Cambridge IGCSE™

* 4 1 6 4 1 3 0 9 1 7 *

GEOGRAPHY 0460/41
Paper 4 Alternative to Coursework October/November 2022

1 hour 30 minutes

You must answer on the question paper.

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INSTRUCTIONS
● Answer all questions.
● Use a black or dark blue pen. You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs.
● Write your name, centre number and candidate number in the boxes at the top of the page.
● Write your answer to each question in the space provided.
● Do not use an erasable pen or correction fluid.
● Do not write on any bar codes.
● If additional space is needed, you should use the lined pages at the end of this booklet; the question
number or numbers must be clearly shown.

INFORMATION
● The total mark for this paper is 60.
● The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [ ].
● The insert contains additional resources referred to in the questions.

This document has 16 pages. Any blank pages are indicated.

DC (JP/SG) 304897/5
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1 A group of students visited Jwaneng, a large open-pit diamond mine in Botswana, an LEDC in
Africa. Most mining is done by blasting at or near the surface.

(a) Before their visit the students did some research about the location and the reserves of the
world’s largest diamond mines. Their results are shown in Table 1.1 (Insert).

(i) Use the data in Table 1.1 to complete the pie chart, Fig. 1.1. [2]

Percentage of diamond reserves

0
%
90 10

Key
80 20 Russia

Botswana

Angola
70 30 Canada

South Africa
60 40
50

Fig. 1.1

(ii) What percentage of diamond reserves are in Russia?

.......................................................% [1]

(b) Fig. 1.2 (Insert) is a photograph of Jwaneng mine.

(i) Which sector of employment is shown in Fig. 1.2? Tick (3) your answer.

sector of employment tick (3)

primary
secondary
tertiary
quaternary
[1]

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(ii) Describe two features of the mine shown in Fig. 1.2.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

The students tested the following hypotheses:

Hypothesis 1: Employment is the most important benefit of the mine for residents of
Jwaneng.

Hypothesis 2: The level of pollution increases towards the mine.

(c) To investigate Hypothesis 1 the students used a questionnaire with 100 local residents to
study the impacts of Jwaneng mine. This questionnaire is shown in Fig. 1.3 (Insert).

(i) The population of Jwaneng is 13 500. Do you think 100 people is an appropriate sample
size? Circle your choice below and explain your answer.

YES NO

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Name a suitable sampling method for the students to select 100 people. Describe the
method and explain why it is a suitable method.

Name of sampling method ............................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

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(iii) The results of question 1 (What do you think are the benefits of Jwaneng mine?) are
shown in Table 1.2 (Insert). Use this data to complete Fig. 1.4. [2]

Benefits of the mine

employment
80

70

60

aeroplane 50
medical
runway 80
facilities
and roads 70 40 80
60 70
50 30
60
40 50
30 20 40
20 30
10 10
20
10
0
10
20 10 10
30 20
40 30
20
50 40
60 30 50
70 60
80 40 70
recreation 80 shops
facilities 50

60 Scale
70 0

80 10 number of
education answers
20
facilities
30

Fig. 1.4

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(iv) What conclusion did the students make to Hypothesis 1: Employment is the most
important benefit of the mine for residents of Jwaneng? Support your answer with data
from Fig. 1.4 and Table 1.2.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(v) The residents’ answers to question 2 (What do you think are the disadvantages of
Jwaneng mine?) are shown in Table 1.3 (Insert). Use the results to complete Fig. 1.5.
[2]

Disadvantages of the mine

noise from
blasting
dust
traffic from
the mine
noise from
machinery
waste tips

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
number of answers

Fig. 1.5

(d) From the answers to question 2 in the questionnaire the students realised that the mine
caused pollution. They did some fieldwork to investigate different types of pollution so that
they could answer Hypothesis 2: The level of pollution increases towards the mine.

The students did a bi-polar analysis at five sites around the mine and town of Jwaneng.
These are shown in Fig. 1.6 (Insert).

(i) The students assessed the level of pollution at each site using the guidance sheet shown
in Fig. 1.7 (Insert).
Suggest two reasons why a bi-polar analysis may not produce reliable results.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]
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(ii) The students’ bi-polar analysis scores are shown in Table 1.4 (Insert). Draw the bars for
site 3 at the bend in the road on Fig. 1.8. [1]

