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LEARNING OBJECTIVES
When finished with this unit the student should be able to:

INFS 222
• Differentiate data from information and describe the characteristics
used to evaluate the quality of data;
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• Explain the importance of data governance and quality
Unit 1: DATABASE Systems • Explain databases and the different types of databases and their
importance in decision making;
• Describe the importance of database design;
Presented by: Moleboge Nhlapo • Differentiate between the modern databases and the file systems and
explain the evolution from file systems to modern databases;
• Describe the main components of a database system and
Adapted Coronel, C., Morris, S., Crockett, K. & Blewett, C. 2020. Database Principles: Fundamentals
of Design, Implementation and Management. 3rd edition. Cengage Learning.
• List the main functions of a database management system;
.

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Data, Information and Knowledge

• Information is a set of facts organized in such a way that it provides
additional value beyond that of the facts themselves.
Data, Information and Knowledge
• It is derived from data - raw facts. • An information system facilitates the transformation of data into
• Turning data into information is a process or a set of logically related 3 information and in order to be valuable to a manager, information 4
tasks performed to achieve a defined outcome. should contain specific characteristics to meet quality.
• The process of defining relationships among data to create useful • To be useful for an organization, the collection of information must
information requires knowledge. • help the organization achieve its goals,
• support decision making and
• Knowledge is the familiarity, awareness and understanding of
• it must be relevant, accurate and timely.
information.
• Examples of common goals for corporations include increasing profits
and cutting costs.
Data Process
Information Derive
Knowledge Analyse
Intelligence

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Data quality and data governance

Data quality and data governance (cont)
Unambiguous • Data governance – strategy or methodology by a specific organization
5 that define measures to protect data quality. 6
Relevance • Data governance describes for policies and procedures (for a specific
Data quality org) for managing:
Uniqueness • Availability
Dimensions • Usability
• Quality
Timeliness
• Integrity
• Data security
Completeness

Accuracy / Consistency

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Availabili
ty

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Data
Usability
security
Data
Governance

Integrity Quality

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The database and the DBMS

• A database is a shared, integrated computer structure that stores a

9 collection of end-user data and metadata. 10
• End-user data - Raw facts of interest to end user
• Metadata: Data about data, which the end-user data are integrated and
managed
• Describe data characteristics and relationships

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The database and the DBMS (cont) The database and the DBMS (cont)
• A database management system (DBMS) is a collection of programs
that manages the database structure and controls access to data 11 12
stored in the database.
• Data sharing among several applications and users
• Effective and efficient data management

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Classification of the database Classification of the database

• There are different types of databases. Classification by number of users classifies a database as
• These are classified according to: 13 • Single-user database 14
• Number of users, • Desktop database
• Location • Multiuser database
• Use / purpose of the database • Workgroup database or
• Analytic power • Enterprise database.
• Degree of data structure
• Ownership

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Classification of the database Classification of the database

Classification by Location classifies databases as Classification by Purpose classifies databases as
• Centralized databases 15 • General purpose databases 16
• Distributed databases • Discipline specific databases
• Cloud database • Operational databases

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Classification of the database Classification of the database

Classification by Analysis classifies databases as • Degree of data structure
• Analytic database 17 • Structured 18
• Data warehouse • Unstructured
• Online Analytical processing (OLAP) • Semi-structured

• Business Intelligence • Classification by Degree of data structure classifies databases for

semi-structured and unstructured databases as
• Extensible Markup Language (XML)
• Social Media
• NoSQL

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Classification of the database Importance of database design

• Databases can be classified by ownership • A good database is a database that addresses all the user
• Proprietary 19 requirements, and its structure must be carefully designed. 20
• Open-source • A well-designed database facilitates data management and
generates accurate and valuable information
• Development costs
• LAMP (Linux, Apache Web server, MySQL DBMS, and Perl
PHP/Python development languages.

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Historical File Systems File Systems

• File systems evolved from manual to Computerized File systems Problems with File Systems
• Foundations of databases.
• File system uses files to store data, where each file needs its own data 21 Lengthy development times 22
management system.
Difficulty of getting quick answers
• Comprehension of the weaknesses of the file system can assist the
developer to avoid similar problems with database management
Complex system administration
systems.
• These weaknesses include Lack of security and limited data sharing
• structural dependence,
• data dependence and
Extensive programming
• data redundancy.

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File Systems
File Terminology
Data redundancy implications
• Poor data security 23 24
• Data inconsistency
• Increased likelihood of data-entry errors when complex entries are
made in different files
• Data anomaly: Develops when not all of the required changes in the
redundant data are made successfully.
• Update anomalies
• Insertion anomalies
• Deletion anomalies

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Database Systems (cont)

Database systems
• A database system consists of components that are configured to
collect, manipulate, store and process data into information. 25 26
• These components are:
• Hardware
• Software
• Databases
• People
• Procedures
• DB – logically related data stored in a single logical data repository
• DBMS eliminates most of file system’s problems

25 26

Database System (cont) Database Systems

• DBMS perform numerous vital functions that promote data integrity and data
consistency in a database.
27 • These DBMS functions include 28
• data dictionary management; • backup and recovery management;
• data storage management; • data integrity management;
• data transformation and • database communication
presentation; interfaces and database access
languages;
• security management;
• application programming
• multi-user access control;
interfaces.

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Database systems
Database systems Disadvantages of database systems include

Increased costs;
Advantages of DBMS are that it: Advantages of DBMS are that it:
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• Provides improved data sharing;
• Increases end-user Management complexity;
• Better integration and less data productivity.
inconsistencies;
• Promotes data integrity; Maintaining currency;
• Minimizes data inconsistency;
• Eliminates redundancy;
• Improves data access;
• Promotes data security. Vendor dependence;
• Improves decision making;
• Ensure data quality
Frequent upgrade / replacement cycle

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Database career opportunities

Database career opportunities (cont)
• Database technologies change but skills do not.
31 • Apply your skills to OLTP, OLAP and cutting edge, complex database 32
technologies.
• Cutting edge, complex database technologies:
• Very Large databases (VLDBs)
• Big Data databases
• In-Memory databases
• Cloud databases.

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Summary Summary
• This section introduces a central concept of this course: information • Knowing the potential impact of information systems and having the
systems. 33 ability to put this knowledge to work can result in a successful 34
• It defines the concepts of data, information and knowledge. personal career, organizations that reach their goals and a society
with a higher quality of life.
• The value of information is directly linked to how it helps decision
makers achieve the organization’s goals. • Accurate, relevant and timely information is vital to good decision
making.
• Models, computers and information systems are constantly making it
possible for organizations to improve the way they conduct business. • Data quality dimensions include unambiguous, accurate / consistency,
completeness, timeliness, uniqueness and relevance.
• Data governance policies and procedures must manage quality,
integrity, data security, availability and usability.

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Summary References
• Databases evolved from computer file systems, and it eliminates most • Coronel, C., Morris, S., Crockett, K. & Blewett, C. 2020. Database
of the shortcomings of file system data management. 35 Principles: Fundamentals of Design, Implementation and 36
• Components of a DBMS are the same as IS components: people, Management. 3rd edition. Cengage Learning.
procedures, hardware, software and databases. • Coronel, C., Morris, S., Rob, P. & Crockett, K. 2019. Database systems:
• Databases have advantages, disadvantages, functions. design, implementation and management. Cengage Learning. 13th
edition.
• There are different careers that a database enthusiast can pursue.
• https://www.ibm.com/topics
• www.udemy.co.za
• http://login.cengage.com

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