Written as per the latest textbook prescribed by the Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook

Production and Curriculum Research, Pune.


PERFECT

PHYSICS (Vol. II)

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en
Std. XII Sci.

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Salient Features

"  Written as per the new textbook

" Subtopic-wise segregation for powerful concept building
"
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Complete coverage of Textual Exercise Questions
" Extensive coverage of New Type of Questions and MCQs
" ‘Solved Examples’ offer complete numerical solution
" ‘Apply Your Knowledge’ section for application of concepts
" ‘Quick Review’ facilitates quick revision
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" ‘Important Formulae’ offers compilation of formulae covered in a chapter
" ‘Competitive Corner’ gives idea of MCQs asked in competitive exams
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" Reading Between the Lines, Enrich Your Knowledge, Gyan Guru, Connections, NCERT
Corner are designed to impart holistic education
" Topic Test at the end of each chapter for self-assessment
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" Video links provided via QR codes for boosting conceptual retention




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Printedat:ReproIndiaLtd,Mumbai

© Target
 Publications Pvt. Ltd.
No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, C.D. ROM/Audio Video Cassettes or electronic, mechanical

including photocopying; recording or by any information storage and retrieval system without permission in writing from the Publisher.


BalbharatiRegistrationNo.:2018MH0022 P.O.No.00810
 TEID:1398
 



PREFACE



Perfect Physics XII, Vol. II is intended for every Maharashtra State Board aspirant of Std. XII, Science.The

scope, sequence, and level of the book are designed to match the new textbook of Maharashtra State board.
 At a crucial juncture of cracking a career defining board examination, we wanted to create a book that not just
develops the necessary knowledge, tools and skills required to excel in the examination in students but also

enables them to appreciate the beauty of subject and piques their curiosity.

t
 We believe the students need meaningful content presented in a way that is easy to read and understand rather

en
than being mired down with facts and information. They do much better when they understand why Physics is
 relevant to their everyday lives.

 Comprehension of Physics eventuates naturally when subject is studied systematically with sincere and
dedicated efforts.

Core of Physics lies in its concepts. To begin with, students should read a concept, contemplate upon its
 essence and attempt to produce the same in their own words. Students should then attempt theoretical

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questions based on that concept to gauge the level of understanding achieved.

To quote Albert Einstein, “If you can't explain it simply, you don't understand it yourself.”
 Though Physics is communicated in English, it is expressed in Mathematics. Hence, it is essential to befriend
co
formulae and derivations. These should be learnt and memorized. Once Physical mathematics of concept is
 ingrained, solved numericals should be studied, starting from simple problems to difficult by escalating level
of complexity gradually. Students are required to practise numericals and ascertain their command on problem

solving. Calculations at this stage must be done using log table keeping in mind that calculators are not
 allowed in Board Exams. When it comes to problems in Physics nothing makes students perfect like
practice!

Frequent revisions of concepts and numericals, help in imbibing the topic learnt and therefore should be
e
 allotted definite time.
A test on the chapter studied should be taken to check one’s range of preparation.
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Amongst building concepts, advancing into numbers and equations, it is essential to ponder underlying
 implications of subject. Students should read from references, visit authentic websites, watch relevant
fascinating links and even experiment on their own following proper safety guidelines.
As famous hat detective Sherlock Holmes has pointed, people see, they do not observe. By becoming
m

attentive to their surroundings students can easily perceive how Physics has touched entire spectrum of life.
The very realization is catalytic enough for students to admire and further dive into this compelling subject.
Our Perfect Physics adheres to our vision and achieves several goals: building concepts, developing
competence to solve numericals, recapitulation, self-study, self-assessment and student engagement—all
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while encouraging students toward cognitive thinking.

Features of the book presented below will explicate more about the same!
 


We hope the book benefits the learner as we have envisioned.

The journey to create a complete book is strewn with triumphs, failures and near misses. If you think we’ve
nearly missed something or want to applaud us for our triumphs, we’d love to hear from you.
Please write to us on: [email protected]
A book affects eternity; one can never tell where its influence stops.

Best of luck to all the aspirants!

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en
From,
Publisher
Edition: First

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Disclaimer
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This reference book is transformative work based on textbook Physics; First edition: 2020 published by the Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook
Production and Curriculum Research, Pune. We the publishers are making this reference book which constitutes as fair use of textual contents which
are transformed by adding and elaborating, with a view to simplify the same to enable the students to understand, memorize and reproduce the same in
examinations.
This work is purely inspired upon the course work as prescribed by the Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and Curriculum Research, Pune.
Every care has been taken in the publication of this reference book by the Authors while creating the contents. The Authors and the Publishers shall not be
responsible for any loss or damages caused to any person on account of errors or omissions which might have crept in or disagreement of any third party on
the point of view expressed in the reference book.
© reserved with the Publisher for all the contents created by our Authors.
No copyright is claimed in the textual contents which are presented as part of fair dealing with a view to provide best supplementary study material for
the benefit of students.
 


FEATURES

10.15 Ampere’s Law SubͲtopicwiseSegregation

Just the way electric field in planar, spherical or
cylindrical symmetric charge distributions can be Every chapter is segregated sub-topic wise.
determined using Gauss’ law, magnetic field produced by A subtopic encompasses textual content in
distribution of currents can be determined using Ampere’s the format of Question-Answers. Textual

t
law given by Andre’ Marie Ampere. Ampere’s law can be Exercise questions, Intext questions, ‘Can
derived using Biot Savart Law.

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you tell’, ‘Can you recall’, ‘Try this’,
Q.95. State and explain Ampere’s law. ‘Observe and Discuss’, ‘Use your brain
Ans: Statement: power’ and ‘Activity’ are placed aptly
o
The line integral of magnetic field of induction B amongst various additional questions in
around any closed path in free space is equal to accordance with the flow of subtopic.
absolute permeability of free space ȝ 0 times the total This is our attempt to enable easy
current flowing through area bounded by the path. assimilation of concept and lay strong

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o JJG foundation for understanding as well as
Mathematically, v³ B ˜ ds = P0I writing answers in exam.

