Vraj 29 Phy

TOPIC :-AC GENERATOR
PRESENTED BY :- DESAI VRAJ S

GUIDE BY :-
ROLL NO :- 29
STD :- 12-SCIENCE
1|Page
TOPIC
ACGENERATOR
2|Page
3|Page
INDEX
CONTENT PAGENO.
Introduction 3
Theory and 5
Working
Component of 7-13
AC Generator
Efficiency 14-15
Result 16
Applications 17
Losses in AC 19-22
Generator
Bibliography 23
4|Page
INTRODUCTION
 An electric generator is a device that converts
mechanical energy to electrical energy.
 A generator forces electric current to flow through an

external circuit. The source of mechanical energy may be
a reciprocating or turbine steam engine, water falling
through a turbine or waterwheel, an internal
combustion engine, a wind turbine, a hand crank,
compressed air, or any other source of mechanical
energy.
 Generators provide nearly all of the power for electric power

grids.
5|Page
THEORY AND WORKING
 The strong magnetic field is produced by a
current flow through the field coil of the rotor.
 The field coil in the rotor receives excitation

through the use of slip rings and brushes.
 Two brushes are spring-held in contact with

the slip rings to provide the continuous
connection between the field coil and the
external excitation circuit.
 The armature is contained within the

windings of the stator and is connected
to the output.
 Each time the rotor makes one complete

revolution, one complete cycle of AC is
developed.
 A generator has many turns of wire wound into

the slots of the rotor.
6|Page
 The magnitude of AC voltage
generated by an AC generator is
dependent on the field strength and
speed of the rotor.
 Most generators are operated at a

constant speed; therefore, the generated
voltage depends on field excitation or
strength.
7|Page
COMPONENTS OF AN ACGENERATOR
 Field
 Armature
 Primemover
 Rotor
 Stator
 Sliprings
8|Page
FIELD
 The field in an AC generator consists of coils

of conductors within the generator that
receive a voltage from a source (called
excitation) and produce a magneticflux.
 The magnetic flux in the field cuts the

armature to produce a voltage. This voltage is
ultimately the output voltage of the AC
generator.
ARMATURE
 The armature is the part of an AC generator in

which voltage is produced.
 This component consists of many coils of wire

that are large enough.
9|Page
PRIMEMOVER
 The prime mover is the component that is used to

drive the AC generator.
 The prime mover may be any type of

rotating machine, such as a diesel engine,a
steamturbine or a motor
10|Page
ROTOR
 The rotor of an AC generator is the rotating

component of the generator,as shown in
Figure1.
 The rotor is driven by the generator’s prime

mover, which may be a steamturbine, gas
turbine, or diesel engine. Depending on the
type of generator ,this component may be the
armature or the field.
 The rotor will be the armature if the voltage

output is generated there; the rotor will be the
field if the field excitation is applied there.
11|Page
STATOR
 The stator of an AC generator is the part that is

stationary.
 Like the rotor, this component may be the

armature or the field, depending on the type of
generator.
 The stator will be the armature if the voltage

output is generated there; the stator will be the
field if the field excitation is applied there.
12|Page
SLIPRINGS
 Slip rings are electrical connections that are

used to transfer power to and from the rotor
of an AC generator.
 The slip ring consists of a circular conducting

material that is connected to the rotor
windings and insulated from the shaft. Brushes
ride on the slipring as the rotor rotates. The
electrical connection to the rotor is made by
connections to the brushes.
 Slip rings are used in AC generators because

the desired output of the generator is a sine
wave.
 In a DC generator, a commutator was used

to provide an output whose current always
flowed in the positive direction.
13|Page
FIGURE-1
14|Page
EFFICIENCY
 Efficiency of an AC generator is the ratio of

the useful power output to the total power
input.
 Because any mechanical process

experiences some losses, no AC
generators can be 100 percent efficient.
 Efficiency of an AC generator can be calculated

using Equation.
 Efficiency=(Output/Input)X100
OR
Efficiency=(POWEROUT/POWERIN)X100
15|Page
EFFICIENCY OF ELECTRIC
GENERATOR
POWER=VOLTAGE X CURRENT
EFFICIENCY = POWER OUTPUT*100

POWER INPUT
16|Page
RESULT
 WHEN THE AXLE OF GENERATING MOTOR IS

ROTATED, E.M.F. IS PRODUCED BY IT.
REASON:CHANGE IN FLUX THROUGH THE
WINDING OF MOTOR.
 THIS E.M.F. REMAINS IN THE CIRCUIT AS LONG AS

AXLE IS ROTATED.
HENCE,FARADAY’S LAW OF ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTION IS VERIFIED.
 AS THE SPEED OF ROTOR IS INCREASED,

