General Mathematics – 1st Semester (1/2) This is called a Many to

One Relationship.
Basic Concepts of Functions and Relations
Domain Range
Relation 1 1
➢ A correspondence between 2 sets and can be written 2 3
in ordered pairs. 3 5
➢ We have 2 sets of data corresponding to each other This is called a One to
therefore they are having a relation. Many Relation. This is not
➢ Example: considered a function
because the domain has 2
Letter Number
ranges or partner which
I 4
violates the definition of
L 5
functions.
O 6
Function
V 8
➢ A relation in which each element of the domain
E 3
corresponds to exactly one element of the range.
M 6
A 2
Another Example: What will be the function of the
T 8
H 4 corresponding input and output?

The Ordered Pairs: 1.

➢ {(I, 4), (L, 5), (O, 6), (V, 8), (E, 3), (M, 6), (A, 2), Input Function Output
(T, 8), (H, 4)} 2 2x 4
6 12
Domain This represents a One to One Relation.
This is still a function.
➢ The ____ of a relation is the set of 1st coordinates. (x)
➢ Also called as “input”.
2.
➢ {I, L, O, V, E, M, A, T, H}
Input Function Output
𝟐
4 𝒙 16
Range
-4
➢ Is the set of the second coordinates. (y)
This represents a Many to One Relation.
➢ Also called as “output”. This is still a function.
➢ {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8}
3.
Function Input Function Output
➢ A relation in which each element of the domain 1 We simply 5
corresponds to exactly one element of the range. can’t tell. 3
➢ Example: This represents a One to Many Relation.
Domain Range This is not a function.
1 1
2 3 5 Different Ways of Representing a Function
3 5 1. Mapping Diagram
This is called a One to One
Relation because the range
has only one partner which
is the domain. This is still a
function.

Domain Range
1 1
2 3
3 5
4
This is still a function. Even
though the range has 2
partners or domain, this is
still considered a function.
 2. Table of Values

3. Graph

Explanation why Graph B is not considered a function:

➢ Let’s say that the yellow circle has an order pair of
(2, 0) and the 2 intersection points of where the
vertical line test took place are (2, 𝑌1 ) & (2, 𝑌2 ).

4. Equation

➢ So, with the domain 2, it will have 2 ranges which are

𝑌1 and 𝑌2 which can be presented with this figure.

5. Rule or Correspondence
o In this photo, we want to find the output of the input 5, so
we need to find the rule or correspondence and that is
𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏. So the output of input 5 is 26.
➢ This figure shows that 2 has 2 ranges which is
considered as One to Many Relation. Therefore, this
is not a function.

Identify if the given relation is a function:

➢ {(2, 4), (4, 4), (3, 5), (7, 8), (9, 10), (3, 7)}
o This is not a function since the domain 3 has 2 ranges
which are 5 and 7.

Which of the following statement is/are TRUE? Explain

your answer.
A. All relations are not functions.
Vertical Line Test
B. All function are relations
➢ We use this to check if the given graph of an
C. All functions are not relations
equation represents a function.
D. All relations are functions.
➢ A graph represents a function if and only if no
E. Not all relations are functions.
vertical line intersects the graph at more than one
F. Not all functions are relations
point.
Answer: Letters B and E are the correct answers since all
Example:
functions can be relations and not all relations are functions
➢ A: Graph A is a function since the vertical line
since there is what you call “One to Many” Relation which
intersected with the graph with one point only.
violates the definition of function.
➢ B: Graph B is not a function since the vertical line
intersected with the graph with more than one point.
Why do we have to create a rule?
➢ In most realistic situations, the value of one quantity
may depend on the value of another quantity.
1. Heartbeat is a function of _______.
2. Success is a function of _______.
3. Water bill is a function of ___________.
 4. The span of time of our discussion is a function of
_____. Let P = price
N(p) = no. of gallons
Some Types of Functions Use the formula:
1. Linear Function ➢ 𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 = 𝒎(𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 )
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒎𝒙 + 𝒃 𝒀𝟐 −𝒀𝟏
➢ 𝒎=
𝑿𝟐 −𝑿𝟏
2. Quadratic Function
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄
(P, N) = (1.98, 872)
3. Cubic Function
= (1.75, 1125)
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒂𝒙𝟑 + 𝒃𝒙𝟐 + 𝒄𝒙 + 𝒅
4. Piecewise Function 𝟏𝟏𝟐𝟓 − 𝟖𝟕𝟐
𝒕 𝒎= = −𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟎
+𝟔 𝟏. 𝟕𝟓 − 𝟏. 𝟗𝟖
𝒉(𝒕) { 𝟑
𝒕(𝒕 + 𝟏)
Then:
𝒕𝟐 + 𝒕 + 𝟏
𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 = 𝒎(𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 )
5. Rational Function
𝑷(𝒙) 𝒚 − 𝟖𝟕𝟐 = −𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟎(𝒙 − 𝟏. 𝟗𝟖)
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒚 − 𝟖𝟕𝟐 = −𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒙 + 𝟐𝟏𝟕𝟖
𝑸(𝒙)
𝒚 = −𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒙 + 𝟑𝟎𝟓𝟎
6. Exponential Function
𝑵(𝒑) = −𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒑 + 𝟑𝟎𝟓𝟎
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒃𝒙
7. Logarithmic Function
Additionally, look for the price of each gallon that the store
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂 (𝒙)
should set to sell 1400 gallons per week.
Function as a Model
Solution:
1. Visualize the Real –life situations and determine the
variables involve
𝟏𝟒𝟎𝟎 = −𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒑 + 𝟑𝟎𝟓𝟎
2. Identify the relation between the variables and
𝟏𝟒𝟎𝟎 − 𝟑𝟎𝟓𝟎 = −𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒑
express its model into word
3. Set up the mathematical mode −𝟏𝟔𝟓𝟎 = −𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒑
−𝟏𝟔𝟓𝟎
4. Use the mathematical mode =𝒑
−𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝟏. 𝟓 = 𝒑
Situation No. 1: Mark and Jam are planning to prepare for a
party in a place near BGC. It costs them 15,000 php for the
Therefore, the new price of each gallon that the store should
venue and additional of 750 php per guest. State the cost C as
set to sell 1400 gallons per week is $1.50.
a function of x number of guests and determine the total
expenses of Mark and Jam if they have 30 guests in the party.
Special Types of Linear Function
1. Constant Function
Answer: C(x) = 750x + 15,000
➢ A linear function f is a constant function if
➢ The x determines the number of guests and will be
f(x) = mx + b, where m = 0 and b is any real
multiplied to 750 since it says 750 php/guest and add
number. Thus f(x) = b.
15,000 for the cost of the venue.
➢ Example: f(x) = 5
➢ This is an example of a Linear Function.

