Human Recouses Notes

Human Resources
People are a nation’s greatest resource. Nature’s bounty becomes signi cant only when people
nd it useful. It is people with their demands and abilities that turn them into ‘resources’. Hence,
human resource is the ultimate resource.
Distribution of Population
The way in which people are spread across the earth’s surface is known as the pattern of
population distribution. Over 90% of the world’s population lives in about 30% of the land
surface. Distribution of population is uneven. Some areas are crowded and some areas are
sparsely populated. The crowded areas are south and south-east Asia, Europe and northeastern
North America. Very few people live in high latitude areas, tropical deserts, high mountains and
areas of equatorial forests. Many more people live north of the Equator than south of the Equator.
Almost three-quarters of the world’s people live in two continents, Asia and Africa. 60% of the
world’s people stay in just 10 countries. All of them have more than 100 million people.
Density of Population
A number of people living in the unit area of the earth’s surface are the density of population-
normally expressed as per square metre. The average density of population in the whole world is
51 persons per square km. South-Central Asia has the highest density of population followed by
East and South East Asia.
Factors A ecting Distribution of Population

Geographical Features
Topography: People prefer to live on plains rather than mountains and plateau as these areas are
suitable for farming, manufacturing and service activities.
• The Ganga plains- most densely populated areas of the world
• Andes, Alps and Himalayas—sparsely populated.
Climate: People usually avoid extreme climates that are very hot or very cold.
Examples: Sahara desert, polar regions of Russia, Canada and Antarctica.
Soil: Fertile soils provide suitable land for agriculture.
Examples: Densely populated fertile plains such as Ganga and Brahmaputra in India, Hwang-He,
Chang Jiang in China and the Nile in Egypt.
Water: People prefer to live in areas where freshwater is easily available. River valleys of the world
are densely populated while deserts have spare population.
Minerals: Areas with mineral deposits are more populated.
Example: Diamond mines of South Africa and the discovery of oil in the Middle East lead to
settling of people in these areas.
Social, Cultural and Economic Factors
Social: Areas of better housing, education and health facilities are more densely populated e.g.,
Pune.
Cultural: Places with religion or cultural signi cance attract people.
Examples: Varanasi, Jerusalem and Vatican city
Economic: Industrial areas provide employment opportunities so it attracts a large number of
people.
Examples: Osaka in Japan and Mumbai in India are two densely populated areas.
Population Change
The population change refers to change in the number of people during a speci c time. The world
population is not stable. It has increased manifold due to changes in the number of births and
deaths. Until the 1800s, the world’s population grew steadily but slowly. Large numbers of babies
were born, but they died early too. Causes: no proper health facilities- no su cient food available
for all the people-farmers not able to produce enough to meet the food requirements of all the
people. This resulted in a low increase in population. In 1804, the world population hit 1 bn and
later about 155 years later in 1959, the population reached 3 billion-is also known as population
explosion. Also, later in 1999, about 40 years later, the population doubled reaching 6 billion. The
main reason for this growth: better food supplies and medicine, deaths were reduced, while the
number of births still remained fairly high.
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Births are usually measured using the birth rate i.e. the number of live births per 1,000 people.
Deaths are usually measured using the death rate i.e. the number of deaths per 1,000 people.
Migrations are the movement of people in and out of an area. Births and deaths are the natural
causes of population change. Di erence between the birth rate and the death rate of a country is
called the natural growth rate. The population increase in the world is mainly due to a rapid
increase in natural growth rate.
Another cause for population size change- Migration. People may move within a country or
between countries. Emigrants are people who leave a country; Immigrants are those who arrive in
a country. Countries like the United States of America and Australia have gained in-numbers by
in-migration or immigration. Sudan is an example of a country that has experienced a loss in
population numbers due to out-migration or emigration.
The general trend of international migrations is from the less developed nations to the more
developed nations in search of better employment opportunities. Within countries, a large number
of people may move from the rural to urban areas in search of employment, education and health
facilities.
Patterns of Population Change

Rates of population growth vary across the world- Even if, the world’s total population is rising
rapidly, not all countries are experiencing this growth. Kenya has a high population growth rate, as
well as high birth rates and death rates. With improving health care, death rates have reduced, but
birth rates still remain high leading to high growth rates. In other countries like the United
Kingdom, population growth is slowing because of both low death and low birth rates.
Population Composition
Economic development has little to do with how crowded a place is. Bangladesh and Japan-
densely populated. But, Japan is more economically developed than Bangladesh. People vary in
age, sex, literacy level, health condition, occupation and income level. Population composition
refers to the structure of the population.
The composition of the population helps to know- the number of males or females, age group
they belong to, how educated they are and what type of occupations they are employed in, what
their income levels and health conditions are. People can study the population composition of a
country by looking at the population pyramid or the age-sex pyramid.
A population pyramid shows

• The total population divided into various age groups, e.g., 5 to 9 years, 10 to 14 years.
• The percentage of the total population, subdivided into males and females, in each of those
groups.
The numbers of children (below 15 years) are shown at the bottom and re ect the level of births.
The size of the top shows the numbers of aged people (above 65 years) and re ects the number
of deaths. The population pyramid also tells us how many dependents there are in a country.
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There are two groups of dependents — young dependents (aged below 15 years) and elderly
dependents (aged over 65 years). Those of the working-age are economically active.
The population pyramid of Kenya
The population pyramid shown above for Kenya has birth and death rates both high, hence it is
broad at the base and rapidly narrows towards the top. This is because although many children
are born, a large percentage of them die in their infancy, relatively few become adults and there
are very few old people.
Population Pyramid of India
In countries like India where death rates (especially amongst the very young) are decreasing, the
pyramid is broad in the younger age groups, because more infants survive to adulthood. This can
be seen in the pyramid above for India. Such populations contain a relatively large number of
young people and which means a strong and expanding labour force.
Population Pyramid of Japan
In countries like Japan, low birth rates make the pyramid narrow at the base. Decreased death
rates allow numbers of people to reach old age. Skilled, spirited and hopeful young people
endowed with a positive outlook are the future of any nation.

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Human Recouses Notes

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Human Resources

Factors A ecting Distribution of Population

Patterns of Population Change

A population pyramid shows

The population pyramid of Kenya

Population Pyramid of India

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