*Q.9. Can microwaves be used in the experiment on

Readingbetweenthelines
co photoelectric effect?
Ans: No, microwaves cannot be used in the experiment
on photoelectric effect.
Reading between the lines provides
elaboration or missing fragments of Reading between the lines
concept essential for complete
understanding of the concept.
This is our attempt to explain the For experiment on photoelectric effect,
monochromatic light of sufficiently high frequency is
e
concept without deforming the length of
expected answer. used. As frequency of microwaves is much lower, they
cannot be used in the experiment on photoelectric
effect.
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NCERT Corner
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Integrated circuits (IC)

‘chip’
connection
from
plastic case
‘chip’ to NCERTCorner
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pin

NCERT Corner covers information from

metal pin NCERT textbook relevant to topic.
notch
small dot 0.1 inch (2.5 mm) This is our attempt to bridge the gap between
NCERT curriculum and State Board textbook,
pin 1
thereby benefitting students in their preparation
The casing and connection of a ‘chip’ of National level competitive examinations.
The fabrication of an entire circuit
(consisting of many passive components like R
and C and active devices like diode and
transistor) on a small single block (or chip) is
known as Integrated Circuit (IC).
 


Connections
Connections

Connections enable students to interlink

concepts covered in different chapters. You will study in detail about semiconductors and
This is our attempt to encourage students working of LED in Chapter16-Semiconductor devices
to appreciate the subject as a whole.

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QRCode

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[Note: Students can scan the adjacent QR code provides access to a video in
QR code to get conceptual clarity about order to boost understanding of a
Ampere’s law with the aid of a linked concept or activity.
video.] This is our attempt to facilitate learning
with visual aids.

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Enrich Your Knowledge

Pauli’s exclusion principle:

According to this principle “no two electrons

EnrichYourKnowledge
co in an atom can have same value of all the four
quantum numbers;” the four quantum numbers
being principal quantum number (n), azimuthal
quantum number (l), magnetic quantum
Enrich Your Knowledge presents number (ml) and spin quantum number (ms).
fascinating information about the concept For example, If one electron in an atom has the
covered. quantum numbers n 1, l 0, m 0 and
This is our attempt to create interest in the s = + 1/2, no other electron can have the same
e
students about the concept. four quantum numbers. In other words, we
cannot place two electrons with the same value
of s in a 1s-orbital.
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The orbital diagram  represents a

2
1s
possible arrangement of electrons, as there are
only two possible values of s, a 1s-orbital can
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hold not more than two electrons.

GG - Gyan Guru

Elevators can act as unintended

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Faraday cages, shielding cell

phones and radios from signal from GGͲGyanGuru
outside.

This is the precise Gyan Guru illustrates real life

reason why upon applications or examples related to the
entering an elevator concept discussed.
mobile phones become This is our attempt to link learning to the
unfunctional life.
 

Solved Examples
Q.79. The decay constant of radioactive
substance is 4.33 u 104 per year. Calculate
its half life period.
Solution:
Given: O = 4.33 u 104 year 1
SolvedExamples
To find: Half life period (T1/2)
0.693
Formula: T1/2 =
Solved Examples offer complete solution O

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to numerical including log (as seemed Calculation:
required). From formula,

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This is our attempt to prepare students 0.693 6.93
with the numerical aspect of Physics and T1/2 = 4
= u103
4.33 u10 4.33
promote problem solving abilities in = {antilog [log (6.93) – log (4.33)]} u 103
students.
= {antilog (0.8407 – 0.6365)} u 103
= {antilog (0.2042)} u 103
= 1.601 u 103 = 1601 years

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Ans: Half-life period of a radioactive element is
1601 years.

Apply Your Knowledge

Q.93. The variation of V

potential difference R
co
(V) versus length (l) Q
in case of three P ApplyYourKnowledge
potentiometer P, Q
and R is shown in
the graph below. l Apply Your Knowledge includes
Which potentiometer out of these will be challenging questions.
e
preferred for comparing e.m.f.s of the two This is our attempt to take students one
cells and why? step further and challenge their
Ans: conceptual understanding.
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i. If fall of potential per unit length i.e.,

§ dV ·
potential gradient ¨ ¸ is small, then
© dl ¹
potentiometer is said to be sensitive.
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Quick Review

Capacitors
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QuickReview
x Types of capacitor: Combinations
i. Parallel plate
Quick review includes tables/ flow chart i. Capacitors in series:
capacitor:
to summarize the key points in chapter. 1 1 1 1
kH A = + +
This is our attempt to help students to a. C = 0 CS C1 C2 C3
d
reinforce key concepts. b. Cm = k Cair
+ + + + + + +
      
 


Important Formulae
ImportantFormulae
1. Wave number:
1 § 1 1 · § 1 1 ·
Q= = R ¨ 2  2 ¸ = RHZ2 ¨ 2  2 ¸
O ©n m ¹ ©n m ¹ Important Formulae includes all of the
me e 4 key formulae in the chapter.
where, RH = This is our attempt to offer students tools
8c H0 h 3
of formulae handy while solving
nh problems and last minute revision at a

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2. Angular momentum: L = mevr = glance.
2S

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Exercise Exercise
14.1 Introduction
Exercise includes subtopic-wise
additional questions and problems.

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1. Explain Planck’s theory of quantization of
This is our attempt to provide energy in brief.
additional practice to students to Ans: Refer Q.2
gauge their preparation. co
Multiple Choice Questions
MultipleChoiceQuestions
*2. If the rms current in a 50 Hz AC circuit is 5 A,
the value of the current 1/300 seconds after its
value becomes zero is Multiple Choice Question includes
textual as well as additional MCQs.
e
3
(A) 5 2A (B) 5 A This is our attempt to give students
2
practice of MCQs which form vital
5 5 part of curriculum.
(C) A (D) A
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6 2

Competitive Corner
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3. A 800 turn coil of effective area 0.05 m2 is kept

perpendicular to a magnetic field
5 × 10–5 T. When the plane of the coil is rotated
CompetitiveCorner by 90q around any of its coplanar axis in 0.1 s,
the e.m.f. induced in the coil will be
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Competitive Corner presents questions [NEET (UG) 2019]

from prominent [NEET (UG), JEE (A) 2 × 10–3 V (B) 0.02 V
(Main), MHT CET] competitive exams (C) 2 V (D) 0.2 V
based entirely on the syllabus covered in Hint: Given that, coil is kept perpendicular to
the chapter. magnetic field B = 5 u 105 T.
This is our attempt to introduce students Thus, angle between area vector A and
to MCQs asked in competitive exams. magnetic field B is, T = 0q
? e.m.f. induced,
dI
BAcos T 800 u 5 u 105 u 0.05
e = N dt = N =
dt 0.1
= 2 u 102
0 02 V
 


Time: 1 Hour 30 Min TOPIC TEST Total Marks: 25

SECTION A
TopicTest

Q.1. Select and write the correct answer: [04] Topic Test covers questions from
i. An emf of 100 millivolt is induced in a coil when chapter for self-evaluation purpose.
current in another nearby coil becomes 10 A from This is our attempt to provide the
zero in 0.1 second. The coefficient of mutual students with revision and help them

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induction between the two coils will be assess their knowledge of chapter.
(A) 1 mH (B) 10 mH

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(C) 100 mH (D) 1000 mH

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CONTENTS

Chapter No.
co Chapter Name Page No.