Linear Function
➢ A function in the form 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒎𝒙 + 𝒃, where m and
b are real numbers, and m and f(x) are not both
equal to zero.
➢ Note: m = slope
𝒀𝟐 −𝒀𝟏
o 𝒎=
𝑿𝟐 −𝑿𝟏
➢ Real-Life Example:
Situation No. 2: The owner of a grocery store finds that, on
o A fixed amount of tricycle fare F in any distance x within
average, the store can sell 872 gallons of milk per week when
your barangay.
the price per gallon is $1.98. When the price per gallon is
$1.75, sales average 1125 gallons a week. Assume that the
number N of gallons sold per week is a linear function of the
price P per gallon. Find a formula that gives N as a function
of P. Additionally, look for the price of each gallon that the
store should set to sell 1400 gallons per week.
 2. Identity Function • If a > 0, the parabola opens upward; if a < 0, the
➢ A linear function f is an identity function if parabola opens downward.
f(x) = mx + b, where m =1 and b =0. Thus
f(x) = x. Piecewise Function
• A function defined by multiple sub functions, where
each sub function applies to a certain interval of the
main function’s domain.
• Example:
𝟐, 𝒊𝒇 𝒙 > −𝟒
➢ 𝒇(𝒙) = {
𝟓, 𝒊𝒇 𝒙 < −𝟒

