Analysis:

Experiment 306 of the Physics Laboratory tackles about circuits. E306 is

entitled "Series And Parallel Circuits" and it is related to electrical network. It is an
interconnection of electrical elements such as resistors, inductors, capacitors,
transmission lines, voltage sources, current sources and switches. An electrical
circuit is a special type of network, one that has a closed loop giving a return path
for the current. Electrical networks consist only of sources (voltage or current),
linear lumped elements (resistors, capacitors, inductors), and linear distributed
elements (transmission lines) can be analyzed by algebraic and transform methods
to determine DC response, AC response, and transient response. A resistive circuit
is a circuit containing only resistors and ideal current and voltage sources. Analysis
of resistive circuits is less complicated than analysis of circuits containing
capacitors and inductors. If the sources are constant (DC) sources, the result is a
DC circuit. A network that contains active electronic components is known as an
electronic circuit. Such networks are generally nonlinear and require more complex
design and analysis tools. The following diagram is a simple electric circuit.
There are two types of a circuit. The parallel and series circuit. The series and
parallel circuit is the basic connection present in a circuit that we can see inside a
simple electronic gadget. Resistors, voltages and currents are always a part of
analyzing a simple circuit either connected in a series or in parallel. In this
experiment, we will study the rules on series circuit and voltage circuit.
Specifically, we will be able to determine the voltage across each resistors and the
current flowing through a series and parallel circuit. We will also be able to
investigate the relationship between voltages across each resistor and the total
voltage in a series circuit and in a parallel circuit. We will also be able to look into
the relationship between and the current flowing through each resistor and the total
current.

A parallel circuit has more than one resistor (anything that uses electricity to
do work) and gets its name from having multiple (parallel) paths to move along.
Charges can move through any of several paths. If one of the items in the circuit is
broken then no charge will move through that path, but other paths will continue to
have charges flow through them. Parallel circuits are found in most household
electrical wiring. This is done so that lights don't stop working just because you
turned your TV off. The image that you will be presented is an example of a
simple parallel circuit.
In a parallel circuit, the potential drops of each branch is equal. Given bye:

VT = V1 = V2 = V3 = . . .

Also, the inverse of the total resistance of the circuit (also called effective
resistance) is equal to the sum of the inverse of the individual resistances.

1 1 1
𝑅𝑇
= 𝑅1
+ 𝑅2
+...

A series circuit has more than one resistor (anything that uses electricity to
do work) and gets its name from only having one path for the charges to move
along. Charges must move in "series" first going to one resistor then the next. If
one of the items in the circuit is broken then no charge will move through the
circuit because there is only path. There is no alternative route. Old style electric
holiday lights were often wired in series. If one bulb burned out, the whole string
of lights went off. In a series connection, the sum of the potential drops is equal to
the total potential. Also, The current in a series circuit is the same everywhere in
the series circuit.

IT = I1 = I2 = I3 = . . .
The electrical resistance of an electrical element is the opposition to the passage of
an electric current through that element; the inverse quantity is electrical
conductance, the ease at which an electric current passes. Electrical resistance
shares some conceptual parallels with the mechanical notion of friction. The SI
unit of electrical resistance is the ohm (Ω), while electrical conductance is
measured in siemens (S). The potential difference V across a particular sample of
material is proportional to the current I through the material, provided that the
temperature and other properties of the material remain constant.

𝑉
R= 𝑖

Electric Current is the rate of flow of electric charges in an electric conductor. This
charge is typically carried by moving electrons in a conductor such as wire. It can
also be carried by ions in an electrolyte, or by both ions and electrons in a plasma.
The SI unit for measuring the rate of flow of electric charge is the ampere, which is
charge flowing through some surface at the rate of one Coulomb per second.
Electric current is measured using an ammeter.

𝑞
i= 𝑡

Electric Voltage is defined as the amount of work done or the energy required in
moving a unit of positive charge from a lower potential to a higher potential. It is
called potential difference (PD). When measuring the voltage, it is a must to have
two points to compare, one of them being the reference point. When measuring the
voltage drop for a circuit component it is called measuring the potential across that
component. Resistance measures how much the flow of electric current is opposed.

𝐿
R=ρ𝐴
 R = Ro(1 + αΔT)

High resistance Insulator

Low resistance Conductor
Zero resistance Super conductor
The resistance of the material depend on the length, its cross-sectional area, and the
type of material. Together, the equation that will be formed is:

𝐿
R=ρ𝐴

In this experiment, we have four objectives. First, to determine the total current
flowing through a series circuit and parallel circuit. Second is to determine the
voltage across each resistors and the current flowing through a series circuit and
parallel circuit. Third, to investigate the relationship between the voltages across
each resistor and the total voltage. Lastly, to investigate the relationship between
the current flowing through each resistor and the total current. In this experiment
we used three pieces of Resistance Boxes, five pieces of 1.2 V Batteries, twelve
pieces of connecting wires, a piece of VOM, and a piece of Ammeter.
Equipment care is also important in this experiment. For the VOM, we made sure
that the knob in the voltage, selection when measuring voltage and in the current
selection when measuring current. We also did not
connect your circuit to the power source while we are
assembling them. Finally, we used resistors with
resistance ranging from 10Ω to 100Ω. For the resistors
in series, we first connected the five batteries.