8 Electrostatics 1

9 Current Electricity 53

10 Magnetic Fields due to Electric Current 89

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11 Magnetic Materials 136

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12 Electromagnetic Induction 165

13 AC Circuits 199
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14 Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter 237

15 Structure of Atoms and Nuclei 271

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16 Semiconductor Devices 311

Note: 1. * mark represents Textual question.

2. # mark represents Intext question.
3. + mark represents Textual examples.
4.  symbol represents textual questions that need external reference for an
answer.
 11 Magnetic Materials

Contents and Concepts

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11.1 Introduction 11.5 Magnetic Properties of Materials

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11.2 Torque Acting on a Magnetic Dipole in a 11.6 Hysteresis
Uniform Magnetic Field 11.7 Permanent Magnet and Electromagnet
11.3 Origin of Magnetism in Materials 11.8 Magnetic Shielding
11.4 Magnetization and Magnetic Intensity

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11.1 Introduction N
Like poles repel
Q.1. Can you recall? (Textbook page no. 251)
i. What are magnetic lines of force?
co
Ans: The magnetic field around a magnet is shown by
S
S

lines going from one end of the magnet to the

other. These lines are named as magnetic lines
of force. Short bar magnet suspended freely
with an inextensible string
ii. Why magnetic monopoles do not exist? Ans:
e
Ans: When a magnet is divided into two parts, each i. The forces exerted on the poles of the bar
part forms a magnet with two poles. Thus, two magnet due to magnetic field are along different
independent magnets are obtained upon directions.
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division. It means that the two poles of a magnet ii. These forces form a couple. This couple
cannot be separated from each other. Hence, provides the necessary torque required for
magnetic monopoles do not exist. rotational motion.

Q.3. Try This. (Textbook page no. 251)

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iii. Which materials are used in making magnetic

compass needle? Now we will extend the above experiment
further by bringing another short bar magnet
Ans: Magnetite (lodestone or leading stone) are used
near to the freely suspended magnet.
in making magnetic compass needle.
Observe the change when the like and unlike
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Q.2. Activity. (Textbook page no. 251) poles of the two magnets are brought near
You have already studied in earlier classes each other. Draw conclusion. Does the
that a short bar magnet suspended freely suspended magnet rotate continuously or
always aligns in North South direction (as rotate through certain angle and remain
shown in figure below). Now if you try to stable?
forcefully move and bring it in the direction Ans:
along East West and leave it free, you will i. Conclusions drawn from the experiment:
observe that the magnet starts turning about a. like poles repel each other
the axis of suspension. Do you know from b. unlike poles attract each other.
where does the torque which is necessary for ii. The suspended magnet rotates through a certain
rotational motion come from? angle and then becomes stationary.
136
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Chapter 11: Magnetic Materials

iv. Taking T1 = 90q and T2 = T, then
NCERT Corner
Um =  mB(cos T  cos 90q)
? Um = mB cos T ….(3)
Magnetism and Gauss’ Law This is the expression for the potential energy of
n̂
a bar magnet placed in a uniform magnetic field
o Special Cases:
B a. When T = 0q,
Um = mB cos T =  mB cos(0) = mB
The bar magnet is aligned along the
T o o

t
ds magnetic field ( m and B are parallel), it is
in stable equilibrium and has minimum

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potential energy.
b. When T = 180q,
Um = mB cos T =  mB cos(180) = mB
o o
The magnetic flux through a small area is m and B are anti-parallel. The bar magnet
given by, dI = Bds is in the most unstable state and has
The total flux is given by, I = ¦Bds = 0 maximum potential energy.

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This is analogous to Gauss’ law of c. When T = 90q,
q Um =  mB cos T =  mB cos(90) = 0
electrostatics which states, ¦Eds = The bar magnet is perpendicular to the
H0
direction of magnetic field and has zero
potential energy.
11.2 Torque Acting on a Magnetic Dipole
in a Uniform Magnetic Field
co Graph:

mB
Q.4. Derive an expression for the potential energy
of a bar magnet placed in a uniform magnetic
field.
Ans: 0
N m m 90q 180q
e
o
o T
B o
o B –mB
T W
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C
S Potential Energy v/s angular
Magnet kept in a Uniform Magnetic field position of the magnet
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i. Consider a bar magnet of moment m held at an
m

angle T with the direction of a uniform magnetic Reading between the lines
o
field B . The magnitude of the torque acting on
the dipole is, Explanation for point (iv):
W = mB sin T ….(1) Similar to other potential energies, there is a
ii. This torque tends to align the dipole in the freedom in choosing the angle where the
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direction of the field. Work has to be done in potential energy U is taken as zero. A natural
rotating the dipole against the action of the π
torque. This work done is stored as potential choice is to take T = = 90q as per the special
2
energy of the dipole.
case C.
iii. If dW is the amount of work done in rotating the
dipole from T1 to T2, the potential energy is
given as, Q.5. Derive an expression for the time period of
θ2 θ2 θ2
angular oscillations of a bar magnet.
Um = ³ dW ³ τ
θ1 θ1
θ dθ = ³ mBsinθ dθ
θ1
Ans:
i. Consider a bar magnet of magnetic moment m
= –mB >cos T@ T12
T
and moment of inertia I, suspended freely using
? Um = mB (cos T2  cos T1) ….(2) an extensible spring.

