ARD

TOPIC - AGRICULTURE

PART I AS PER SYLLABUS

Agriculture: definition, meaning and its branches, Agronomy: definition, meaning and
scope of agronomy. Classification of field crops. Factors affecting on crop production,
Agro Climatic Zones; Cropping Systems: Definition and types of cropping systems.

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Contents
1 Present scenario of Agriculture 3
1.1 Growth of GVA of Economy and Agriculture 3
1.2 Gross Capital Formation 3
1.3 Food Grain Production 3
1.4 Share of Sectors 4
2 Agriculture: definition, meaning and its branches 4
3 Branches of Agriculture 4
4 Agronomy 5
4.1 Definition 5
4.2 Meaning 5
4.3 Scope of Agronomy 5
4.4 Principles of Agronomy 6
4.5 Major Principles of Agronomy: 6
5 Classification of Field crops 6
5.1 Agronomy/ Economic classification: 7
5.2 Botanical Classification 8
5.3 Climate 9
5.4 Root Depth 10
5.5 Ontogeny 10
5.6 Climatic Season 10
5.7 Season 11
6 Factors affecting crop Production 11
6.1 Climatic Factors 12
6.2 Edaphic Factors 13
6.3 Biotic Factors- Factors Having Life 16
6.4 Physiographic Factors 16
6.1 Genetic Factors 17
7 Agro Climatic Zone (ACZ) 17
7.1 Classification of ACZ by Planning Commission 18
7.2 ICAR - CLASSIFICATION 19
8 Cropping System and Pattern 19

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1 Present scenario of Agriculture
Before going into the static part of syllabus first analyze the current scenario of agriculture
pertaining to certain sectors which are generally asked in the examination.

1.1 Growth of GVA of Economy and Agriculture

As displayed in graph the GVA for the entire economy contracted by 7.2 per cent,
growth in GVA for agriculture maintained a positive growth of 3.4 per cent.

1.2 Gross Capital Formation

Gross Capital Formation (GCF) in the agriculture and allied sector as a proportion to GVA
has been showing a fluctuating trend from 17.7 per cent in 2013-14 to 16.4 per cent in
2018-19, with a dip to 14.7 per cent in 2015-16

1.3 Food Grain Production

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In the year 2019-20 (as per fourth advance estimates), total food grain production in the
country is estimated at record 296.65 million tonnes which is higher by 11.44 million tonnes
than the production of food grain of 285.21 million tonnes achieved during 2018- 19.
Further, the production during 2019-20 is higher by 26.87 million tonnes than the previous
five years’ (2014-15 to 2018-19) average production of 269.78 million tonnes.

1.4 Share of Sectors

The share of agriculture and allied sectors in GVA of the country has declined from 18.2
per cent in 2014-15 to 17.8 per cent in 2019-20 an inevitable outcome of a development
process in which the relative performance of non-agricultural sectors becomes more
dominant.

Within the agriculture sector, the share of crops has fallen from 11.2 per cent in 2014-15 to
9.4 per cent in 2018-19. The decline in the share of crops has been made up by an
increase in the share of livestock and fisheries sectors.

2 Agriculture: definition, meaning and its branches

AGER Soil CULTURA Cultivation Origin-Latin

3 Branches of Agriculture
Video Lecture on Branches of Agriculture: https://youtu.be/lZhvpD2p-dQ

Agriculture is mainly divided into following seven branches –

Crop Protection Animal
Allied Group
Group Husbandry Group
•Agronomy •Animal •Agri Engg.
•Horticulture Husbandry •Home Science
•Forestry •Pisciculture

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 1. Agronomy
2. Horticulture- Fruits- Pomology; Vegetables- Olericulture
3. Forestry- Silviculture
4. Animal husbandry
5. Fishery science- Pisciculture
6. Agricultural Engineering and
7. Home science - includes subjects like biology, psychology, bio-chemistry,
economics, rural development, child development, sociology and family
relations including other science subjects.

4 Agronomy
Link for Video Lecture: https://youtu.be/xaif7hlM25g

Link for Video Lecture: https://youtu.be/wg4gpMnzFcs

4.1 Definition
Agronomy, The term is derived from the Greek words “Agros” meaning “Field” and
“nomos” meaning “to manage.” So, Agronomy is a branch of agricultural science which
deals with principles and practices of soil, water and crop management.

