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    Repr 2

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    Repr 2

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    Repr 2

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    of 4

    LESSON: How Do Organisms Reproduce?

    (2)

    Fertilisation:

    o After pollination, the pollen grains that have landed on the stigma will germinate.
    o Germ tube or pollen tube formed comes out through the thinner areas of the exine (outer coat of
    pollengrain).
    o The pollen tube grows downwards into the style and through it, into the ovary.
    o The tube then enters the ovule in the ovary and this point of entry is called micropyle.

    o The tip of the pollen tube opens to allow the male nucleus into the ovule. This male nucleus combines or
    fuses with the female nucleus of the ovule forming the fertilized egg or zygote. The fusion of the male
    andfemale nucleus is called Fertilisation.
    o Within the ovary, the zygote undergoes repeated divisions forming embryo.
    o The ovule gradually develops some food deposit, becomes larger, and develops a tough coat over it to
    formseed.
    o In the meantime, the non-essential parts of the flower (petals, and in most cases the sepals too),
    witheraway. Also, the style and the stigma, as well as the stamen, fall off.
    o The ovary may accumulate food in it in which the seeds would be seen embedded. All seeds
    would beattached usually, along a line by placenta.
    o As the seeds mature and become capable of germinating into a new plant, the fruit too, will ripen.
    o The attractive colour, scent and the flesh of the ripe fruits attract organisms, which indirectly will
    help inseed dispersal.

    Creation of DNA copy:

    ​ The basic event in reproduction is the creation of DNA copy.


    ​ Cells use chemical reactions to build copies of their DNA.
    ​ DNA copying is accompanied by the creation of an additional cellular apparatus and then the DNA copies
    separate each with its own cellular apparatus.
    ​ The copying of DNA is similar, but not identical.
    ​ Some of the variations might be so drastic that the new DNA copy cannot with the cellular apparatus it
    inherits.

    SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN ANIMALS:


    ​ Reproductive system consists of a major reproductive organ or gonad and accessory organs.

    ​ Gonad has germinal cells that divide by meiosis to form gametes (haploid by number of chromosomes).

    ​ The accessory organs are required for growth, development and functioning of the gametes.

    ​ Process of formation of gonads in the gamete is called gametogenesis-

    (i) spermatogenesis (formation of sperms in testis-in male organism) and


    (ii) oogenesis which is the formation of ova in ovaries of female organism.
    Fertilisation:

    ​ The male and female gametes- sperm and ovum fuse or combine in sexual reproduction to form zygote
    (fertilized egg).
    ​ Sperm (n) + Ovum (n)🡪By (Fertilisation)🡪Zygote (2n) Diploid

    ​ Zygote undergoes repeated mitotic division to form multicellular embryo.

    ​ Zygote (2n) Unicellular🡪By (Repeated mitosis)🡪Embryo (2n) Multicellular

    ​ The embryo grows and develops continuously attached to the uterine wall (if the fertilisation is internal), or
    within the protection of the egg shell in case of oviparous animals.
    ​ In viviparous animals, the embryo attaches to the uterine wall at 32-cell stage. It is called implantation.

    ​ Further development results in identifiable features and this structure is now called foetus.

    ​ Further foetal development till birth depends on the material transported from the mother’s body through
    the special tissue called placenta.

    Placenta: It is a special disc shaped tissue developing after implantation between the uterine wall and the
    embryo. The foetus is connected to the placenta through umbilical cord. Placenta has blood vessels of both the
    mother and the foetus close to each other but not joint. It is through the placenta that exchange of nutrients,
    oxygen, and metabolic wastes occur between the embryo and the mother. On the foetal side, there are finger-
    like extensions called villi into the placenta.

    If fertilisation does not occur:

    ​ As a monthly cycle, ovulation occurs alternately from the right and the left ovary in alternate months.
    ​ After ovulation, the ovum is now in the oviduct (fallopian tube).

    ​ If it doesn’t get fertilized, it will degenerate in 24 hours’ time. Just prior to ovulation, every month, the

    inner lining of uterus (endometrium) becomes thicker, softer and highly vascularized (supplied with blood
    vessels), anticipating fertilisation.
    ​ If the fertilisation occurs, the endometrium is now ready for implantation.

    ​ If fertilisation does not occur, the endometrial thickening is no more required, and so this thick layer of soft
    tissues, along with the blood vessels in the uterine lining breaks down or disintegrates along with the
    unfertilized ovum that has also lost its life. This shedding of uterine lining with the tissue and blood vessels
    is called menstruation and happens in a 28-32 days cycle.
    ​ The first menstruation which signifies the reproductive maturity of a female is called menarche and occurs
    at puberty. From then on, for the whole of the reproductive phase of the female, menstruation is a regular
    event every 28-32 days and forms the menstrual cycle.
    ​ The end of the reproductive phase of female is called menopause which marks the end of their
    reproductive ability as well.
    ​ During the reproductive phase, it is only during pregnancy that menstrual cycle is stopped temporarily and
    gets resumed after delivery. This cycle is controlled by hormones.
    ​ Note: Changes during puberty- physical, physiological, emotional, mental, intellectual, etc. are all governed
    by hormones.
    ​ Production and secretion of sex hormones from the gonads mark the onset of sexual ability- organism
    becomes capable of reproducing.

    Q. Why is variation of importance to an organism?


    Ans: Variations make some individuals better fitted in the struggle of existence. They help the individuals to adapt
    themselves according to the environmental changes. It gives each organism a distinct individuality. Pre-adaptations
    caused by the presence of natural variations are extremely useful for survival against sudden changes in
    environment.
    Q. Why is it significant that gamete formation is by meiosis?
    Ans: When a diploid cell divides by mitosis, the resultant daughter cell is also diploid. If the gametes were to form
    by mitosis, the gametes would be diploid. By the fusion of the sperm and ovum, the zygote that results will have
    twice the number of chromosomes as compared to a diploid cell and this is an abnormal condition.
    If a diploid cell divides meiotically, the resultant daughter cells would be haploid. If the gametes are formed by
    meiosis, they will have a haploid condition, so that when the sperm and the ovum fuse, the zygote will have diploid
    number of chromosomes (fusion of the haploid gametes restores diploidy so that the organism that develops will
    be diploid).

    Birth control/ Contraception:


    ● Birth control involves prevention of pregnancy by preventing fertilisation (also called contraception).
    ● All birth control measures are categorized into-
    (i) Barrier methods (physical devices like condoms and diaphragm),
    (ii) Chemical methods (contraceptive pills),
    (iii) Intrauterine contraceptive devices or IUCD (Copper-T),
    (iv) Surgical methods: tubectomy or cutting and tying of oviduct and vasectomy or cutting and
    tying of sperm duct).
    Gender determination of an unborn child
    ● Male cell carries one X and one Y chromosome; so, male gamete (sperm) may carry an X-
    chromosome, or a Y- chromosome.
    ● Female cell carries two X- chromosomes. So, ovum will only contain an X- chromosome. Therefore,
    sex of a child depends on the chromosome of the sperm that fertilizes the ovum -
    ● If a sperm carrying X- chromosome fertilizes the egg (X), the child will be female (XX).
    ● If a sperm carrying Y- chromosome fertilizes the egg (X), the child will be male (XY).

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