137
 £

Std. XII Sci.: Perfect Physics (Vol. II)

ii. The restoring torque in the string acts opposite
to the deflecting torque. Thus, the magnet Enrich Your Knowledge
rotates through an angle and gradually becomes
stationary. Vibration Magnetometer
iii. In equilibrium, both the torques balances. is used for the
2 comparison of magnetic
? W = I d θ2 ….(1) moments and magnetic
dt
field. This device works
2
Where, d θ2 = angular acceleration of the on the principle, that
dt whenever a freely

t
magnet. suspended magnet in a

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iv. Let the magnet be rotated in a direction opposite uniform magnetic field, is
to the direction in which the torque is acting on disturbed from its
the magnet. A restoring torque is produced equilibrium positions, it
acting on the magnet in the opposite direction starts vibrating about the mean position. It can
and is given as, be used to determine horizontal component of
Earth's magnetic field.
W = mB sin T ….(2)

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v. Comparing equation (1) and (2), we get, Q.6. Observe and Discuss. (Textbook page no. 253)
d 2θ What is a North pole or South pole of a bar
I 2 =  mB sin T
dt magnet?
For small values of angular displacement T, Ans: To determine the north pole and south pole of a
sin T | T. bar magnet:

?
2
I d θ2 =  mB T
co i. Draw a circular loop on a plane glass plate and
take the direction of current in clockwise
dt directions.
d 2θ § mB · ii. Place on it a wire loop having clockwise current
? 2
= ¨ ¸T ….(3) flowing through it.
dt © I ¹
iii. According to right hand rule, the top surface
vi. The differential equation of linear S.H.M. is will behave as a south pole.
given as,
iv. Turn the glass to see the same loop through the
e
d2x
= Z2x ….(4) other surface of glass.
2
dt v. Due to turning, it is seen that the direction of
vii. Comparing equation (3) and (4), we have, current is in anticlockwise direction and the
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loop side surface behaves like north pole.

mB
Z2 =
I
Reading between the lines
mB
? Z= ….(5)
m

I
Explanation for point (v):
viii. The time period of angular oscillations of the In reality, there is no change in the direction of
bar magnet is, current.
2π
T=
ω
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Solved Examples
I
? T = 2π
mB Q.7. A couple of moment 25 u 102 Nm acts on a
magnet suspended in a uniform magnetic
This is the expression for time period of angular
field of induction 0.5 Wb/m2 when making an
oscillations of the bar magnet.
angle of 30q with the field. Find the magnetic
moment of the magnet.
Connections Solution:
Given: W = 25 u 102 Nm, B = 0.5 Wb/m2,
You have studied in detail about simple harmonic T = 30q
To find: Magnetic moment (M)
motion in Chapter 5  Oscillations of Part - I.
Formula: W = mB sin T

138
 £

Chapter 11: Magnetic Materials

Calculation: From formula, Calculation: From formula (i),
W 25 u 102 0.014 = m u 7 u 102 u sin 30q
? m =
Bsin T §1· 14 u 103 u 2
0.5 u ¨ ¸ ? m=
©2¹ 7 u 102
? m = 1 Am2 ? m = 4 u 101 = 0.4 Am2
Ans: The magnetic moment of the magnet is 1 Am2. We know that, most stable position of
Q.8. A short bar magnet placed with its axis at 30q magnet is when T = 0q and most unstable
with a uniform external magnetic field of 0.25 T position of magnet is when T = 180q
experiences a torque of magnitude equal to From formula (ii),

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4.5 u 102 J. What is the magnitude of magnetic W = 0.4 u 7 u 102 u [cos 0q  cos 180q]
moment of the magnet? (NCERT) = 2.8 u 102 u [1  (1)]

en
Solution: = 2.8 u 102 u [2]
Given: W = 4.5 u 102 J, T = 30q, B = 0.25 T = 5.6 u 102
To find: Magnetic moment (m) = 0.056 J
Formula: W Ans: i. Magnetic moment of the magnet is
m
Bsin T 0.4 Am2.
Calculation: From formula, ii. Required work done is 0.056 J.

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4.5 u10 2 4.5 u10 2 [Note: Answers calculated above are in accordance
m
0.25 usin30 q §1· with textual methods of calculation.]
0.25 u ¨ ¸
©2¹ *Q.11. The work done for rotating a magnet with
? m = 0.36 JT1 magnetic dipole moment m, through 90°
Ans: The magnitude of the magnetic moment of the from its magnetic meridian is n times the
short bar magnet is 0.36 JT1.
co
Q.9. A bar magnet of moment 7.5 Am2 experiences a
work done to rotate it through 60°. Find the
value of n.
torque of 1.5 u 104 Nm, when placed inclined Solution:
at 30q in a uniform magnetic field. Find the We know that, magnet is parallel to magnetic
magnetic induction of the field. meridian. Therefore, T1 = 0q and cosT1 = 1
Solution: Work done for rotating a magnet with magnetic
Given: m = 7.5 Am2, W = 1.5 u 104 Nm, T = 30q dipole moment m, through 90q from its
To find: Magnetic induction (B) magnetic meridian = mB (1  cos T)
e
Formula: W = mB sin T = mB (1  cos 90q)
Calculation: = mB
From formula, Work done for rotating it through 60q from its
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W 1.5 u 104 1.5 u 10 4 magnetic meridian = mB (1  cos 60q)

B =
msin T 7.5 u sin 30q 7.5 u 0.5 § 1·
= mB ¨1  ¸
? B = 0.4 u 104 = 4 u 105 T 2© ¹
Ans: The magnetic induction of the field is mB
4 u 105 T. =
m

2
*Q.10. A short bar magnet is placed in an external Given,
magnetic field of 700 gauss. When its axis W90q = nW60q
makes an angle of 30° with the external mB
magnetic field, it experiences a torque of ? mB = n u
2
Sa

0.014 Nm. Find the magnetic moment of the ? n=2

magnet, and the work done in moving it from Ans: The value of n is 2.
its most stable to most unstable position.
Solution: Q.12. The work done in turning a magnet of
Given: B = 700 gauss = 700 u 104 T = 7 u 102 T, magnetic moment ‘m’ by an angle of 90q
W = 0.014 Nm, T = 30q, from the magnetic meridian, is n times the
To find: i. Magnetic moment of the magnet corresponding work done to turn it through
(m) an angle of 45q. What is the value of n?
ii. Work done in moving it from its Solution:
most stable to most unstable Given: W90q = nW45q
position (w). For turning 90q,
Formulae: i. |W| = mB sin T Work done, W90q = mB(cos 0q  cos 90q)
ii. |W| = mB (cos T1  cos T2) = mB (1  0) = mB
139
 £