4.2 Meaning
Agronomy is considered as the mother or primary branch of agriculture. Like agriculture, it
is nothing but an integrated and applied aspect of different disciplines of pure sciences. It
has three distinct branches:

 Crop Science (mainly field crops)

 Soil science
 Environmental Science ( that deals with applied aspects)

“The central theme of agronomy is of soil-crop-environment relationship”

The core of agronomy is the field of crop plants with the theme of controlling the
environment (micro climate). The nature of agronomy is based on soil-plant- environment
relationship

4.3 Scope of Agronomy

 Yield maximization with introduction of new cultivars/ HYVs
 Reduced cost of production due to proper crop management
 Better water use efficiency due to agronomic knowledge
 Special tillage and intercultural operations for better crop growth and maximizing
harvesting index
 Appropriate soil fertility management can increase crop yields with lesser use of
fertilizer for increased profit
 Reduced post harvest loss due to agronomic knowledge and practices

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  Intensive cropping patterns and integrated farming systems for sustainable
agricultural growth and increased food production per unit area to feed teeming
millions every year.

4.4 Principles of Agronomy

The principle of agronomy is based on two major purposes
 Develop an understanding of the important principles underlying the management.
 Develop the ability to apply these principles to production situations.

4.5 Major Principles of Agronomy:

1. Agro-meteorology: Study of climatic factors related to agriculture.
2. Soils & Tillage: Tillage is the agricultural preparation of the soil by ploughing, ripping, or
turning it. There are two types of tillage: primary and secondary tillage. Soil is a natural
body consisting of layers of mineral constituents of variable thicknesses, which differ from
the parent materials in their morphological, physical, chemical, and mineralogical
characteristics.
3. Soils & Water conservation: Water conservation refers to reducing the usage of water
and recycling of waste water for different purposes like cleaning, manufacturing,
agriculture etc.
4. Dry land Agriculture: Dry land farming is an agricultural technique for cultivating land
which receives little rainfall.
5. Mineral Nutrition of plants, Manures & Fertilizers: Plant nutrition is the study of the
chemical elements that are necessary for plant growth.
6. Irrigation & water management: Water management is the activity of planning,
developing, distributing and optimum use of water resources under defined water polices
and regulations
7. Weed Management: Management of unwanted plant in field.
8. Cropping & Farming systems: Shall be discussed in detail
9. Sustainable Agriculture: Sustainable agriculture refers to the ability of a farm to produce
fertile soil and cows, without causing severe or irreversible damage to ecosystem health

5 Classification of Field crops

The field crops can be classified in multiple number of ways like their life cycle, Botany,
season, climate etc.

Trick: ABC – ROCS

Link for Video lecture: https://youtu.be/xaif7hlM25g

Agronomy, Botany, Climate, Root depth, Ontogeny, Climate, Season

Agronomy Cereal, Grain, Legume, Oil seed, Sugar, Fiber, Fodder, Rubber, Tuber,
Root, Medicinal
Botany Dicot & Monocot
Root Depth Shallow, Intermediate, Deep
Ontogeny Annual, Bineal, Perennial
Climate Tropical, Subtropical, Temperate, Polar

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 Season Rabi, Khariff, Zaid
Co2 Fixation C3, C-4, CAM
Pollination Self, Cross and Often Pollinated

5.1 Agronomy/ Economic classification:

 Cereal-Crops/(Grain-Crops)
These are the grasses grown for their edible seeds. Examples include wheat, rice,
maize, barley, oat, sorghum, millet and others. Cereal grains are the seeds from
plants of the grass family (Poaceae or Gramineae)
 Forage-Crops
These are the crops which are cultivated for green chop, hay, silage or soiling, or
they are grazed by animals. In terms of dry matter, these crops have over 25% fiber
contents. Forage crops belong to the Graminae and Leguminosae families like
clovers and grasses respectively.The crops like sorghum, maize and other coarse
crops when harvested as whole and used to feed animals, these are termed as
Fodder crops

Berseem  Egyptian clover,

 King of fodder crops
Lucerne  Alfalfa,
 Lucerne is also termed `Queen of
forages',
 King of drought tolerance
Senji  Sweet clover
Napier  Elephant grass
 Uganda grass
 Oilseed-Crops
These are crops cultivated specifically for the purpose of extracting oils from their
seeds. For example, mustard, rapeseed, canola, soybean, sunflower, safflower,
sesame, castor bean, linseed and flax.