Students’ sketch map of Jwaneng mine and town

4 4
3 3
2 2 4 4
1 1 3 3
0 0 2 2
1 1
0 0

3 4 4
5
mine 3 3
4 2 2
1 1 d
n roa
4 4 0 0 ai

ro
m

ad
3 3 A2

t
om
2 2

ine
1 1
0 0 2
Jwaneng town
1

4 4
3 3
y
wa

2 2
run

1 1
0 0
Key 1–5 fieldwork sites
4 4
1 in Jwaneng town
3 3
2 2 students’ score 2 at the main roundabout
1 1 3 at the bend in the road
0 0
dust
noise from blasting

fumes from machinery and vehicles

noise from machinery
visual eyesore

4 at the mine entrance

5 at the mine

Fig. 1.8

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(iii) What conclusion would the students make to Hypothesis 2: The level of pollution
increases towards the mine? Support your answer with evidence from Fig. 1.8 and
Table 1.4.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

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..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(iv) Explain how the following could improve the students’ bi-polar analysis fieldwork.

do a pilot study

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

repeat the fieldwork on different days

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

use equipment such as a noise level meter

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(e) To extend their fieldwork the students asked workers at the mine where they lived before
coming to work at the mine. Some of their results are shown in Table 1.5 (Insert). Describe a
suitable method to show this data on a map.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

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...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 30]

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2 Students in China did fieldwork on the acidity of rainfall in their urban area. First, they researched
acid rain and made a fact file. This is shown in Fig. 2.1 (Insert).

(a) What is the acidity of normal rain water on the pH scale?

.......................................................... [1]

The students tested the following hypotheses:

Hypothesis 1: Rainfall is more acidic (pH value is lower) when the wind blows from the north and
north-east directions.

Hypothesis 2: Rainfall is more acidic (pH value is lower) as the number of dry days before rainfall
increases.

(b) Fig. 2.2 (Insert) is a sketch map of the urban area where the students live. Which direction is
the prevailing wind blowing from?

.......................................................... [1]

(c) Each day the students recorded:

• the direction the wind came from

• the amount of rain that had fallen in the previous 24 hours
• the pH value of any rain water collected.

(i) Describe how the students would measure wind direction.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Describe how the students used the instrument shown in Fig. 2.3 (Insert) to measure
daily rainfall.

...........................................................................................................................................

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(iii) To measure the pH value of rain water they used the equipment shown in Fig. 2.4 (Insert).
Describe their method by putting the three statements below into the correct order in the
table.

• read the digital display

• collect a sample of rain water in a clean container
• put the pH meter into the water

1
2
3
[1]

(iv) Describe two ways the students could make sure that their pH measurements were
reliable.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(d) The students recorded their results as a data log. Part of this data log is shown in Fig. 2.5
(Insert).

(i) On which date was the wind blowing from the north-east and 15 mm of rainfall was
measured with a pH value of 4.7?

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) On which date was the rainfall most acidic?

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

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(e) Using the entries from their data log, the students produced the results table shown in
Table 2.1 (Insert).

(i) Use the data in Table 2.1 to complete the wind rose diagram, Fig. 2.6. [1]

Wind rose diagram

4.5
N
25
5.2 4.4
NW 20 NE

15

25 10
20
15
5
10
5
5.6 W E 4.6
5
5 10
15
20
10 25

15

SW 20 SE
5.5 4.9
25

S
Key
5.2
number of days wind blows

5.0 average pH reading of rainfall from each direction

Fig. 2.6

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(ii) What conclusion could the students make about Hypothesis 1: Rainfall is more acidic
(pH value is lower) when the wind blows from the north and north-east directions?
Support your decision with evidence from Fig. 2.6 and Table 2.1.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(iii) Use information in Figs. 2.1 and 2.2 (Insert) to explain why the level of acidity of rainfall
varies with wind direction.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

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...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

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(f) To investigate Hypothesis 2: Rainfall is more acidic (pH value is lower) as the number of
dry days before rainfall increases, the students used entries in their data log to produce the
results table shown in Table 2.2 (Insert).

(i) Use the data in Table 2.2 to complete the graph, Fig. 2.7. [1]

(ii) Draw a best-fit line on Fig. 2.7. [1]

Relationship between the number of dry days before

rainfall and the average pH reading of the rainfall
on the day after the dry days
6.0

5.5
average
pH 5.0
reading
4.5

4.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
number of dry days before rainfall

Fig. 2.7

(iii) Which one of the following conclusions about Hypothesis 2: Rainfall is more acidic (pH
value is lower) as the number of dry days before rainfall increases, is correct? Tick (3)
your decision in the table below. Support your decision with evidence from Fig. 2.7 and
Table 2.2.

tick (3)
The hypothesis is completely true.
The hypothesis is partially true.
The hypothesis is false.

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...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

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(g) Describe a fieldwork method the students could use to measure temperature variations
within the urban area where they live shown in Fig. 2.2 (Insert).

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............................................................................................................................................. [4]

[Total: 30]

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Additional pages

If you use the following pages to complete the answer to any question, the question number must be
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© UCLES 2022 0460/41/O/N/22