Situation No. 4: A resort offers an entrance fee of P200 per

head if there are less than 10 persons going inside the place.
However, if there are 10 persons or more, one of them will be
free of charge. Write a piecewise-defined model of the total
Situation No. 03: A theatre has seats for 2500 people. It is
amount paid A as a function of the number of persons x who
field to capacity for each show and ticket costs 30 php per
entered the resort. How much will be paid if there are 18
show. The owner wants to increase the ticket price. He
persons in the resort?
predicts that if the ticket price is increased by 2 php, the
number of people who will see the show will decrease by 50.
Let x = no. of person
Write a mathematical model to describe the owner’s income
f(x) = total amount
after an increase in his ticket price and determine the greatest
possible income that can be received by the owner. 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝒙, 𝟎 < 𝒙 < 𝟏𝟎
𝒇(𝒙) = {
𝟐𝟎𝟎𝒙 − 𝟐𝟎𝟎, 𝒙 ≥ 𝟏𝟎
Let x = no. of times the price increased • The function is solely based on the conditions
I(x) = income provided above.
= (no. of people) x (ticket price) • 200x = 200 per head, x = no. of person so 200x
= 2500 x 30
• 200x – 200, 200 is the entrance fee per head and it
says that one of them will be free so we will minus
I(x) = (2500 – 50x)(30 + 2x)
the original price by 200 to fulfil the condition.
➢ The is the new solution. We put minus 50x
in the first parenthesis since it is said that the
Evaluation of Function
number of people who will see the show will
o Previously you learned how to represent real-life
decrease by 50 and them times it to x since x
situations using functions.
determines the no. of times the price
o We can utilize these functions to help us in our daily
increased.
activities.
Final Answer:
▪ For example, it is given that a liter of gasoline
• 𝑭(𝒙) = −𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝟓𝟎𝟎𝒙 + 𝟕𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎 costs Php45.00.
▪ We write the cost C(x) of gasoline per x liters
as C(x) = 45x.
Quadratic Function ▪ When a driver plans to buy 3 liters for his car, he
• 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄; where a,b, and c are real can use the given function to solve for the total
numbers and a is not equal to zero. cost of the gasoline by replacing the variable x
• The graph of any quadratic function is called a with 3.
parabola. ▪ That is, C(3) = 45(3) =135.
• It has a Line of Symmetry, which means a part of ▪ Thus, the driver needs to pay the total cost of 3
the parabola on one side of the line is a reflection of liters of gasoline amounting to 135 php.
the part on the other side. Axis of symmetry: x = h
• The Vertex of the Parabola is the point where the Evaluating Function
line of symmetry crosses the parabola. (h, k) • The process of replacing the variable x in the
• Vertex point’s coordinate: function f(x) with a value from the function's domain
1. x – coordinate: then computing for the result is called _______.
−𝒃 • To denote that we are evaluating f at a for some a in
𝒉=
𝟐𝒂 the domain of f, we write f(a).
2. y – coordinate:
𝟒𝒂𝒄 − 𝒃𝟐
𝒌=
𝟒𝒂
 • Example: 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏. 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓, Evaluate the Example II: Let 𝒈(𝒙) = −𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟓. Find each function
given function at x = 1.5. value:
a. 𝒈(𝟎)
Let x = 1.5 b. 𝒈(𝟐𝒘)
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏. 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 c. 𝒈(𝒙 + 𝟏)
𝒇(𝟏. 𝟓) = 𝟐(𝟏. 𝟓)𝟐 − 𝟏. 𝟓(𝟏. 𝟓) + 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓
𝒇(𝟏. 𝟓) = 𝟐. 𝟓 Solution:
1. Replacing x with 0 in 𝒈(𝒙) = −𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟓 gives
• Example: 𝒒(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐, Evaluate the the following result:
function 𝒒(𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑). 𝒈(𝟎) = −(𝟎)𝟐 + 𝟒(𝟎) + 𝟓
𝒈(𝟎) = 𝟓
Remember: Evaluating a function, simply means replacing 2. Replacing x with 2w in 𝒈(𝒙) = −𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟓 gives
the variable with a value that is found in the domain of the the following result:
function. 𝒈(𝟐𝒘) = −(𝟐𝒘)𝟐 + 𝟒(𝟐𝒘) + 𝟓
𝒈(𝟐𝒘) = −𝟒𝒘𝟐 + 𝟖𝒘 + 𝟓
Assume the 2x+3 is part of the domain of the function. 3. Replacing x with (x+1) in 𝒈(𝒙) = −𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟓
gives the following result:
Let x = 2x + 3 𝒈(𝒙 + 𝟏) = −(𝒙 + 𝟏)𝟐 + 𝟒(𝒙 + 𝟏) + 𝟓
𝒒(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐 𝒈(𝒙 + 𝟏) = −(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏) + 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟒 + 𝟓
𝒒(𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑) = (𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑)𝟐 − 𝟐(𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑) + 𝟐 𝒈(𝒙 + 𝟏) = −𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏 + 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟒 + 𝟓
𝒒(𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑) = (𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟐𝒙 + 𝟗) − 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟔 + 𝟐 𝒈(𝒙 + 𝟏) = −𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟖
𝒒(𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑) = 𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟖𝒙 + 𝟓
Example III: Consider the piecewise function:
Try: Find the value of g(-4) and r(1). 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏, 𝒙 < 𝟎
𝒇(𝒙) = { }
o 𝒈(𝒙) = √𝒙 + 𝟏 𝒙 − 𝟏, 𝒙 ≥ 𝟎
𝟐𝒙+𝟏 Evaluate the function when:
o 𝒓(𝒙) =
𝒙−𝟏
a. 𝒙 = −𝟏
b. 𝒙 = 𝟎
Answer: This is not possible because -4 is not in the domain
c. 𝒙 = 𝟏
of g(x) and 1 is not in the domain of r(x). Why?
Solution:
Solution:
a. Since 𝒙 = −𝟏 and 𝒙 < 𝟎, then we have to consider
o 𝒈(𝒙) = √𝒙 + 𝟏
the first sub function. That is,
𝒈(−𝟒) = √−𝟒 + 𝟏 𝒇(−𝟏) = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏
𝒈(−𝟒) = √−𝟑, Can’t be since it will be an 𝒇(−𝟏) = (−𝟏)𝟐 + 𝟏
imaginary number. 𝒇(−𝟏) = 𝟐
𝟐𝒙+𝟏
o 𝒓(𝒙) = b. At 𝒙 = 𝟎, consider the 2nd subfunction which
𝒙−𝟏
𝟐(𝟏) + 𝟏 includes the domain (x) that is greater than or equal
𝒓(𝒙) = to 0.
𝟏−𝟏
𝟑 𝒇(𝟎) = 𝒙 − 𝟏
𝒓(𝒙) = , The answer will be undefined if you divide
𝟎
𝒇(𝟎) = 𝟎 − 𝟏
any number by 0.
𝒇(𝟎) = −𝟏
Example I: Given the function 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) and defined by the
c. For 𝒙 = 𝟏, also consider the 2nd subfunction.
set of ordered pairs {(−𝟑, 𝟏𝟒), (−𝟏, 𝟔), (𝟎, 𝟓), (𝟐, 𝟗)}.
𝒇(𝟏) = 𝟏 − 𝟏
Evaluate the function at:
𝒇(𝟏) = 𝟏 − 𝟏
a. 𝒙 = 𝟎
𝒇(𝟏) = 𝟎
b. 𝒙 = −𝟏
Example IV: Given that 𝒇(𝒙) ∗ 𝒇(𝒙 + 𝟏) = 𝟗, and 𝒇(𝟑) =
Solution:
𝟖𝟏, what is the value of 𝒇(𝟗)?
a. If x=0, then we consider the ordered pair (0, 5). The
corresponding y value when x = 0 is the value of f(0).
Solution: Consider the given 𝒇(𝒙) ∗ 𝒇(𝒙 + 𝟏) = 𝟗 & 𝒇(𝟑) =
Hence, f(0)=5.
𝟖𝟏.
b. If x=−1, then we consider the ordered pair (-1, 6).
The corresponding y value when x =-1is the value of
f(−1). Hence, f(−1)=6. Let 𝒙 = 𝟑 and take note that and 𝒇(𝟑) = 𝟖𝟏 as stated above.
𝟗 𝟏
𝒇(𝟑) ∗ 𝒇(𝟑 + 𝟏) = 𝟗 → 𝟖𝟏 ∗ 𝒇(𝟒) = 𝟗 → 𝒇(𝟒) = 𝒐𝒓
𝟖𝟏 𝟗
 𝟏 Operations of Functions
Let 𝒙 = 𝟒 and take note that and 𝒇(𝟒) = as computed above.
𝟗
𝟏
𝒇(𝟒) ∗ 𝒇(𝟒 + 𝟏) = 𝟗 → ∗ 𝒇(𝟓) = 𝟗 → 𝒇(𝟓) = 𝟖𝟏 Operations of Functions
𝟗
1. Addition
Let 𝒙 = 𝟓 and take note that and 𝒇(𝟓) = 𝟖𝟏 as computed 2. Subtraction
above. 3. Multiplication
𝟏 4. Division
𝒇(𝟓) ∗ 𝒇(𝟓 + 𝟏) = 𝟗 → 𝟖𝟏 ∗ 𝒇(𝟔) = 𝟗 → 𝒇(𝟔) = 5. Composition & Decomposition
𝟗

