lOMoARcPSD|45088508

EE3501 Two Marks

power system analysis (Anna University)

Scan to open on Studocu

Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university

Downloaded by Gagan kailash ([email protected])
 lOMoARcPSD|45088508

EE3501 - POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

2 Marks with Answers
UNIT I INTRODUCTION
PART-A
1. What are the main divisions of power system? (NOV/DEC 2014)
 Generating Station
4. What are the types of load modelling?(MAY JUN 2014) (or) How
 Transmission System are loads represented in impedance and reactance diagram?
 Distribution System (NOV DEC 2011)

 Utilization System Impedance diagram:

2. What is the need for per unit value? (NOV/DEC 2014) Static Loads:

In an electric power system, different voltage levels and power levels

are connected together through a step-up or step-down transformer or Rotational Load:
different power equipments. The varying voltages and power levels
are present in the power systems. These causes problems in finding
out the current at different points in the network. To avoid this Reactance diagram:
problem, all the system quantities are converted to a uniform
normalized platform called as per unit representation. Static Loads are neglected.
3. Draw the impedance diagram for the given single line Rotational Load:
representation of the power system. (MAY JUN 2014)

5. What are the functions of modern power system? (NOV DEC

2013)
 To provide quality power
 To provide uninterrupted power supply
 To provide power at low cost
 To produce power using renewable source of energy than
nonrenewable source of energy.

Dr.K.Rajkumar, Associate Professor, Saranathan College of Engineering, Trichy.

Downloaded by Gagan kailash ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|45088508

 To reduce the losses in the transmission line due to various

factors.
 To increase the power transfer capacity of the transmission line.
 T increase the power generation.
6. What is impedance diagram and what are the approximations 9. What are the components of power system? (MAY/JUN 2012)
made in this diagram? (APR/MAY 2019) The components of power system are Generators, Power
The impedance diagram is the equivalent circuit of the power system transformers, Transmission lines, Distribution lines, Loads and
in which the various components of the power system are represented compensating devices like shunt, series, and static VAR
by their approximate or simplified equivalent circuits. The impedance compensator.
diagram is used for load flow studies. The following approximations 10. If the reactance in ohms is 15 ohms, find the p.u value for a base of
are made: 15 KVA and 10 KV(MAY/JUN 2012)
a. The neutral reactances are neglected. Solution:
b. The shunt branches in the equivalent circuits of transformers Actual reactance=15Ώ
are neglected.
7. What is meant by percentage reactance? (MAY JUN 2013) Per unit impedance = actual impedance/base impedance
The reactances of generators, transformers and reactors are generally Per unit impedance= j15/6666.7 = j0.00224p.u.
expressed in percentage values to permit quick short circuit 11. What is single line diagram? (NOV/DEC 2011)
calculation.
Percentage reactance is defined as: A single line diagram is diagrammatic representation of power
system in which the components are represented by their symbols
Where, and interconnection between them are shown by a straight line
I = Full load current even though the system is three phase system. The ratings and the
V = Phase Voltage impedances of the components are also marked on the single line
X = Reactance in ohms per phase diagram.
Alternatively it can also be expressed in terms of KVA and KV 12. What are the advantages of per unit system? (APR/MAY 2011,
APR/MAY 2017)
8. Draw the equivalent circuit of a 3 winding transformer. Per unit data representation yields valuable relative magnitude
(NOV/DEC 2012) (MAY/ JUN 2013) information.
 Circuit analysis of systems containing transformers of various
transformation ratios is greatly simplified.

Dr.K.Rajkumar, Associate Professor, Saranathan College of Engineering, Trichy.