THE VOLTAGE AND CURRENT PRODUCED BY
GENERATOR ALSO GET INCREASED.
REASON:RATE OF CHANGE OF FLUX
INCREASES.
17|Page
APPLICATIONS
 Aircraft auxiliary power generation, wind

generators, high speed gas turbine
generators.
 Hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) drive systems, auto

motive starter generators.
 An ac generator, or 'alternator', is used to

produce ac voltages for transmission via
the grid system or, locally, as portable
generators.
 All of our household appliances run on ac

current. Ex : Refrigerator, washing machines,
oven, lights, fan etc.
18|Page
19|Page
LOSSES IN AN AC GENERATOR
1.) Internal Voltage Drop
 The load current flows through the

armature in all AC generators. The armature
has some amount of resistance and
inductive reactance.
 The combination of these make up what is

known as the internal resistance, which causes
a loss in an AC generator.
 When the load current flows, a voltage

drop is developed across the internal
resistance.
 This voltage drop subtracts from the output

voltage and, therefore,represents generated
voltage and power that is lost and not available
to the load.
20|Page
2.) HYSTERESIS LOSSES
 Hysteresis losses occur when iron cores in an

AC generator are subject to effects from a
magnetic field.
 The magnetic domains of the cores are held in

alignment with the field in varying numbers,
dependent upon field strength.
 The magnetic domains rotate, with respect

to the domains not held inalignment, one
complete turn during each rotation of the
rotor. This rotation of magnetic domains in
their on causes friction and heat.
 The heat produced by this friction is called

magnetic hysteresis loss.
 After the heat-treated silicon steel is formed

to the desired shape, the laminations are
heated to a dull red and then allowed to
cool.
21|Page
 This process, known as annealing, reduces
hysteresis losses to a very low value.
 To reduce hysteresis losses, most AC

armatures are constructed of heat-treated
silicon steel, which has an inherently low
hysteresis loss.
3.) MECHANICAL LOSSES
 Rotational or mechanical losses can be

caused by bearing friction, brush friction on
the commutator, and air friction (called
windage), which is caused by the air
turbulence due to armature rotation.
 Careful maintenance can be instrumental in

keeping bearing friction to aminimum.
 Clean bearings and proper lubrication are

essential to the reduction of bearing friction.
22|Page
 Brush friction is reduced by ensuring: proper
brush seating, proper brush use, and
maintenance of proper brush tension.
 A smooth and clean commutator also adds in the

reduction of brush friction.
23|Page
BIBLIOGRAPHY
 Wikipedia.com
 Google search engine
 Physics NCERT book
24|Page
25|Page

Vraj 29 Phy

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Vraj 29 Phy

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Vraj 29 Phy

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

TOPIC :-AC GENERATOR

PRESENTED BY :- DESAI VRAJ S

 A generator forces electric current to flow through an

 Generators provide nearly all of the power for electric power

 The field coil in the rotor receives excitation

 Two brushes are spring-held in contact with

 The armature is contained within the

 Each time the rotor makes one complete

 A generator has many turns of wire wound into

 Most generators are operated at a

 The field in an AC generator consists of coils

 The magnetic flux in the field cuts the

 The armature is the part of an AC generator in

 This component consists of many coils of wire

 The prime mover is the component that is used to

 The prime mover may be any type of

 The rotor of an AC generator is the rotating

 The rotor is driven by the generator’s prime

 The rotor will be the armature if the voltage

 The stator of an AC generator is the part that is

 Like the rotor, this component may be the

 The stator will be the armature if the voltage

 Slip rings are electrical connections that are

 The slip ring consists of a circular conducting

 Slip rings are used in AC generators because

 In a DC generator, a commutator was used

 Efficiency of an AC generator is the ratio of

 Because any mechanical process

 Efficiency of an AC generator can be calculated

EFFICIENCY = POWER OUTPUT*100

 WHEN THE AXLE OF GENERATING MOTOR IS

 THIS E.M.F. REMAINS IN THE CIRCUIT AS LONG AS

 AS THE SPEED OF ROTOR IS INCREASED,

 Aircraft auxiliary power generation, wind

 Hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) drive systems, auto

 An ac generator, or 'alternator', is used to

 All of our household appliances run on ac

1.) Internal Voltage Drop

 The load current flows through the

 The combination of these make up what is

 When the load current flows, a voltage

 This voltage drop subtracts from the output

 Hysteresis losses occur when iron cores in an

 The magnetic domains of the cores are held in

 The magnetic domains rotate, with respect

 The heat produced by this friction is called

 After the heat-treated silicon steel is formed

 To reduce hysteresis losses, most AC

3.) MECHANICAL LOSSES

 Rotational or mechanical losses can be

 Careful maintenance can be instrumental in

 Clean bearings and proper lubrication are

 A smooth and clean commutator also adds in the

 Google search engine

 Physics NCERT book

You might also like