Observe the pattern to get the value of 𝒇(𝟗). Definition: Let f and g be functions.
Hence, 𝒇(𝟗) = 𝟖𝟏. a. Their sum, denoted by f + g, is the function defined
by:
Example V: If 𝒇(𝒏) = (𝒏 − 𝟏)𝒇(𝒏 − 𝟏) for 𝒏 > 𝟏 and (𝒇 + 𝒈)(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙) + 𝒈(𝒙)
𝒇(𝟏) = 𝟏, find 𝒇(𝟒). b. Their difference, denoted by f – g, is the function
defined by:
Solution: Consider 𝒇(𝒏) = (𝒏 − 𝟏)𝒇(𝒏 − 𝟏). (𝒇 − 𝒈)(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙) − 𝒈(𝒙)
c. Their product, denoted by f * g, is the function
Let 𝒏 = 𝟐 defined by:
𝒇(𝟐) = (𝟐 − 𝟏)𝒇(𝟐 − 𝟏) (𝒇 ∙ 𝒈)(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙) ∙ 𝒈(𝒙)
𝒇(𝟐) = 𝟏 ∗ 𝒇(𝟏) d. Their quotient, denoted by f / g, is the function
Observation 1: Since it is given that 𝒇(𝟏) = 𝟏, then defined by:
𝒇(𝟐) = 𝟏 ∗ 𝟏 = 𝟏 (𝒇/𝒈)(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙)/𝒈(𝒙)

Let 𝒏 = 𝟑 Few Tips:

a. For addition and subtraction, consider like terms
𝒇(𝟑) = (𝟑 − 𝟏)𝒇(𝟑 − 𝟏)
and perform the rules of Addition or Subtraction of
𝒇(𝟑) = (𝟐)𝒇(𝟐)
polynomials.
Observation 2: Since it is given that 𝒇(𝟐) = 𝟏, then
b. For multiplication and division, apply the rules of
𝒇(𝟑) = 𝟐 ∗ 𝟏 = 𝟐
Multiplication and Division of Polynomials.
▪ Different ways of Factoring and Special
Let 𝒏 = 𝟒
Products can be applied.
𝒇(𝟒) = (𝟒 − 𝟏)𝒇(𝟒 − 𝟏)
𝒇(𝟒) = (𝟑)𝒇(𝟑)
Let’s Practice:
Observation 3: Since it is given that 𝒇(𝟑) = 𝟐, then
• Given: 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟒 and 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒙 + 𝟏
𝒇(𝟒) = 𝟑 ∗ 𝟐 = 𝟔
• Determine the following functions:
a. (𝒇 + 𝒈)(𝒙)
Hence, 𝒇(𝟒) = 𝟔
b. (𝒇 − 𝒈)(𝒙)
c. (𝒇 ∙ 𝒈)(𝒙)
Definition of Even and Odd Functions
d. (𝒇/𝒈)(𝒙)
o The function f is an even function if and only if 𝒇(−𝒙) =
𝒇(𝒙) for all x in the domain of f. The right-hand side of
Solution:
the equation of an even function does not change even if x
a. (𝒇 + 𝒈)(𝒙)
is replaced with -x.
(𝒇 + 𝒈)(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟒 + 𝒙 + 𝟏
Example: (𝒇 + 𝒈)(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟓
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙𝟒 + 𝒙𝟐
b. (𝒇 − 𝒈)(𝒙)
𝒇(−𝒙) = 𝟐(−𝒙)𝟒 + (−𝒙)𝟐
(𝒇 − 𝒈)(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟒 − (𝒙 + 𝟏)
𝒇(−𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙𝟒 + 𝒙𝟐
Since 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒇(−𝒙), then 𝒇(𝒙) is an even function. (𝒇 − 𝒈)(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟒 − 𝒙 − 𝟏
(𝒇 − 𝒈)(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟑
o The function f is an odd function if and only if 𝒇(−𝒙) =
−𝒇(𝒙) for all x in the domain of f. c. (𝒇 ∙ 𝒈)(𝒙)
(𝒇 ∙ 𝒈)(𝒙) = (𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟒)(𝒙 + 𝟏)
Example: (𝒇 ∙ 𝒈)(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟑 + 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟒
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟑 (𝒇 ∙ 𝒈)(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟔𝒙𝟐 + 𝟗𝒙 + 𝟒
𝒇(−𝒙) = (−𝒙)𝟑
𝒇(−𝒙) = −𝒙𝟑
Since 𝑓(−𝒙) = −𝒇(𝒙), then 𝒇(𝒙) is odd function.
 d. (𝒇/𝒈)(𝒙) Important Reminders
𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟒 a. The symbol 𝒇 ∘ 𝒈 is read as “f circle g”.
(𝒇/𝒈)(𝒙) = b. In computing for 𝒇 ∘ 𝒈, simply replace x in 𝒇 with
𝒙+𝟏
(𝒙 + 𝟏)(𝒙 + 𝟒) 𝒈(𝒙).
(𝒇/𝒈)(𝒙) =
𝒙+𝟏
(𝒇/𝒈)(𝒙) = (𝒙 + 𝟒) Let’s Practice:
• Given:
Given: a. 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟏 − 𝒙
a. 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 b. 𝒈(𝒙) = √𝒙
b. 𝒒(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐 c. 𝒉(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏
𝟐𝒙+𝟏
c. 𝒓(𝒙) =
𝒙−𝟏
Perform the indicated operations:
1. 𝟐
Express the function 𝒇𝟏 (𝒙) = 𝒙 + 𝟑 as the sum or 1. (𝒈 ∘ 𝒉)(𝒙)
difference of the functions above. 2. (𝒉 ∘ 𝒇)(𝒙)
𝒇𝟏 (𝒙) = 𝒒(𝒙) + 𝒇(𝒙) 3. (𝒇 ∘ 𝒈)(𝟓)
2. Express the function 𝒈𝟏 (𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙𝟑 − 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐 as a
product or quotient of the functions above. Solution:
𝒈𝟏 (𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙) ∙ 𝒒(𝒙) 1. (𝒈 ∘ 𝒉)(𝒙)
𝒈(𝒉(𝒙)) = 𝒈(𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏)
Composition & Decomposition 𝒈(𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏) = √𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏
2. (𝒉 ∘ 𝒇)(𝒙)
Given: 𝒉(𝒇(𝒙)) = 𝒉(𝟏 − 𝒙)
• 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟐 𝒉(𝟏 − 𝒙) = (𝟏 − 𝒙)𝟐 − 𝟐(𝟏 − 𝒙) + 𝟏
𝒉(𝟏 − 𝒙) = 𝟏 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏
𝒉(𝟏 − 𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐

Decomposition of Function
• A process of breaking down one complex function
into multiple smaller functions.

Example:
1. Given a function, find ways to decompose 𝒇(𝒙) =
√𝟒𝒙 − 𝟐 into 2 unique functions 𝒉(𝒙) and 𝒈(𝒙).
Solution:
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒉(𝒈(𝒙))
𝒇(𝒙) = √𝟒𝒙 − 𝟐
∴ 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟐 & 𝒉(𝒙) = √𝒙