Std. XII Sci.: Perfect Physics (Vol. II)

For turning 45q, Q.14. A magnetic needle has a magnetic moment
Work done, W45q = mB(cos 0q  cos 45q) 6.0 u 10–2 Am2 and moment of inertia
§ 1 · 7.5 u 10–7 kgm2. It performs oscillation of
= mB ¨1  ¸ time period 0.65 s. what is the magnitude of
© 2¹
magnetic field? (Take S2 = 10)
§ 2 1·
= mB ¨¨ ¸ Solution:
© 2 ¸¹ Given: m = 6.0 u 10–2 Am2,
W90q 2 T = 0.65 sec,
? n= = I = 7.5 u 10–7 kgm2
W45q 2 1

t
To find: Magnitude of magnetic field
= 2 2 1
4SI

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Formula: B=
=2+ 2 mT 2
= 3.414 Calculation: Using formula,
Ans: The value of n is 3.414. 4 u10 u 7.5 u 107
B=
*Q.13. A magnetic needle is suspended freely so that 6.0 u 102 u (0.65) 2
it can rotate freely in the magnetic meridian. 5 u 101 2  7  4 1
=
In order to keep it in the horizontal position, 65 u 65 13 u 65

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a weight of 0.2 g is kept on one end of the = 1.18u 10–3 T
needle. If the pole strength of this needle is Ans: The magnitude of magnetic field is 1.18 u 10–3 T.
20 Am, find the value of the vertical
component of the earth's magnetic field. *Q.15. A magnetic needle placed in uniform
(g = 9.8 m s2) magnetic field has magnetic moment of
Solution:
Given: Pole strength = 20 Am
co 2 × 102 A m2, and moment of inertia of
7.2 × 107 kg m2. It performs 10 complete
Weight = 0.2 g oscillations in 6 s. What is the magnitude of
= 0.2 u 9.8 u 103 N the magnetic field?
= 1.96 u 103 N Solution:
To find: Vertical component of earth’s magnetic Given: m = 2 u 102 Am2,
field I = 7.2 u 107 kgm2,
Formulae: i. W = l u F ii. W=muB As there are 10 oscillations per 6 second
e
Calculation: Time for one oscillation,
6 3
T= = s
2l 10 5
pl

To find: Magnetic field (B)

l I
Formula: T = 2S
mB
Let us take length of the magnet be 2l. Calculation: Squaring the formula, we get
m

Magnetic moment (m) I

T2 = 4S2
= Pole strength u length of the magnet mB
= 20 u 2 u l 4 S2 I
? B=
From formula (i), mT 2
Wneedle = l u 1.96 u 103 4 u S2 u 7.2 u 107 u 25
Sa

From formula (ii), =

2 u 102 u 9
Wrestoring = (20 u l u 2) u B = (40 l B)
At equilibrium 4 u 9.872 u 7.2 u 107 u 25
=
? Wneedle = Wrestoring 2 u 102 u 9
l u 1.96 u 103 = 40 l B ? B = 3.948 u 103 Wb/m2
1.96 u 10 3 Ans: The magnitude of the magnetic field is
B=
40 3.948 u 103 Wb/m2.
1.96
= u 104 = 0.49 u 104 +Q.16. A bar magnet of moment of inertia of
4
500 g cm2 makes 10 oscillations per minute in
= 4.9 u 105 T a horizontal plane. What is its magnetic
Ans: The vertical component of earth’s magnetic moment, if the horizontal component of
field is 4.9 u 105 T. earth's magnetic field is 0.36 gauss?
140
 Page no. 141 to 157 are purposely left blank.

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Std. XII Sci.: Perfect Physics (Vol. II)

Quick Review
Magnetization

x Ratio of magnetic
moment to the volume
of the material is called
Bohr Magneton magnetization.

eh
x B.M. = Magnetic intensity

t
4 Sme
x B.M value is 9.274 u 10 24
Am 2 x Ratio of the strength of

en
Properties magnetising field to the
permeability of free
space is called as
Magnetic moment of electron magnetic intensity.
revolving around nucleus Magnetic Materials
Magnetic permeability,
§ e · Relative magnetic
x morb = ¨ ¸L

nt
© 2m e ¹ permeability or
Where, x Magnetic dipole susceptibility of a substance
me = electron of mass x P = P0(1 + F)
e = charge e revolving in a P = P0Pr
circular orbit where,

x
L = mevr
gyromagnetic ratio =
e
co P = magnetic permeability
Pr = relative magnetic
2me permeability.
Types
Torque acting on a
magnetic dipole in a
uniform magnetic Diamagnetism Paramagnetism Ferromagnetism
e
x W = mB sin T

Magnetic potential
energy in a uniform
pl

Magnetic shielding Curie temperature

magnetic field
x When a soft ferromagnetic x Temperature at which a
x Um =  mB cosT material is kept in a uniform ferromagnetic material
magnetic field, large number transforms into a
of magnetic lines crowd up paramagnetic substance
m

Time period of angular

oscillation inside the material leaving a is called Curie
few outside. This effect temperature (Tc) of that
2S I known as magnetic shielding. material.
x T= 2S
Z mB
Sa

Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Permanent Hysteresis

Electromagnet
T = 0qq, Um =  mB T = 180qq, Um = mB T = 90qq, Um = 0 Magnet
x The bar x The bar x Soft iron having B Flux Density
x The bar x Permanent a
magnet is in magnet is large Satur
Saturation
magnet is in magnets are Retentivity
b
the most perpendicular permeability
stable prepared by Creativity
unstable state to the direction (>1000) and H cO f H
equilibrium using a hard Magnetizing
and has of magnetic small amount of
and has ferromagnetic c Force
maximum field and has retaining d
minimum rod. Saturation  B Flux Density
potential zero potential magnetization,
potential in opposite in opposite
energy. energy. is used to make direction direction
electromagnets.

