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Skeletal System Unit-Part-1

Skeletal System Unit-part-1

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28 views4 pages

Skeletal System Unit-Part-1

Skeletal System Unit-part-1

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rayph13
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Skeletal System Unit- part I Professor K.

Oliver-Tucci

Skeletal System- composed of bones (osseous tissue) and associated blood, cartilage, tendons,
ligaments, epithelium, adipose tissue and nervous tissue.

Functions:
a. support
b. protection
c. movement
d. mineral storage and release (stores 99% of Ca++)
e. hemopoesis aka hematopoesis (blood cell formation- from red marrow found in
pelvic bones, ribs, sternum, vertebrae, skull, and ends of humerus and femur)
f. triglyceride storage- yellow marrow mainly adipose cells that store triglycerides
(potential energy reserves)

Number of bones:
206+ in adult
Infants and Children have a higher number because all bones haven’t fused or completely
ossified

Skeletal divisions:
1. Axial- 80 bones
2. Appendicular- 126 bones

Types of Bones: structure related to function, for example, long bones support, flat bones
protect, short bones allow precise movements
1. long bones- humerus, femur
2. short bones- carpals, tarsals
3. flat bones- skull scapula, ribs
4. irregular bones- vertebrae, ethmoid
5. sesamoid bones- patella

Composition of Bone (osseous) Tissue

1. Cells:
a. osteogenic cells- unspecialized bone stem cells, only bone cells that divide, develop into
osteoblasts
b. osteoblasts- bone forming cells, deposit calcium into bone
c. osteoclasts- bone destroying cells, breakdown bone minerals, remove calcium from
bones, derived from the fusion of as many as 50 monocytes (WBCs), have a ruffled
border
d. osteocytes- mature, nondividing osteoblasts living within lacunae (small pits) surrounded
by nonliving matrix, main cells in bone tissue, responsible for nutrient and waste
exchange with blood.
***mnemonic: OsteoBlasts Build Bone while OsteoClasts Carve out Bone.

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2. Nonliving Bone Matrix:
a. Inorganic salts- make bone hard but brittle
i. Hydroxyapatite- specialized chemical crystals of calcium and phosphate
ii. Calcium phosphate
iii. Calcium carbonate
iv. Magnesium
v. Sodium
3. Organic Matrix- adds to strength and makes bone more resilient/highly flexible
a. Collagenous fibers
b. Proteins
c. Polysaccharides

Compact vs. Spongy Bone- see lab manual


Compact bone- Strongest bone/heavier contains Osteons/Haversian systems, aka cortical bone
Spongy Bone- Always protected by a covering of compact bone/ lighter, no Osteons, contain
trabeculae
which support and protect the bone marrow, aka cancellous bone

Anatomy of a Long Bone: see text-fig 6.1- be able to label and describe all parts
- epiphysis
- metaphysis
- diaphysis
- medullary cavity (marrow cavity)
- articular cartilage
- cancellous bone (spongy)
- compact bone
- periosteum and perforating (Sharpey’s) fibers
- endosteum
- red marrow
- yellow marrow
- epiphyseal plate

Blood Supply to Bone:


-bone is a very vascular organ
blood vessels pass through periosteum into bone
see text fig 6.4, note Epiphyseal artery and vein, Metaphyseal artery and vein, Nutrient artery
and vein

Maintaining Blood Calcium Levels:


1. Parathyroid hormone
2. Calcitonin

Parathyroid hormone (PTH): regulates calcium levels in the blood, stimulates vitamin D
synthesis.
1. If the parathyroid gland detects decreased blood calcium levels, the parathyroid
gland releases PTH. Osteocytes respond to PTH and secrete cytokines. The cytokines

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diffuse to the osteoclasts and increase their activity. More bone is broken down.
Calcium is released from the bone and returns to the blood.
2. Likewise, if the parathyroid gland detects increased blood calcium levels, the gland
stops releasing PTH. Osteoclast activity decreases. Less bone is broken down so
calcium remains in the bone.

Calcitonin: also regulates calcium levels in the blood


If high blood calcium levels are detected by the thyroid gland, it releases calcitonin. This
stimulates bone deposition by osteoblasts and inhibits osteoclast activity. Calcium moves into the
bones from the bloodstream. Less calcium is now in the blood. (role in adults is uncertain
because in many cases can be completely absent and not cause any adverse symptoms)

Bone formation (Osteogenesis): occurs during a.) initial bone formation in embryo and
fetus, b.) growth of bones during infancy through adolescence, c.)remodeling of bone
throughout lifetime, d.) the repair of bone fractures (breaks).

Types of Bone Formation:


1. Intramembranous ossification- bone formation occurs within a connective
tissue membrane. Bone tissue is added to the outer surface of the membrane.
Examples: skull plates, medial clavicle, mandible, most facial bones.
2. Endochondrial Ossification- majority of skeleton begins as a cartilage  bone.
Bone formation spreads from the center to the ends. Primary ossification site:
diaphysis, Secondary ossification sites: epiphyses See text fig 6.6
3. Growth in Length- occurs when we have growth of cartilage on epiphyseal side
of growth plate and cartilage replace by bone (endochondrial ossification) on the
diaphyseal side of growth plate. See text fig 6.7 (Study Growth Plate Zones of
Resting Cartilage, Proliferating Cartilage, Hypertrophic Cartilage, and Calcified
Cartilage)
4. Growth in Thickness (Appositional Growth)- new bone is deposited on the
outer surface (osteoblasts) and old bone lining the medullary cavity is destroyed
(osteoclasts) so the medullary cavity enlarges as bone thickens. See text fig 6.8

Repair of a bone fracture: See fig 6.9


a. hematoma: large blood clot at site of fracture
b. internal/external callus formation: binds the broken end of the fracture
c. bone should be properly aligned and immobilized
d. callus tissue is remodeled and replaced with normal bone
e. resulting bone is thicker in the area of the break
f. bone will be remodeled into original diameter over time

Study Table 6.1- Common Fractures

Read chapter 6 and complete self quiz questions 1-15

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