2. Given a function, determine two unique functions

𝟐
𝒉(𝒙) and 𝒈(𝒙) that can compose 𝒇(𝒙) = .
𝒙−𝟑
𝟐
Answer: If 𝒉(𝒙) = & 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒙 + 𝟐, then 𝒇(𝒙) =
𝒙−𝟓
𝒉(𝒈(𝒙))
1. Find the value of 𝒇(𝒈(𝟒))
Solution: 3. A particular store will, on December 25, sell any
𝒈(𝟒) = 𝟑 → 𝒇(𝟑) = 𝟐(𝟑) − 𝟐 = 𝟒 item for P100 less than the listed price. Another
promo which says that on any day in December, the
2. Find the value of 𝒇(𝒉(𝒈(𝟐))) store will give a discount of 15 % to any customer
who can prove that he/she contributed to a local
Solution:
charity. If you shop at this particular store on
𝒈(𝟐) = 𝟑 → 𝒉(𝟑) = 𝟎 → 𝒇(𝟎) = 𝟐(𝟎) − 𝟐 = −𝟐
December 25 and you can prove that you contributed
to a local charity, which discount promo will be
The composition of the function f with g is denoted by 𝒇 ∘ 𝒈
applied first and why? (Assume that the stores accept
and is defined by the equation: (𝒇 ∘ 𝒈)(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒈(𝒙))
both discount promos)
Solution: • Example: The denominator of a fraction is 8 more
Let x = price of item than the numerator. If 1 is subtracted from both
F(x) = to be paid numerator and denominator and denominator, the
100 of F 15% of F resulting fraction has a value of ½. Find the original
𝐹1 (𝑥) = 𝑥 − 100 𝐹2 (𝑥) = 0.85𝑥 fraction.
𝑭𝟏 (𝑭𝟐 (𝒙)) 𝑭𝟐 (𝑭𝟏 (𝒙)) 𝒙−𝟏 𝟏
=
𝑭𝟏 (𝑭𝟐 (𝒙)) = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒙 − 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝑭𝟐 (𝑭𝟏 (𝒙)) = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓(𝒙 − 𝟏𝟎𝟎) 𝒙+𝟖−𝟏 𝟐
𝑭𝟐 (𝑭𝟏 (𝒙)) = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒙 − 𝟖𝟓
∴ you should use your P100 off discount first then the 15% 𝒙−𝟏 𝟏
=
off one. 𝒙+𝟕 𝟐
Rational Inequality
Rational Function • A mathematical statement that is composed of
rational expressions combined with a <, >, < or >
Polynomial sign.
• A __________ with a degree n is an algebraic • Example: The denominator ofa fraction is 8 more
expression that can be written in the form: than the numerator. If 1 is subtracted from both
𝒂𝒏 𝒙𝒏 + 𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒙𝒏−𝟏 + 𝒂𝒏−𝟐 𝒙𝒏−𝟐 + ⋯ + 𝒂𝟏 𝒙 + 𝒂𝟎 numerator and denominator and denominator, the
Where 𝒂𝟎 , 𝒂𝒂 , 𝒂𝒏 ∈ 𝑹 𝒂𝒏 ≠ 𝟎 resulting fraction has a value that is reater than ½.
𝒙−𝟏 𝟏
The constant 𝒂𝟎 , 𝒂𝟏 … 𝒂𝒏 are the coefficients. >
The leading coefficient is 𝒂𝒏 . 𝒙+𝟖−𝟏 𝟐
𝒙−𝟏 𝟏
The leading term is 𝒂𝒏 𝒙𝒏 and the constant term is 𝒂𝟎 . >
𝒙+𝟕 𝟐
Note: n is non-negative integer.
Rational Function
Polynomials 𝒏(𝒙)
• Can be written in the form of 𝒇(𝒙) = , where n(x)
• 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟏 𝒅(𝒙)
• −𝒙𝟑 + 𝟏 and d(x) are polynomials where 𝒅(𝒙) ≠ 𝟎.
• √𝟓𝒙 + 𝟏
𝟐 Determine whether the given function is a rational
• 𝒙+𝟗
𝟑 function.
𝟏
1. 𝒇(𝒙) =
Non-Polynomials 𝒙
𝒙
• 𝟑𝒙−𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝟕 2. 𝒈(𝒙) =
𝒙𝟐 −𝟒
𝟑 𝟑𝒙−𝟐
• 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟖 3. 𝒍(𝒙) = 𝟏
𝟐−𝟒𝒙𝟐 +𝒙
𝟓
• +𝟏 𝟑𝒙𝟐 −𝟓𝒙−𝟐
𝒙 4. 𝑱(𝒙) =
𝟑𝒙𝟐 +𝟕𝒙+𝟐
𝟐
5. 𝑲(𝒙) = 𝒙 − 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟔
Rational Expression
• An algebraic expression that can be written in the Answer:
𝒂
form where a and b are polynomials & 𝒃 ≠ 𝟎. 1. Yes, Dom 𝒇 = {𝒙|𝒙 ≠ 𝟎}
𝒃
𝑥
• Example: 2. Yes, Dom 𝒈 = {𝒙|𝒙 ≠ ±𝟐}
𝑥+8
➢The denominator of a fraction is 8 more than 3. No
𝟏
the numerator. 4. Yes, Dom 𝑱 = {𝒙|𝒙 ≠ − & − 𝟐}
𝟑
• Rational Expression MUST ALWAYS BE 5. Yes, Dom 𝑲 = {𝒙|𝒙 ∈ 𝑹}
simplified to its LOWEST TERM.
Tips in obtaining the Domain of a Rational Function
Rational Equation • The domain of a ration function 𝒇(𝒙) =
𝒏(𝒙)
is all the
• An equation that contains one or more rational 𝒅(𝒙)

expressions. values of x that will not make d(x) equal to zero.

