Introduction « Cell is the structural and functional unit of life. It is the basic unit of life. + It is discovered by Robert Hook in 1831 in cork slice with the help of primitive microscope. « Leeuwenhoek (1674), discovered the free living cells in pond water with the improved microscope. « Robert Brown discovered the nucleus in the cell in 1831. + Purkinje coined the term ‘protoplasm’ for the fluid substance of the cell in 1839.The cell theory * The theory that all the plants and animals are composed of cells and the cell is the basic unit of life, was presented by two biologists, Schleiden and Schwann. + The cell theory was further expanded by Virchow by suggesting that all cells arise from pre-existing cells.— Types of organisms * On the basis of no. of cells, organisms are of two types: (i) Unicellular Organism (ii) Multicellular Organism (i) Unicellular Organism: These organisms are single celled which perform all the functions. Example: Amoeba, paramecium, bacteria. (ii) Multicellular Organism: Many cells grouped together to perform different function in the body and also form various body parts. Example: fungi, plants, animals. * The shape and size of cell are different according to the kind of function they perform. There is division of labour in cells.Diffusion + The spontaneous movement of a substance from a region of high concentration to the region of low concentration is called diffusion. + Some substances like carbon dioxide or oxygen can move across the cell membrane by a process called diffusion. Cell also obtains nutrition from the environment. Osmosis + The movement of water molecules through selectively permeable membrane along the concentration gradient is called osmosis. » Plant cell tend to obtain water through osmosis.Hypotonic or Hypertonic or Isotonic solution What happened to cell in sugar or salt solution? solution water than the cell. more water leaves the cell than enters it. Name of the Condition Result solution Hypetonic Medium surrounding cell has higher Cell will gain water by osmosis and likely to swell solution water concentration than cell. up. Isotonic Medium has exactly same water Water crosses the cell membrane in both solution concentration as the cell. directions. Cell will stay the same size. Hypertonic | Medium has lower concentration of Water crosses the cell in both directions, butPlasma membrane or Cell membrane + This is the outermost covering of the cell that separates the contents of the cell from its external environment. + The plasma membrane allows or permits the entry and exit of some materials in and out of the cell. + It also prevents movement of some other materials. The cell membrane is called selectively permeable membrane. + It is made up of lipid and protein.— Functions of Plasma membrane + It permits the entry and exit of some materials in and out of the cell. + It prevents movement of some other materials not required for the cell as it acts like selectively permeable membrane.Cell Wall + Cell wall is another rigid outer covering in addition to the plasma membrane found in plant cell. The cell wall lies outside the plasma membrane. + The plant cell wall is mainly composed of cellulose. Cellulose is a complex substance which provides structural strength to plants. ~ Function of Cell Wall + Cell walls permit the cells of plants, fungi and bacteria to withstand very dilute (hypotonic) external media without bursting. + In such media the cells tend to take up water by osmosis. The cell swells, building up pressure against the cell wall. The wall exerts an equal pressure against the swollen cell.Plasmolysis ¢ When a living plant cell loses water through osmosis there is shrinkage or contraction of the contents of the cell away from the cell wall. This phenomenon is known as plasmolysis.Nucleus Nucleolus Nucleoplasm Chromatin Nuclear pores * [tis called the brain of the cell as it controls all the activities of cell. — Composition of Nucleus « The nucleus has a double layered covering called nuclear membrane. ¢ The nuclear membrane has pores which allow the transfer of material from inside the nucleus to the cytoplasm. * The nucleus contains chromosomes, which are visible as rod-shaped structures only when the cell is about to divide.Cytoplasm + The cytoplasm is the fluid content inside the plasma membrane. + It also contains many specialised cell organelles. Each of these organelles performs a specific function for the cell. — Function of Cytoplasm + It helps in exchange of material between cell organelles. ¢ It act as store of vital chemicals such as amino acid, glucose, vitamins and iron etc. «It is the site of certain metabolic pathways such as glycolysis.— — Gh as Gort obsesuzal be ata (Que de all. living Cet of alba | ei | bow, \ \ \ TH AS cimilan to Streoctome = tan platma | v e =r “ ot 0 a Ger rees cnboshasa Ap Lo nararbrane . hone ano ture ype af. Sncloplagmic ReVc olan ews we to . | (PRE ne Cadaplogmic Reticlam |_ Gi) SER. A Sich, epaloplasmic Re Letam { RER A Condata —silbaSame an 46 aaten_ t :—— 1.2 Brckisn an nes! me Bee I —; sing. beat endip plaseic d = —malerules — tox Pasco ect == 1W0.SER help | 0. Ce : aca ‘gil Us. ee ol ne pl 2 Sy Sle on of Col 2 1 S| a ap fo Keep he coll_ sign pneign costal = oak — Sal na ei oF Sere = Gre male ae Rem. |} — the — coll, 3 rg Kan eT Boxe das St oll sles acl a oe asl oop Oo Sen es inte. Spoall piece - tt thse are Kron AS Saictote 5. of dhe Coble -+ Sa a Sere “ehifesk Ake im ounp\. Td melease enengy in he fanaa oF ALP ralenied (de cosine =\ _ @ @ ATP ics ctaiphosphate) Cunntiicy of the Cell. z The nefo.ne tHe. ane able do rake Some of eS own Qoole ta.Page No. (oae | ee ss | Dlastid} | | TR ig aly Aoegend- Ain Col [-Rulasehenile +, be Plasdial is 5 2 - A c Ba eel ae | -Chranap loc [ie assplaat Te & Go & L ] foto G22 —_| Contain Non= | Contain a }—Colount_Digatak | 9 noon Colour | Colaualess, Cole ¢ Whosoplyll. pi Qurcadk __| 91 een iat Io d; chlo! plo Cobar neg LE ea ows ta lea ue:Cui acvates) ee —=)_Vacvolea aye ere booed t- ao ec jel in -the — ——— —Crtoplas ti ta co tele ret lca San Ts ec canes pee \ Vacuale: in Planck cell - One | Langan thon! eartinn these to of} HS nieve Coll. |e) Plant - vatuckes _ocCopy mone “ tron £0 */+ ee - Ma. volwe of ste Coll. : DB Poncktoa =y Geen vjecleg Shoe Pel pa Hr®oe a -coll ere oe a Stowe + ruadte ProcloctC + to ending Ce y a(ose! 1 SECs INS \Onesatly a Siasnauel res tsa I sesh 7 (- etal). i ch scmaSane St + Hoso lene ec wnese ad. Ou Ch ramatame + | Membrane hoon |= PGal osancblles. ose | a ee as| Pesesuad anal: tactho. Ferm of | Pees GA aroh a Yn Hae: Foren icf ——b—gtyeoge