CROP OIL CONTENT

Black Mustard  43%
Sesame  Sesame seed is rich in oil, contains high amounts of (83-90%)
unsaturated fatty acids, mainly linoleic acid (37-47%), oleic acid
(35-43%), etc
Black Mustard  29%
Toria  35%
Yellow Mustard  45%
Canola Oil  Canola oil is a vegetable oil derived from a variety of rapeseed
that is low in erucic acid
 <2% erusic acid
Soyabean  18–19% oil
 Contains 55% Linoleic acid
Groundnut  Groundnut seeds contain about 45–56% oil and 22–30% protein
Bran oil  Rice bran oil has a composition similar to that of peanut oil, with
38% monounsaturated, 37% polyunsaturated, and 25% saturated
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 fatty acids.
 Fiber-Crops
These crops are specially grown to extract fiber. This fiber is used to make clother,
ropes, bags etc. For example cotton, jute, flax, sunhemp.
 Sugar-Crop
Edible sugar is made from the juice extracted from these crops. For example,
sugarcane, sugar beet and sweet sorghum.
 Pulse-Crops
These are the members Leguminosae which are cultivated for their edible seeds.
For example, chickpea, mung bean, mash bean, lentil, cowpea, faba bean, lima
bean, and pigeon pea.
 Root and Tuber Crops
These crops are grown for their underground economical part like rhizome, bulb,
tuber, corms and stem tubers. For example, onion, garlic, groundnut, potato, radish,
carrot and turnip.
 Vegetable-Crops
Crops which are grown for their edible leaf, shoot, fruits and seeds. For example,
cabbage, spinach, garden pea, squash, pumpkin, tomato, eggplant, okra, lady
finger, broccoli, aspargus, cauliflower and cucumber etc.
 Condiment Crops
Corriander, mint and chillies are cultivated and used as condiments.
 Narcortic-Medicinal-Crops
Tobacco, poppy, tea, coffee and pepper-mint are the crops which find their use as
narcotic or drug crops.

5.2 Botanical Classification

Monocot and dicot differ in their roots, stem, leaves, flowers and seeds. The main
difference between monocot and dicot is that monocot contains a single cotyledon in its
embryo whereas dicot contains two cotyledons in its embryo.

Monocots:

(1) Poaceae: e.g. Cereals i.e. paddy, wheat, sorghum, Maze

(2) Zingiberaceae: e.g. Ginger
(3) Liliaceae : e.g. Onion
Dicots:
(1) Malvaceae: e.g. cotton, okra,
(2) Cruciferae : e.g. cabbage, musta
(3) Solanaceae: e.g. tobacco, potato, brinjal
(4)Leguminoceae: e.g. groundnut, pigeon pea, gram, pea,
(5) Tiliaceae: e.g. jute, sun hemp
(6) Linaceae: eg. Linseed
(7) Euphorbiaceae : e.g. castor
(8) Composite : e.g. sunflower
(9) chenopodiaceae: e.g. sugar beet

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5.3 Climate
Characteristics of different zones
Temperate zone:

Vegetative and flower buds of most of the temperate zone fruits enter into dormancy in
late summer or autumn and require a substantial amount of winter cold before they can
resume growth in the following spring.

 Temperate fruit plants are exacting in their climate requirement.

 They are grown only in place where winter is distinctly cold, require as exposure of
specific chilling temperature for certain period without which they do not flower.
 These fruit plants are generally deciduous and stand frost. E.g. apple, almond,
peach, pear, plum, strawberry, apricot, persimmon, cherimoya, pecan nut, walnut,
hassle nut, cherry, pistachios and kiwifruits etc.

In India, temperate zone climatic environment occurs at sufficiently high elevations.