Using the three resistors, we built the circuit by connecting the wires as shown in
the circuit diagram.

We connected the VOM across the resistors one at a time to measure the following
voltages: VAB, VBC, VCD, VDA. We then connected the VOM to the circuit at the
following points: A, B, C, D. We determined the equivalent resistance. We
computed the value of the total current flowing through the circuit and the current
flowing through each resistor and the voltages across each resistor using the
computed equivalent resistance and the measure voltage (VDA) across the batteries.
(We used Ohm's Law and Rules for Series Circuit) From the procedure, we
obtained the following results:

Resistance 1 (R1) = 50 Ω Total Resistance (RT) = 250 Ω

Resistance 2 (R2) = 75 Ω Total Voltage (VDA) = 4.75 V
Resistance 3 (R3) = 125 Ω
Table 1. Series Circuit
Experimental Computed
Voltage Across Resistance 1 (VAB) 0.95 V 0.95 V
Voltage Across Resistance 2 (VBC) 1.43 V 1.425 V
Voltage Across Resistance 3 (VCD) 2.37 V 2.375 V
Current Flowing through Resistance 1 (iB) 0.0175 A 0.019 A
Current Flowing through Resistance 2 (iC) 0.0175 A 0.019 A
Current Flowing through Resistance 3 (iD) 0.0175 A 0.019 A
Total Current (iA) 0.0175 A 0.019 A
Percentage Difference 8.22 %
The second part of the experiment is all about resistors in parallel circuits. First, we
connected the five batteries. Using the three resistors, we built the circuit by
connecting the wires as shown:

We connected the VOM across the resistors one at a time to measure the following
voltages: VAB, VAC, VAD, VEA. We connected the VOM to the circuit at the
following points: A, B, C, D, E. We then determined the equivalent resistance. We
also computed for the value of the total current flowing through the circuit, the
current flowing through each resistor and the voltages across each resistor using
the computed equivalent resistance and the measured voltage (VEA) across the
batteries. From the procedure, we obtained the following results:
Resistance 1 (R1) = 50 Ω Total Resistance (RT) = 24.194 Ω
Resistance 2 (R2) = 75 Ω Total Voltage (VEA) = 4.23 Ω
Resistance 3 (R3) = 125 Ω

Table 2. Parallel Circuit

Experimental Computed
Voltage Across Resistance 1 (VAB) 4.23 V 4.23 V
Voltage Across Resistance 2 (VBC) 4.23 V 4.23 V
Voltage Across Resistance 3 (VCD) 4.23 V 4.23 V
Current Flowing through Resistance 1 (iB) 0.08 A 0.0846 A
Current Flowing through Resistance 2 (iC) 0.05 A 0.0564 A
Current Flowing through Resistance 3 (iD) 0.03 A 0.0338 A
Total Current (iA) 0.16 A 0.1784 A
Percentage Difference 8.84 %
From the values obtained, we can conclude that the experiment is a success
because we just generate a small amount of percentage error. Also, this experiment
helped us in applying the concept of electricity and the series and parallel circuits
in our course.
Conclusion:

I conclude that Experiment 6 of Physics 3, entitled "Series and Parallel

Series", helped us in further application of parallel and series circuits in our
everyday life. A series circuit has more than one resistor (anything that uses
electricity to do work) and gets its name from only having one path for the charges
to move along. Charges must move in "series" first going to one resistor then the
next. If one of the items in the circuit is broken then no charge will move through
the circuit because there is only path. A parallel circuit has more than one resistor
(anything that uses electricity to do work) and gets its name from having multiple
(parallel) paths to move along. Charges can move through any of several paths. If
one of the items in the circuit is broken then no charge will move through that path,
but other paths will continue to have charges flow through them. Parallel circuits
are found in most household electrical wiring. This is done so that lights don't stop
working just because you turned your TV off. As we can see, the experiment
produced a small amount of percentage error which conclude that the experiment is
successful when proper procedures are done to accomplish the objectives.
Moreover, the objectives of this experiment are well-met and this also sums up to
the fact that we generated small amount of percent error. Finally, the further
application of parallel and series circuit in this experiment, E306, helped us in
becoming well-trained professionals.