158
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Chapter 11: Magnetic Materials

11.2 Torque acting on a magnetic dipole in a
Important Formulae uniform magnetic field
2. Derive an expression for the potential energy of
1. Torque acting on magnetic dipole:
a bar magnet placed in a uniform magnetic field.
W = m B sinT
Ans: Refer Q.4
2. Potential energy of a bar magnet placed in a 3. Show that the time period of angular oscillations
uniform magnetic field: of the bar magnet is given as
U = mB cos T
I
3. Time period of angular oscillations of a bar T = 2π

t
mB
magnet: Ans: Refer Q.5

en
I
T = 2S 11.3 Origin of Magnetism in Materials
mB
4. For a revolving electron: 4. In a hydrogen atom, an electron carrying charge
evr eL ‘e’ revolves in an orbit of radius ‘r’ with speed
i. Magnetic moment, morb = = ‘v’. Obtain an expression for the magnitude of
2 2me
where, L = angular momentum magnetic moment of a revolving electron.
Ans: Refer Q.17

nt
e e ev
ii. I= ef
T 2S r/v 2Sr 5. Define the term gyromagnetic ratio.
Ans: Refer Q.18
morb e
5. Gyromagnetic ratio: 6. Write a note on: Bohr Magneton.
L 2me
Ans: Refer Q.19
6. Bohr magneton:
eh
4Sme
co 11.4 Magnetization and Magnetic Intensity
7. What do you mean by magnetization? State its
B0 SI unit and dimensions.
7. Magnetic intensity: H =
P0 Ans: Refer Q.26
8. Magnetization: B
8. Show that, H =  M.
m μ0
i. M = net
V
e
where, H = magnetic field intensity of a substance
CBext P0 = permeability of free space,
ii. M=
T M= magnetization of a substance.
where, C = Curie constant Ans: Refer Q.27
pl

9. Magnetic field due to iron core in toroid:

B = P0 (H + M) = B0 + BM = P0 Pr H = PH 9. Show that, P = P0(1 + F)
where, B0 = P0 H and BM = P0 M where, P = permeability of a substance
P0 = permeability of free space,
M B  B0 F = susceptibility of a substance.
10. Magnetic susceptibility: F = =
m

H B0 Ans: Refer Q.28

B 10. A current of 3 A flows through a plane circular
11. Magnetic permeability: P =
H coil of radius 4 cm and having 20 number of
12. Relation between permeability and turns. It is placed in magnetic field of intensity
0.5 Wb/m2. Find dipole moment of the coil.
Sa

susceptibility: P = P0(1 + F)
Ans: 0.3 Am2
P
13. Relative permeability: Pr = =1+F 11. In a hydrogen atom, an electron revolves with a
P0
frequency of 6.8 u 109 megahertz in an orbit of
diameter 1.06 Å. Calculate the equivalent
Exercise magnetic moment.
Ans: 9.6 u 1024 Am2
11.1 Introduction
12. In hydrogen atom, the electron is making
1. How is the torque necessary for the rotational 6.6 u 1015 rev/sec around the nucleus in an orbit
motion of a freely suspended bar magnet of radius 0.528 Å. Find the magnetic moment
formed? (Am2).
Ans: Refer Q.2 Ans: 9.24 u 1024 Am2
159
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Std. XII Sci.: Perfect Physics (Vol. II)

11.5 Magnetic Properties of Materials 11.8 Magnetic Shielding
13. With the help of paired electron orbit theory, 26. What do you mean by magnetic shielding? State
explain diamagnetism. its applications.
Ans: Refer Q.45 Ans: Refer Q.69
14. State properties of diamagnetic material.
Ans: Refer Q.46 Multiple Choice Questions
15. Give reason why the rod of a diamagnetic *1. A rectangular magnet suspended freely has a
material when suspended freely aligns itself in period of oscillation equal to T. Now it is

t
the direction perpendicular to the direction of broken into two equal halves (each having half
external magnetic field. of the original length) and one piece is made to

en
Ans: Refer Q.47 oscillate freely. Its period of oscillation is T′, the
ratio of T′ / T is.
16. Draw the diagrams showing the dipole moments 1 1
in paramagnetic substance when external (A) (B)
2 2 2
magnetic field is
1
(a) absent (b) strong. (C) 2 (D)
Ans: Refer Q.49 [figure (a) and figure (c) only]. 4

nt
2. The period of oscillation of a thin magnet at a
17. State Curie law for paramagnetic material.
place is T. When it is stretched to double its
Using the law, derive relation between magnetic
length and its pole strength is reduced to (1/4) of
susceptibility and temperature.
its initial value, then its period of oscillation is
Ans: Refer Q.52 (A) 2T (B) 2T
18.
theory.
co
Discuss ferromagnetism on the basis of domain (C)
2 2
T
(D) 2 2 T

Ans: Refer Q.53

3. The orbital speed of an electron orbiting around
19. How ferromagnetic substances are affected by the nucleus in a circular orbit of radius r is v.
heat? Then the magnetic dipole moment of the
Ans: Refer Q.54 electron will be
evr
20. The moment of magnet (15 cm u 2 cm u 1 cm) is (A) evr (B)
2
e
1.2 Am2. What is its intensity of magnetization?
ev vr
Ans: 4 u 104 A m1 (C) (D)
2r 2e
21. The magnetic field B and the magnetic intensity 4. An electron in an atom revolves around the
pl

H in a material are found to be 0.3 T and nucleus in an orbit of radius 0.7 Å. Calculate the
400 A/m respectively. Calculate the relative equivalent magnetic moment, if the frequency
permeability ‘Pr’ and the susceptibility ‘F’ of of revolution of electron is 2 u 1010 MHz.
the material. (A) 4.92 u 1023 Am2
Ans: 597, 596
m

(B) 4.92 u 1024 Am2

22. The magnetic field B and the magnetic intensity H (C) 5.21 u 10–23 Am2
in a material are found to be 2.67 and 900 A/m (D) 5.21 u 10–24 Am2
respectively. Calculate the relative permeability Pr 5. Bohr magneton is
and the susceptibility F of the material. (A) magnetic induction of electron when it is
Sa

Ans: 2.36 u 103, 2.361 u 103 revolving in the first Bohr orbit.
11.6 Hysteresis (B) magnetic moment of electron when it is
revolving in the first Bohr orbit.
23. Explain hysteresis cycle for ferromagnetic (C) angular momentum of electron when
material. revolving in the first Bohr orbit.
Ans: Refer Q.61 (D) angular momentum of electron when
revolving in last Bohr orbit.
11.7 Permanent Magnet and Electromagnet
6. A magnetising field of 2 u 103 ampere/m
24. What are electromagnets? State any two uses. produces a magnetic flux density of 8S tesla in
Ans: Refer Q.64 an iron rod. The relative permeability of the rod
25. What are permanent magnets? will be
Ans: Refer Q.67 (A) 102 (B) 100 (C) 104 (D) 101
160
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Chapter 11: Magnetic Materials