Type of temperate fruit Example

1. Simple fruits
a. Fleshy  Pome - apple, pear
 Drupe (Stone) - cherry, peach, plum and apricot
b. Dry
 Nut - Walnut, almond, chestnut, hazelnut and
pecan nut.
 Achne - Strawberry.
2. Aggregate fruits  Raspberry
3. Multiple (composite) fruits  Mulberry
Subtropical zone:

 The fruit crops grown under a climatic condition between temperate and the
tropical are known as subtropical fruit crops.
 They may be either deciduous or evergreen and are usually able to withstand a low
temperature but not the frost.
 They are also quite adoptive to fluctuations of light and dark period during day and
night. Some subtropical fruit plants require chilling for flower bud differentiation.
Example; grape, citrus, durian, jackfruit, etc.,

Tropical zone:

 Tropical fruit plants are generally evergreen and are extremely sensitive to cold.

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  The plants are generally grown in climatic conditions prevailing in the region
between the tropic of cancer (230 (27) N latitude) and the tropic of Capricorn (230
(27) S latitude).
 They do well under lesser fluctuations of diurnal temperature, light and dark periods
they require a moist warm climate but are capable of withstanding dry weather in
some cases e.g; mango, banana, papaya, sapota, etc.

5.4 Root Depth

 Shallow Depth – 15 cm
 Deep Depth – 45-60 cm

5.5 Ontogeny (Life cycle)

Ontogeny is the origination and development of an organism; usually from the time of
fertilization of the egg to the organism’s mature form—although the term can be used
to refer to the study of the entirety of an organism's lifespan.
 Annual Wheat, rice, maize, mustard
 Bineal Sugar beet, beet root,
 Perenial Napier fodder grass, coconut,

5.6 Climatic Season

The crops are classified according to their growing geographical regions

Coconut, Wheat, All pines,

sugarcane barley Rice, pasture
cotton grasses
POLAR
TROPICAL

SUB TROPICAL
TEMPERATE

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5.7 Season
Season – Short time; Climate - Long time

6 Factors affecting crop Production

Click Link for Video: https://youtu.be/WF1neYob4GQ

There are many factors which affects growth of crops .Crop growth is diverse mix of
multiple factors which we shall be discussing now.

Classification - Broadly we can classify it into two groups Environmental (External) &
Genetic (Internal or Hereditary)

CLIMATIC
ENVIORMENTAL

EDAPHIC

BIOTIC

PHYSIOGRAPHIC

AGRONOMIC
GENETIC

GENETIC

/Herediatry

Illustration: Classification of crop production factors

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6.1 Climatic Factors
The climatic factors include rainfall and water, light, temperature, relative humidity, air,
and wind.
Factor Remark
Temperature  The range of temperature for maximum growth of most of
the agricultural plants is between 15 and 40◦C.
 The minimum, maximum (above which crop growth ceases)
and optimum temperature of individual’s plant is called as
cardinal temperature.
Crops Min Optimum Max
temperature temp temperature
ºC ºC
Rice 10 32 36-38

Wheat 4.5 20 30-32

Maize 8-10 20 40-43
Sorghum 12-13 25 40
Tobacco 12-14 29 35

Relative Humidity  Relative humidity is ratio between the amount of moisture

(RH) presenting the air to the saturation capacity of the air at a
particular temperature.
 Relative humidity of 40-60% is suitable for most of the crop
plants.
Precipitation  In heavy and evenly distributed rainfall areas, crops like rice
in plains and tea, coffee and rubber in Western Ghats are
grown.
 Low and uneven distribution of rainfall is common in dry-land
farming where drought resistance crops like pearl millet,
sorghum and minor millets are grown.

 Average Rainfall 125 cm out of which 75% received June to

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 September

Solar Radiation  Photoperiodism is a response of plant to day length

 Short day – Day length is <12 hours (Rice, Sunflower and
cotton)
 long day – Day length is > 12 hours (Barley, oat, carrot and
cabbage)
 day neutral – There is no or less influence on day length
(Tomato and maize).
 Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR - 0.4 – 0.7μ)
Wind Velocity  Wind movement for 4 – 6 km/hour is suitable for most crops.
 Anemometer is used to measure wind velocity.
Atmospheric Gases  CO2 – 0.03%, O2 - 20.95%, N2 - 78.09%, Argon - 0.93%, Others
- 0.02%.