Downloaded by Gagan kailash ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|45088508

 The p.u systems are ideal for the computerized analysis and 2012)(Apr/ May 2015) )(Apr/ May 2017)
simulation of complex power system problems.
S.N Factor Gauss Seidal Newton Raphson
 Manufacturers usually specify the impedance values of equivalent
o
in per unit of the equipment’s rating. If the any data is not
available, it is easier to assume it’s per unit value than its numerical 1 Reliability Reliable More reliable
value.
13. Mention the requirements of planning the operation of a power 2 Convergence Linear Quadratic
system. (APR/MAY 2018) characteristics convergence convergence
Operational planning of an integrated power system involves many 3 Simplicity in Easy More complex
activities like programming
 Generation scheduling and dispatch,
 Power transmission and distribution, 4 Memory requirement Less memory More memory
 Coordination of inter-utility transfers,
 Appropriate tariff mechanisms, 2. What is load flow and power flow study?(Nov/Dec 2014)
 Fuel production and transportation planning and several
Power flow analysis is also known as load flow analysis in power
others.
engineering. It is an important tool involving numerical analysis
All these activities are interdependent in the sense that they require
which is applied to a power system.
coordination in order to achieve optimal operations and their
isolated planning can lead to sub-optimal outcomes. The power flow analysis is applied to steady state performance of the
14. What is the need for base value? (APR/MAY 2018) power system. This analysis involves for specified terminal or bus
What is meant by base quantity in per unit representation? conditions calculation of power flows and voltages of a transmission
(APR/MAY 2019) network.

The components of various sections of power system may operate at 3. What are the information that are obtained from a load flow
different voltage and power levels. It will be convenient for analysis study? (Apr/May, 2019)
of power system if the voltage, power, current and impedance ratings The information obtained from a load flow study are magnitude and
of power system components are expressed with reference to a phase angles of bus voltages, real and reactive power flowing in each
common value called base value. Then all the voltages, power, current line and line losses. The load flow solution also gives the initial
and impedance ratings of the components are expressed as a percent conditions of the system when the transient behavior of the system is
or per unit of the base value. to be studied.
-----------------------
4. State at least four applications of power flow studies in the
UNIT II – LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS
planning and operation of electric power systems. (Nov/Dec, 2020)
1. Compare Gauss-Seidel and Newton Raphson methods. (May/Jun

Dr.K.Rajkumar, Associate Professor, Saranathan College of Engineering, Trichy.

Downloaded by Gagan kailash ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|45088508

i. To set the active power generation according to economic- 8. Why do Ybus used in load flow study instead of Z bus? (Nov/Dec
dispatch practice for a given set of active power loads at the bus- 2013)
bars and transmission loss.
A modern power system is a complex structure which involves
ii. To set the reactive power generation and transmission in order to interconnection of various components. All the transmission lines are
maintain the bus voltage magnitudes close to the rated values. connected to a bus. So there are several bus involved in the structure.
iii. To verify that generators operate within the specified active and Load flow study is used to compute power and voltage at all the
reactive power limits. buses. The computation is difficult and it takes more time for the load
flow.
iv. To verify that transmission lines and transformers are not over ZBUS matrix is not asparse matrix whereas YBUS matrix is asparse
loaded. matrix. Using a sparse matrix for the load flow study reduces the
5. Define voltage controlled bus. (Nov/Dec 2014) difficulty and calculation time than using non-sparse matrix.
This bus is also called generator bus. Here the voltage magnitude 9. What is the necessity for slack bus? (May/Jun 2013) (Apr/May,
corresponding to the generator voltage and real power generation 2018)
corresponding to its ratings are specified. Hence it is required to What is the need for slack bus? (Apr/May 2011) (Nov/Dec, 2020)
determine the reactive power generation and the phase angle of the
voltage. The slack bus is needed to account for transmission line losses. In a
power system the total power generated will be equal to sum of power
6. What is the role of swing bus in power flow study? (May/Jun consumed by loads and losses. In a power system only the generated
2014) power and load power are specified for buses. The slack bus is
What is swing bus? (Apr/May, 2019) assumed to generate the power required for losses. Since the losses are
unknown the real and reactive power are not specified for slack bus.
A bus is called swing bus when the magnitude and phase of the bus
voltage are specified for it. The swing bus is the reference bus for load 10. What is meant by acceleration factor? (May/Jun 2013)
flow solution and it is required for accounting line losses. Usually one What is meant by acceleration factor in load flow studies? (Nov
of the generator buses is selected as swing bus. Dec 2012) (Apr/May, 2018)
7. At what condition generator bus is treated as load bus? (May/Jun The acceleration factor is a numerical multiplier which is used to
2014) increase the rate of convergence in the iterative process. It is applied
When will the generator bus be treated as load bus? (Nov/Dec to load buses only and its typical value is in the range 1.4-1.6
2013) 11. What are the data required for a load flow study? (Nov/Dec 2012)
If the reactive power constraints of a generator bus violate the Each bus in a power system is associated with four quantities and they
specified limits then the generator bus is treated as load Bus. When are real power, reactive power, magnitude of voltage, and phase angle
the generator bus is treated as load bus, the reactive power of the bus of voltage. Apart from these quantities admittances or impedances of
is equated to the limit it has violated, and the value of bus voltage is each line connecting bus is also required.
reset to 1.0 p.u.
Dr.K.Rajkumar, Associate Professor, Saranathan College of Engineering, Trichy.