• These rational expression/s may be on one or both • So to obtain the domain of a rational function:
sides of the equation. 1. Set the denominator equal to zero and solve for x.
• Note: An extraneous solution is an apparent 2. Set the domain as all real numbers excluding the value/s
solution that does not solve its equation. of x obtained in step 1.
 Rational Function in Real-life Situations Summary:
1. Represent the speed S of a runner as a function of the time 1. Rational Expression
t(sec) it takes to run a 100 meter-track. How fast shall 𝒙
the person run if she has to finish the 100 meter-track for 𝒙+𝟖
25 seconds? 2. Rational Equation
𝒙−𝟏 𝟏
=
Solution: 𝒙+𝟕 𝟐
Speed = distance/time 3. Rational Inequality
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒙−𝟏 𝟏
𝑺(𝒕) = >
𝒕 𝒙+𝟕 𝟐
𝟏𝟎𝟎 4. Rational Function
𝑺(𝒕) = 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 + 𝟑𝟑𝟎𝒙
𝟐𝟓 𝒕(𝒙) =
𝑺(𝒕) = 𝟒 𝒎/𝒔 𝒙

2. The event committee is trying to decide the ticket price Rational Function
for an event. They know that the total cost of the DJ’s
professional fee, the venue, and the decorations will be How to Find the LCD:
P12,000. Also, each attendee’s food will cost P330. Write • Example: Find the LCD of:
a model for the price of the ticket t as a function of 𝟗 𝟏𝟏
&
number x of persons. 𝟕𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝟖𝒙 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟖𝒙 + 𝟏𝟔

Solution: Step 1: Factor each denominator completely.

x = no. of persons 𝟕𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝟖𝒙 → (𝟕𝒙)(𝒙 + 𝟒)
𝟐
t(x) = ticket price 𝒙 + 𝟖𝒙 + 𝟏𝟔 → (𝒙 + 𝟒)(𝒙 + 𝟒)
t(x) = total cost/no. of person
𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 + 𝟑𝟑𝟎𝒙 Step 2: List the factors of the 1st denominator.
𝒕(𝒙) = 𝟕, 𝒙, (𝒙 + 𝟒)
𝒙

3. A fence is to enclose a rectangular vegetable farm with an Step 3: Add any unlisted factor from the second or other
area of 400 square meters. If x is the length of one side denominator.
of this fence, find a function P(x) representing the 𝟕, 𝒙, (𝒙 + 𝟒), (𝒙 + 𝟒)
perimeter of the fencing material required.
Step 4: The LCD is the product of all factors in the final list.
Solution: (𝟕𝒙)(𝒙 + 𝟒)(𝒙 + 𝟒)
x = length of one side
P(x) = perimeter Solving Rational Equations
P(x) = 2L +2W
5𝑥−1 1
L=x Example: + =2
𝑥 2 −9 𝑥−3

A = LW Step 1: Factor the denominators.

A = xW 𝟓𝒙 − 𝟏 𝟏
400 = xW + =𝟐
(𝒙 + 𝟑)(𝒙 − 𝟑) 𝒙 − 𝟑
400/x = W
Step 2: Identify the restrictions.
𝟒𝟎𝟎
𝑷(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐( ) • In the equation, notice that x cannot be 3 & -3 since it
𝒙
𝟐 will make the entire denominators equal to 0.
𝟐𝒙 + 𝟖𝟎𝟎
𝑷(𝒙) = • We must avoid any values that can make any of the
𝒙
denominators equal to zero.
Rational Function 𝒙 ≠ 𝟑 & 𝒙 ≠ −𝟑
𝒏(𝒙)
• Can be written in the form of 𝒇(𝒙) = where n(x)
𝒅(𝒙) Step 3: Multiply both sides by the LCD. (𝒙 + 𝟑)(𝒙 − 𝟑)
and d(x) are polynomials where 𝒅(𝒙) ≠ 𝟎. 𝟓𝒙 − 𝟏 𝟏
(𝒙 + 𝟑)(𝒙 − 𝟑)( + = 𝟐)(𝒙 + 𝟑)(𝒙 − 𝟑)
(𝒙 + 𝟑)(𝒙 − 𝟑) 𝒙 − 𝟑
(𝟓𝒙 − 𝟏) + (𝒙 + 𝟑) = 𝟐(𝒙 + 𝟑)(𝒙 − 𝟑)
𝟔𝒙 + 𝟐 = 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟖
𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟐𝟎 = 𝟎
Step 4: Solve as usual. 4. Test for meaningful numbers if they make the
2𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 − 20 = 0 inequality true or false. If true, then they are part of
𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 10 = 0 the solution. If false, then they are not part of the
(𝑥 − 5)(𝑥 + 2) = 0 solution. Get a value from each interval and
(𝑥 − 5) = 0 ∶ (𝑥 + 2) = 0 substitute these into the inequality. If the test value
𝑥 = 5 ∶ 𝑥 = −2 makes the inequality true, then the entire interval is a
solution to the inequality. if the test value makes the
Step 5: Check inequality false, then the entire interval is not a
solution to the inequality.
𝒚+𝟑 𝟒 5. Express the answer in interval notation
Find the value of y: =
𝒚−𝟏 𝒚−𝟏
o By following the steps in solving rational equation, the Solving Rational Inequality
computed value for y is 1.
o However, when y is equal to 1, the denominators in the 𝒙 𝟐
Given: ≤𝟑−
rational equation become zero. 𝒙−𝟐 𝒙−𝟐
o Thus, we say that 1 is an extraneous solution.
o An extraneous solution is an apparent solution that does
not solve its equation.