7. If a diamagnetic material is placed in a magnetic (C) repelled by north pole and attracted by the
field, the flux density inside the material south pole.
compared to that outside will be (D) attracted by the north pole and repelled by
(A) slightly less (B) slightly more the south pole.
(C) very much more (D) same
16. In a ferromagnetic material, range of magnetic
8. A copper rod is suspended in a non- susceptibility is
homogeneous magnetic field region. The rod (A) 102 to 103 (B) 1020 to 1040
when in equilibrium will align itself (C)  103 to  105 (D) 0 to 103
(A) in the direction in which it was originally

t
suspended. 17. The magnetic moment is not represented by
(B) in the region where the magnetic field is (A) accelerated charge.

en
strongest. (B) stationary charge.
(C) in the region where the magnetic field is (C) retarded charge.
weakest and perpendicular to the direction (D) charge moving with constant velocity.
of the magnetic field.
(D) in the region where the magnetic field is 18. If a magnetic material moves from stronger to
weakest and parallel to the direction of weaker parts of a magnetic field, then it is
known as _______.

nt
the magnetic field there.
(A) diamagnetic (B) paramagnetic
9. Paramagnetism is _______. (C) ferromagnetic (D) anti-ferromagnetic
(A) an orientation effect
(B) distortion effect 19. In paramagnetic substances, the atom has
(C) both orientation and distortion effects ______.
co
(D) neither orientation effect nor distortion
effect
(A) no magnetic moment
(B) torque
(C) magnetic moment
10. S.I. unit of magnetic dipole moment is _______. (D) domain
(A) A/m3 (B) Am2
(C) Am 2
(D) A  m 20. Some atoms have permanent magnetic dipole
moments and others do not. The correct reason
11. Which of the following materials is repelled by for the same is
e
an external magnetic field? (A) If magnetic moments are paired, the
(A) Iron (B) Cobalt dipole moment becomes zero.
(C) Steel (D) Copper (B) It depends on the number of inner electrons.
pl

12. A non-magnetic material when brought near a (C) It depends on the nuclear properties of the
powerful magnet, it gets repelled. The material atom.
is _______. (D) When magnetic moments are not paired,
(A) paramagnetic (B) ferromagnetic the dipole moment becomes zero.
(C) non-magnetic (D) diamagnetic A magnetising field of 360 Am1 produces a
m

*21.
*13. Which of the following statements is correct for magnetic flux density (B) = 0.6 T in a
diamagnetic materials? ferromagnetic material. What is its permeability
(A) μr < 1 in Tm A1?
(B) χ is negative and low 1
(A) (B) 300
Sa

(C) χ does not depend on temperature 300

(D) All of above 1
(C) (D) 600
600
14. Which of the following groups are diamagnetic?
(A) Hydrogen, oxygen, argon 22. If the relative permeability of iron is 2000, its
(B) Oxygen, copper, silver absolute permeability in SI unit is
(C) Hydrogen, argon, copper (A) 8S u 104 T m/A
(D) Lead, copper, bismuth (B) 80S u 104 T m/A
15. If a diamagnetic substance is brought near north 800
(C) T m/A
or south pole of a bar magnet, it is S
(A) attracted by the pole. 5 u 109
(B) repelled by the poles. (D) T m/A
S
161
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Std. XII Sci.: Perfect Physics (Vol. II)

23. Which of the following is incorrect relation? I
MZ 2. Period of oscillation for a magnet, T = 2S
(A) F = (B) B = P0 (1 + F)H mB
H M1L2
where, I = (M1 = mass of the magnet),
(C) P0 = P (1 + F) (D) Pr = 1 + F 12
24. Which of following is not a unit of the intensity m = pole strength (x) u length(2L) and
of magnetization? B is uniform magnetic field in which
magnet is oscillating.
(A) A m1 (B) J T1m3
When the length is doubled, pole strength is
(C) N T1m2 (D) A T1m2 th

reduced to §¨ ·¸ , period of oscillation of

1

t
*25. Soft iron is used to make the core of transformer ©4¹
because of its

en
Ic
(A) low coercivity and low retentivity magnet becomes, Tc = 2S
m'B
(B) low coercivity and high retentivity
(C) high coercivity and high retentivity M1 (2L) 2
Where, Ic = and
(D) high coercivity and low retentivity 12
§ pole strength ·
*26. Intensity of magnetic field of the earth at the mc = ¨ ¸ u 2 u (2L)
© 4 ¹
point inside a hollow iron box is.

nt
(A) less than that outside Tc Ic m Ic m
? u u 8
(B) more than that outside T m' I I m'
(C) same as that outside ? Tc = 2 2 T
(D) zero
3. Magnetic dipole moment,

Answers to Multiple Choice Questions

co M = iA
=
e
u Sr2
T
1. (B) 2. (D) 3. (B) 4. (A) e ª 2Sr º
5. (B) 6. (C) 7. (A) 8. (D) = u Sr2 …. « T
§ 2Sr · ¬ v »¼
9. (A) 10. (C) 11. (D) 12. (D) ¨ ¸
© v ¹
13. (D) 14. (D) 15. (B) 16. (A)
17. (B) 18. (A) 19. (C) 20. (A) evr
? M=
2
e
21. (C) 22. (A) 23. (C) 24. (D)
25. (A) 26. (A) 1
4. i= e = Qe
T
Hints to Multiple Choice Questions From formula,
pl

M = QeA = QeSr2
1. T = 2π
I = 2 u 1016 u 1.6 u 10–19 u 3.14 u (0.7 u 10–10)2
mB ? M = 4.92 u 10–23 Am2
mass u l 2
B 0.6 1
Where, I = TmA1
m

12
21. μ=
H 360 600
m = pole strength (x) u length
When pole is broken into two equal halves,
xul m Competitive Corner
Magnetic dipole moment = ….(1)
2 2
Sa