Downloaded by Gagan kailash ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|45088508

12. What are the information’s that are obtained from a power flow 16. What is the need for load flow study? (MAY/JUNE, 2006)
study? (May/Jun 2012)
The load flow study of a power system is essential to decide the best
The information obtained from a load flow study is magnitude operation of existing system and for planning the future expansion of
and phase angle of voltages, real and reactive power flowing in each the system. It is also essential for designing a new power system.
line and the line losses. The load flow solution also gives the initial
17. What is bus admittance matrix? (MAY/JUNE, 2006)
conditions of the system when the transient behavior of the system is
to be studied. The matrix consisting of the self and mutual admittance of the power
system network is called bus admittance matrix. It is given by the
13. What are the different types of buses in a power system? What
admittance matrix Y in the node basis matrix equation of a power
are the quantities specified in each bus? (Nov/Dec 2011) )(Apr/
system and it is denoted as Y-bus. Bus admittance matrix is a
May 2017)
symmetrical matrix.
Types of bus Known Unknown 18. What is PQ bus (load bus)? (APR/MAY, 2005)
Quantities Quantities A bus is called PQ bus or load bus when real and reactive components
of power are specified for the bus. In a load bus, the voltage is
Slack or Swing or Reference V, δ P,Q
allowed to vary within permissible limits.
bus
19. What are the works involved in a load flow study? (Nov/Dec,
Generator or Voltage control P, V Q, δ 2004)
or PV bus
The following has to be performed for a load flow study.
 Representation of the system by single line diagram.
Load or PQ bus P, Q V, δ
 Formation of impedance diagram using the information in single
14. How are the disadvantages of Newton Raphson method line diagram.
overcome? (Nov/Dec 2011)  Formulation of network equations
 Solution of network equations.
The drawbacks of Newton Raphson method are overcome by
simplifying the Jacobian matrix and converting into simple 20. Discuss the effect of acceleration factor in the load flow solution
susceptance matrix in fast decoupled load flow studies. algorithm. (Apr/May, 2004)

15. What is Jacobian matrix? (Apr/May 2011) In load flow solution by iterative methods, the number of iterations
can be reduced if the correction voltage at each bus is multiplied by
The matrix formed from the first derivatives of load flow equation is some constant. The multiplication of the constant will increase the
called Jacobian matrix and it is denoted by J.The elements of Jacobian amount of correction to bring the voltage closer to the value it is
matrix will change in every iteration .the elements of the Jacobian approaching. The multipliers that accomplish this improved converged
matrix are obtain matrix are obtained by partially differentiating the are called acceleration factors. An acceleration factor of 1.6 is
load flow equation with respect to a unknown variable and then normally used in load flow problems.
evaluating the first derivatives using the solution of previous iteration.
Dr.K.Rajkumar, Associate Professor, Saranathan College of Engineering, Trichy.

Downloaded by Gagan kailash ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|45088508

21. When does generator bus treated as load bus? (Nov/Dec, 2020)
If the reactive power of a generator bus violates the specified limits,
then the generator bus is treated as load bus. The reactive power of that
particular bus is equated to the limit it has violated and the previous
iteration value of bus voltage is used for calculating current iteration
value.

Dr.K.Rajkumar, Associate Professor, Saranathan College of Engineering, Trichy.

Downloaded by Gagan kailash ([email protected])