6.2 Edaphic Factors

Means factors which are related to soil, the table below depicts important edaphic
factors.

Factor Remark
Soil Moisture Soil Moisture Terminologies:

Click Link to
understand
concept of soil
moisture
Concept of Soil
Moisture

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  Field capacity: is the amount of water remaining in the soil a
few days after having been wetted and after free drainage
has ceased. The matric potential at this soil moisture condition
is around - 1/10 to – 1/3 bar.
 Permanent wilting point: is the water content of a soil when
most plants (corn, wheat, sunflowers) growing in that soil wilt
and fail to recover their turgor upon rewetting. The matric
potential at this soil moisture condition is commonly estimated
at -15 bar.
 Gravitational water: Free water that moves through the soil
due to the force of gravity. Gravitational water is found in the
macropores. It moves rapidly out of well-drained soil and is not
considered to be available to plants.
 Capillary water: that remains in the soil after
gravitational water is drained out, that is subject to the laws
of capillary movement, and that is in the form of a film around
the soil grains.
 Hygroscopic Water: absorbed from the atmosphere and held
very tightly by the soil particles, so that it is unavailable to
plants in amounts sufficient for them to survive.

Soil  It affects the physical and chemical processes going on in the

Temperature soil.
 It influences the rate of absorption of water and solutes.
 Soil temperature controls the microbial activity.

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Soil Organism

Soil Organic It improves the texture of the soil.

matter

Soil Mineral
Matter

Soil Ph

Soil Air  Potato, tobacco, cotton linseed, tea and legumes need higher O2 in soil
air
 Rice requires low level of O2 and can tolerate water logged condition.

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6.3 Biotic Factors- Factors Having Life
 Flora- Competitive and complementary nature among field crops when grown
together
 Fauna- Honey bees and wasps help in cross pollination and increases yield and
considered as beneficial organisms.

6.4 Physiographic Factors

The factors include the following aspects:
Physiological Factor Characteristics
Topography The nature of surface earth (leveled or sloppy) is known as
topography. Topographic factors affect the crop growth
indirectly.

Altitude Increase in altitude causes a decrease in temperature and

increase in precipitation and wind velocity (hills and plains)

Steepness of Slope It results in run off of rain water and loss of nutrient rich top

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 soil.
Exposure to Light and Wind A mountain slope exposed to low intensity of light and
strong dry winds may results in poor crop yields (coastal
areas and interior pockets).

6.1 Genetic Factors

Are those factors which affect plant growth and development involving genes, the
chromosomes, the genomes, and all those which determine gene expression with the
exclusion of environmental factors

7 Agro Climatic Zone (ACZ)

Click link for Concept of ACZ: https://youtu.be/Joh68XsZh4M

An agro-climatic zone is a land unit uniform in respect of climate and length of growing
period (LGP) which is climatically suitable for a certain range of crops and cultivars (FAO,
1983).

Organization ACZ/AER
Planning Commission 15
ICAR 127
NBSS & LUP 20

Q. What is difference between Agroclimatic Zone (ACZ) and Agro Ecological Zone (AEZ)

Ans: Explained in video https://youtu.be/Joh68XsZh4M

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7.1 Classification of ACZ by Planning Commission
Planning Commission of India (1989) divided country into different agro climatic regions
based on homogeneity in rainfall, temperature, topography, cropping and farming
systems and water resources. India is divided into 15 agro-climatic regions

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7.2 ICAR - CLASSIFICATION
The State Agricultural Universities were advised to divide each state into sub-zones, under
the National Agricultural Research Project (NARP) under ICAR. Based on the rainfall
pattern, cropping pattern and administrative units, 127 agro-climatic zones are classified.
The zones of state are given below.

8 Cropping System and Pattern

Video Lecture on this topic: https://youtu.be/WI7Wci0jzjI

Cropping pattern is the yearly sequence and spatial arrangement of crops and fallow on
a given area. Cropping system comprises all cropping patterns grown on the farm and
their interaction with farm resources, other household enterprises and the physical,
biological, technological and sociological factors or environments".