2 1. A thin diamagnetic rod is placed vertically

mass' u lc2 mass / 2 l / 2
? Ic = between the poles of an electromagnet. When
2 12 the current in the electromagnet is switched ON,
mass u l 2 I then the diamagnetic rod is pushed up, out of the
= ….(2)
12 u 8 8 horizontal magnetic field. Hence the rod gains
Ic gravitational potential energy. The work
? Tc = 2π required to do this comes from
m'B
[NEET (UG) 2018]
Tc Ic m Ic m (A) the current source.
? = u u
T m' I I m' (B) the magnetic field.
Tc 1 2 1 (C) the lattice structure of the material of the rod.
? = u (D) the induced electric field due to the
T 8 1 2
changing magnetic field.
162
 £

Chapter 11: Magnetic Materials

Hint: Diamagnetic material is repelled by magnetic (A) A for electromagnets and B for electric
field. This magnetic field is set up by switching generators.
on the current source. Hence, the energy to (B) A for transformers and B for electric
perform the required work is provided by the generators.
current source. (C) B for electromagnets and transformers.
(D) A for electric generators and
2. The magnetic moment of electron due to orbital
transformers.
motion is proportional to (n = principal quantum
numbers) [MHT CET 2017] 5. A bar magnet is hung by a thin cotton thread in
1 1 a uniform horizontal magnetic field and is in
(A) (B)

t
n2 n equilibrium state. The energy required to rotate
(C) n2 (D) n it by 60q is W. Now the torque required to keep

en
Hint: The magnetic moment of the revolving electron the magnet in this new position is
neh § eh · [NEET P-II 2016]
is given by, morb = n¨ ¸ 2W W
4Sm © 4Sm ¹ (A) (B)
3 3
Thus, morb v n (the principal quantum number)
3W
3. A bar magnet has length 3 cm, cross-sectional (C) 3W (D)
2
area 2 cm2 and magnetic moment 3 Am2. The

nt
Hint: W = – mB (cos 60q  cos 0q)
intensity of magnetisation of bar magnet is
[MHT CET 2017] §1 · 1
=  mB ¨  1¸ mB
(A) 2 u 105 A/m (B) 3 u 105 A/m ©9 ¹ 2
(C) 4 u 105 A/m (D) 5 u 105 A/m ? mB = 2 W
Hint: Intensity of Magnetisation, Torque required W = mB sin T = 2W sin 60q
M=
m net
V
=
3
2 u 104 u 3 u 102
co
= 5 u 105 A/m ? W = 2W ¨¨
§ 3·
¸¸ 3 W
© 2 ¹
4. Hysteresis loops for two magnetic materials A
6. An iron rod is placed parallel to magnetic field
and B are given below: [JEE (Main) 2016]
of intensity 2000 A/m. The magnetic flux
through the rod is 6 × 10–4 Wb and its cross-
sectional area is 3 cm2. The magnetic
permeability of the rod in Wb/A-m is
e
[MHT CET 2016]
(A) 10–1 (B) 10–2
(C) 10–3 (D) 10–4
pl

B (I / A) I 6 u 104
Hint: P = =
H H HA 2000 u 3 u 104
These materials are used to make magnets for ? P = 10–3 Wb/A-m
electric generators, transformer core and
m

electromagnet core. Then it is proper to use:

Time: 1 Hour 30 Min TOPIC TEST Total Marks: 25

Sa

SECTION A

Q.1. Select and write the correct answer: [04]

i. Above Curie temperature, the ferromagnetic materials get converted into _______ material.
(A) diamagnetic (B) non-magnetic (C) paramagnetic (D) ferrimagnetic
ii. To protect the machine of a watch from external magnetic field, its box should be made of _______.
(A) paramagnetic material (B) diamagnetic material
(C) ferromagnetic material (D) non-magnetic material
iii. The correct relation between B, H and M is
(A) B = P0 (M + H) (B) B = P0 M  H
P0 M
(C) B= (D) B = P0M u P0H
H
163
 £

Std. XII Sci.: Perfect Physics (Vol. II)

iv. A magnet placed perpendicular to a uniform field of strength 7 u 10–4 Wb/m2 experiences a couple
of moment 14 u 10–5 Nm. The magnetic moment of the magnet will be
(A) 0.8 Am2 (B) 0.6 Am2 (C) 0.4 Am2 (D) 0.2 Am2
Q.2. Answer the following: [03]
i. What is gyromagnetic ratio?
ii. Define magnetization. State its S.I. unit.
iii. If gyromagnetic ratio of the electron revolving in a circular orbit of hydrogen atom is 8.8 u 1010 C
kg–1, then what would be the mass of the electron? (Given: charge of the electron = 1.6 u 10–19 C.)

t
SECTION B

en
Attempt any Four: [08]

Q.3. Write a note on paramagnetic materials on the basis of atomic structure

Q.4. Establish the relation between permeability and susceptibility of a substance.
Q.5. A rod is subjected to a magnetising field of 1000 A/m. The susceptibility of the rod is 650. Find its

nt
permeability.
Q.6. State any four properties of diamagnetic substances.
Q.7. The magnetic moment of a magnet of dimensions 6 cm u 3 cm u 1.5 cm is 4 Am2. Calculate the
intensity of magnetization.
co
Q.8. Derive the quantity for Bohr Magneton and also state its value.

SECTION C

Attempt any Two: [06]

Q.9. Obtain and expression for orbital magnetic moment of an electron rotating about the nucleus in an
atom. Derive an expression for the magnetic dipole moment of a revolving electron.
e
Q.10. The magnetic field B and the magnetic intensity H in a material are found to be 1.6 T and 1200 A/m
respectively. Calculate the relative permeability ‘Pr’ and the susceptibility ‘F’ of the material.
Q.11. Write a note on Electromagnets. State its uses
pl

SECTION D

Attempt any One: [04]

m

Q.12. Explain the behaviour of a ferromagnetic material in an external magnetic field with the help of a
hysteresis cycle.
Q.13. i. Derive an expression for the potential energy of a bar magnet placed in a uniform magnetic
field.
A bar magnet of moment of inertia of 400 g cm2 makes 10 oscillations per minute in a
Sa

ii.
horizontal plane. What is its magnetic moment, if the horizontal component of earth's magnetic
field is 0.40 gauss?

Download the answers of the Topic Test by

scanning the given Q.R. Code.

164