prism Silver, 8GB, 128GB
Storage')]/../../../..//span[@class='a-price-whole']

Script:

package Locators;

import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;

import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebElement;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;

import io.github.bonigarcia.wdm.WebDriverManager;

public class xpath_Traversing {

 public static void main(String[] args) {
WebDriverManager.chromedriver().setup();
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.manage().window().maximize();

driver.get("https://www.amazon.in/");
driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@id='twotabsearchtextbox'
]")).sendKeys("samsung phone");
driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@id='nav-search-submit-
button']")).click();
WebElement value =
driver.findElement(By.xpath("//span[contains(text(),'Samsung
Galaxy M13 (Aqua Green, 4GB, 64GB
Storage)')]/../../../../../..//span[@class='a-price-
whole']"));

System.out.println(value.getText());

NOTE:
/ --->used for Traversing from parent to immediate
child
//---> used for Traversing from parent to any child
/.. --> used for Traversing from child to parent.

5.X path by group Index:

When ever multiple elements are matching we use
group index to fetch the address of an element.

Syntax: (X path expression)[position value]

[1]
Script:open the browser and enter google url typr
your name and fetch the 4th value into console from
the suggestion
Note:
• index always start from 0.
• Position value always starts from 1.

Position value of 6 is 4.
Eg: (//input[@type=’radio’])[4]