 Sequential cropping - A form of multiple cropping in which paddy is grown in

sequence on the same field, with the succeeding crop planted after the harvest of
the preceding crop.
 Mixed cropping - Growing of two or more varieties of paddy simultaneously and
intermingled without row arrangements, where there is significant amount of
intercrop competition.
 Mono-cropping system - A system of cultivation in which a paddy is grown over a
large area of land often for several years.
 Ratooning - One of the important methods of intensive cropping, allowing the
stubbles of paddy crop to strike again after harvesting and to raise another crop.
 Relay planting - The second crop is planted into an established stand of a main
crop. The second crop develops fully after the main crop is harvested.

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9 Important Institutions

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10 Practice Questions
Q1. Which of the following system is related to Vegetable cultivation and forest Tree
management? [NABARD-2017]
a. Pomology+Agroforestry
b. Olericulture+Agroforestry
c. Olericulture + Silviculture
d. Pisciculture+Olericulture
e. None

Q2. Cultivation of Grapes is known popularly as which of the following? [NABARD-2017]

a. Olericulture
b. Pomology
c. Viticulture
d. Pisciculture
e. None

Q3. Who is referred as father of Agronomy?

a. Dokuchev
b. Pietro de'Crescenzi i
c. Brady
d. Both a and b
e. None

Q4. Indian Institute of Pulse Research is located in which of the following city?
a. Lucknow
b. Kanpur
c. Indore
d. New Delhi
e. None

Q5. Annual average Rainfall of India as per IMD is?

a. 75 cm
b. 100 cm
c. 110 cm
d. 125 cm
e. None

Q6. Maximum Area of India receives rainfall in the range?

a. 0-750 mm
b. 750-1500 mm
c. 1500 – 2000 mm
d. 2000mm +

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 e. None

Q7. Cereal like paddy, wheat etc. belong to which family?

a. Leguminoceae
b. Poaceae
c. Malvaceae
d. Solanaceae
e. None
Q8. King of Fodder crops is which of the following?
a. Napier
b. Berseem
c. Alfa-Alfa
d. Senja
e. None
Q9. Which of the following is bineal crop based on Ontogeny?
a. Paddy
b. Black Gram
c. Ragi
d. Carrot
e. All
Q10. Canola Oil are known for less erusic acid content, it is below what % ?
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
e. None
Q11. Which of the following represents an example of Composite fruit?
a. Raspberry
b. Strawberry
c. Mulberry
d. Cranberry
e. All
Q12. Nival Zone crops are found in ?
a. Plains
b. Low altitude
c. Medium altitude
d. Very high altitudes
e. None
Q13. Coconut represents which type of crop based on climate?
a. Temperate
b. Tropical
c. Sub Tropical

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 d. Polar
e. None
Q14. Which of the following element represents important feature of Dry land Integrated
farming system?
a. Pig
b. Cow
c. Goat
d. Buffalo
e. None
Q15. Jute and Cotton fibre crops are which type of crops based on season?
a. Rabi
b. Kharif
c. Zaid
d. All
e. None
Q16. Major portion of Punjab,Haryana,Delhi Comes under which AGROCLIMATIC zone?
a. Lower gangetic Plain
b. Trans gangetic Plain
c. Upper gangetic plain
d. Middle gangetic plain
e. None
Q17. Which state has the highest number of Agro climatic zones?
a. Punjab
b. Haryana
c. Madhya Pradesh
d. Uttar Pradesh
e. Nobe
Q18. Minimum temperature for growth of Rice is (in degree celsius) how much?

a. 10
b. 12
c. 15
d. 18
e. 20

Q19. Crop + Dairy + Biogas + Mushroom + Silvi-culture pertains to which farming system?

c. Dry
land
base
d
a. Wetland b. Gardenland farmi
based based ng d. Moistland e. None of
farming farming syste based the
system system m ecosystem above
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Q20. Which of the following is wrongly matched with respect to optimum temperature (in
degree celsius) for growth-

a. Paddy- 32
b. Wheat-20
c. Maize-20
d. Sorghum-18
e. All are correct

NEXT - PART II
Problems of dry land agriculture; Seed production, seed processing, seed village;
Meteorology: weather parameters, crop-weather advisory; Precision Farming, System of
Crop Intensification, organic farming; Soil and Water Conservation : Major soil types, soil
fertility, fertilisers, soil erosion, soil conservation, watershed management

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