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Create by Theo Jhoni Hartanto

Basic Physics II

Often the concepts of heat and temperature are thought to be the same, but they are not. Perhaps the reason the two are usually and incorrectly thought to be the same is because as human beings on Earth our everyday experience leads us to notice that when you add heat to something, say like putting a pot of water on the stove, then the temperature of that something goes up. More heat, more temperature - they must be the same, right? Turns out, though, this is not true.

1. Definition of Temperature
Temperature describes the degree of how cold or hot a substance is. Temperature is a number. That number is related to energy, but it is not energy itself. Temperature is a number that is related to the average kinetic energy of the molecules of a substance. Read that last sentence carefully. It does not say that temperature is kinetic energy. Here is the relation between temperature and kinetic energy: Every substance consists of particles that vibrate, and the vibration of the particles producing the kinetic energy. The average kinetic energy of particles of a substance is proportional with the substances temperature. If the substance is getting warmer, it means the average kinetic energy of particles is also increasing. Thus, temperature is the measure of average kinetic energy of a substance particles. The kinetic energy and speed of particles of a substance is decreasing along with the decrease of temperature and when the temperature reaches approximately 273.16 0C, the particles motion stops, therefore no more temperature can be measured. This temperature is the lowest temperature of an object and is called the absolute zero temperature and the lowest temperature in the Kelvin scale is marked 0 K which equal to 273.160C. 2. Thermal Energy and Temperature A hot object has more thermal energy than a similar cold object, as shown in Figure 1. This means that, as a whole, the particles in a hot object have greater thermal energy than the particles in a cold object. This does not mean that all the articles in an object have exactly the same amount of energy; they have a wide range of energies. However, the average energy of the particles in a hot object is higher than the average energy of the particles in a cold object. To understand this, consider the heights of students in a twelfth-grade class.

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hot object

cold object

Figure 1 Particles in a hot object have greater kinetic (KEHOT > KECOLD)

3. Thermal Equilibrium Thermal equilibrium As the particles in the glass gain more energy, they begin to give some of their energy back to the particles in your body. At some point, the rate of transfer of energy between the glass and your body becomes equal, and your body and the thermometer are then at the same temperature. At this point, your body and the thermometer are said to have reached thermal equilibrium, the state in which the rate of energy flow between two objects is equal and the objects are at the same temperature, as shown in Figure 2.

Before thermal equilibrium (KEA > KEB)

hot object (A)

cold object (B)

After thermal equilibrium (KEA = KEB) Figure 2. Thermal energy is transferred from a hot object to a cold object. When thermal equilibrium is reached, the transfer of energy between objects is equal.

Basic Physics II

4. Thermometric and The Scale Of Thermometer Whenever temperature of a substance changes, some properties also change. Among them are volume, pressure, and electrical conductivity. A property that change as the temperature changes is called the thermometric property. A thermometer is made by using this thermometric property. The scale of thermometer is made by first determining two fixed point as a markers. These points are the points when an ice melts and when water boils.
100o 80o 212o 373

0o

0o

32o

273

Celcius

Reamur

Fahrenheit

Kelvin

Figure 3. The scale of thermometer

In general, the relation between two thermometer scales can be formulated as

T1 Tb1 T2 Tb 2 T a1 Tb1 Ta 2 Tb 2
T1 = the temperature of thermometer 1 T2 = the temperature of thermometer 2 Ta = the upper fixed point Tb = the lower fixed point 5. Heat Heat is energy. When you add heat to a substance, you are adding energy. Heat may be defined as energy in transit from a high temperature object to a lower temperature object. When heat (energy) goes into a substance one of two things can happen: 1) The substance can experience a rise in temperature. The heat (the added energy) can be realized as an increase in the average kinetic energy of the molecules. The molecules now, on average, have more kinetic energy. This increase in average kinetic energy is registered as a number called temperature that changes proportionally with it. Note that this

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increase in the average kinetic energy of the molecules means that they will now, on average, be travelling faster than before the heat arrived. 2) The substance can change state. For example, if the substance is ice, it can melt into water. Perhaps surprisingly, this change does not cause a rise in temperature. At the exact moment before melting, the average kinetic energy of the ice molecules is the same as the average kinetic energy of the water molecules at the exact moment after melting. That is, the melting ice and the just melted water are at the same temperature. Although heat (energy) is absorbed by this change of state, the absorbed energy is not used to change the average kinetic energy of the molecules, and thus proportionally change the temperature. The energy is used to change the bonding between the molecules. Changing the manner in which the molecules bond to one another can require an absorbtion of energy (heat) as in the case of melting, or require a release of energy (heat) as in the case of freezing. So, when heat comes into a substance, energy comes into a substance. That energy can be used to increase the kinetic energy of the molecules, which means an increase in their temperature which means an increase in their speed. Or at certain temperatures the added heat could be used to break the bonds between the molecules causing a change in state that is not accompanied by a change in temperature. 6. Specific Heat The specific heat is the amount of heat per unit mass required to raise the temperature by one degree Celsius. The relationship between heat and temperature change is usually expressed in the form shown below where c is the specific heat. The relationship does not apply if a phase change is encountered, because the heat added or removed during a phase change does not change the temperature.

The unit of heat is joule, but sometimes stated in special energy unit called calorie. The unit of the specific heat is calorie/gram C or joule/kgC. Remember that 1 calorie = 4.18 joule. The product of mass m and specific heat c is the heat capacity and given the symbol C = mc.

Basic Physics II

Table 1. Specific Heat of common substance Material Aluminium Carbon Glass Ice 7. The Black Principle Conservation of energy law for heat complies the principle proposed by Joseph Black and often called the Black Principle. The amount of heat released by the substance with higher temperature is equal to the amount of heat received by the substance with lower temperature. The Black Principle can be written as: QRELEASED = QRECEIVED The Black Principle is another way of stating the law of energy conservation. Heat cannot be eliminated, but its form may be changed. Heat may be transferred from one object to another. 8. Latent Heat A substance often undergoes a change in temperature when energy is transferred between it and its surroundings. There are situations, however, in which the transfer of energy does not result in a change in temperature. This is the case whenever the physical characteristics of the substance change from one form to another; such a change is commonly referred to as a phase change. Two common phase changes are from solid to liquid (melting) and from liquid to gas (boiling); another is a change in the crystalline structure of a solid. All such phase changes involve a change in internal energy but no change in temperature. The increase in internal energy in boiling, for example, is represented by the breaking of bonds between molecules in the liquid state; this bond breaking allows the molecules to move farther apart in the gaseous state, with a corresponding increase in intermolecular potential energy. As you might expect, different substances respond differently to the addition or removal of energy as they change phase because their internal molecular arrangements vary. Also, the amount of energy transferred during a phase change depends on the amount of substance involved. (It takes less energy to melt an ice cube than it does to thaw a frozen lake.) If a quantity Q of energy transfer is required to change the phase of a mass m of a substance, the ratio L = Q/m characterizes an important thermal property of that substance. Because this added or removed energy does not result in a temperature change, the quantity L is called the latent heat (literally, the hidden Specific Heat of Common Substance Specific Heat Material Specific Heat (J/kg.0C) 0 (J/kg. C) 897 Iron 450 710 Methanol 2450 840 Silver 235 2060 Water 4180

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heat) of the substance. The value of L for a substance depends on the nature of the phase change, as well as on the properties of the substance. From the definition of latent heat, and again choosing heat as our energy transfer mechanism, we find that the energy required to change the phase of a given mass m of a pure substance is

Q = mL
Latent heat of fusion Lf is the term used when the phase change is from solid to liquid (to fuse means to combine by melting), and latent heat of vaporization Lv is the term used when the phase change is from liquid to gas (the liquid vaporizes). References Serway, Raymond and Jewett, John. 2004. Physics for Scientists and Engineers 6th Edition. California: Thomson Brooks/Cole. Zitzewitz, Paul. 2005. A Glencoe Program: Physics Principles and Problems. USA: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

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