Solving Rational Inequalities

(-2, 4)

(-2, 4)

[−∞, 𝟑]

(−∞, −𝟐] ∪ (𝟏, ∞)

How to Solve Rational Inequality.

1. Write the inequality with a single rational expression
on the left-hand side of the inequality
2. Determine the meaningful numbers by setting the
numerator equal to zero and setting the denominator
equal to zero.
3. Use the meaningful numbers to separate the number
line into intervals.
 Steps to Find the Domain of a Rational Function
1. Set the denominator equal to zero and solve for x.
2. Set the domain as all real numbers excluding the value/s
of x obtained in step 1.

Determine the , of the Given Function

𝟑
a. 𝒇(𝒙) =
𝒙+𝟖
𝟑𝒙𝟐 −𝟓𝒙+𝟐
b. 𝒈(𝒙) =
𝒙𝟐 +𝟕𝒛+𝟏𝟎
𝒙𝟐 −𝟏
c. 𝒉(𝒙) =
𝒙−𝟏

Answer:
1. 𝑫𝒐𝒎 𝒇 = {𝒙 ∈ 𝑹|𝒙 ≠ −𝟖}
2. 𝑫𝒐𝒎 𝒈 = {𝒙 ∈ 𝑹|𝒙 ≠ −𝟐& − 𝟓}
3. 𝑫𝒐𝒎 𝒉 = {𝒙 ∈ 𝑹|𝒙 ≠ 𝟏}
Partial Fractions: Find the value of A and B.
𝟗𝒙 − 𝟑 𝑨 𝑩 Intercepts of Rational Function
𝟐
= +
𝒙 −𝟏 𝒙−𝟏 𝒙+𝟏 Intercepts
𝟗𝒙 − 𝟑 𝑨(𝒙 + 𝟏) + 𝑩(𝒙 − 𝟏) • Are x or y coordinates of the points at which a group
=
𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏 crosses the a-axis or y-axis, respectively.
𝟗𝒙 − 𝟑 𝑨𝒙 + 𝑨 + 𝑩𝒙 − 𝑩
= a. Y-intercepts:
𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏 ➢ Y-coordinate of the point where the graph
𝟗𝒙 − 𝟑 𝑨𝒙 + 𝑩𝒙 + 𝑨 − 𝑩
= crosses the y-axis.
𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏 b. X-intercepts:
𝟗𝒙 − 𝟑 𝒙(𝑨 + 𝑩) + 𝑨 − 𝑩
= ➢ X-coordinate of the point where the graph
𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏
crosses the x-axis.
Elimination Method
𝑨+𝑩 =𝟗 Rule:
𝑨 − 𝑩 = −𝟑 • To find the y-intercept, substitute 0 for x and solve
𝟐𝑨 = 𝟔 for y or f(x).
𝑨=𝟑 • To find the x-intercept, substitute 0 for y and solve
𝑩=𝟔 for x.

𝒙+𝟖
So: Example #1: 𝒇(𝒙) =
𝒙−𝟐
𝟗𝒙 − 𝟑 𝟑 𝟔
= +
𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏 𝒙 − 𝟏 𝒙 + 𝟏

Rational Function

Domain & Range of Rational Function

a. Domain
𝒏(𝒙)
• Of a rational function 𝒇(𝒙) = is all the
𝒅(𝒙)
values of x that will not make d(x) equal to
zero.
b. Range
• Of a rational function can be found by first
finding the inverse of the function and
determining its domain.
• If this does not work, the best way is to
graph the rational function.
 Graph: Important Reminders:
• It is possible that a graph of a rational function does
not have any intercept.
• This simply means that the graph will not cross any
axis of the cartesian plane.
• It is important to check whether a computed x-
intercept is a part of the domain of the function.
• If the computed value for x-intercept is not part of the
domain, then do not use the value as an intercept.

Holes of Rational Function

Hole
• Looks like a hollow circle on a graph.
• It represents the fact that the function approaches the
point but is not actually defined on that precise x
value.
• Note: If the numerator and denominator have similar
factor, there exist a hole in the graph of function.

Determine if a hole exist in the graph of the given rational

𝒙𝟐 −𝟓𝒙+𝟔
function:
Example #2: 𝒇(𝒙) = (𝟑𝒙+𝟏)(𝒙−𝟏)
𝒙𝟐 −𝟐𝒙−𝟑 1. 𝒇(𝒙) =
(𝒙−𝟏)
𝒙𝟑 +𝟒𝒙𝟐 +𝒙−𝟔
2. 𝒇(𝒙) =
𝒙𝟐 +𝟓𝒙+𝟔
𝒙𝟐 +𝒙
3. 𝒇(𝒙) =
𝒙𝟐 −𝟒𝒙+𝟒

Answer:
1. Yes
2. Yes
3. No

Steps to find the Holes of a Rational Function, if any:

1. To find the x-coordinate of the hole, set the “common
factor” to zero and solve for x.
2. To find the y-coordinate of the hole, simplify the
given rational function by crossing out the “common
factor”. Then, substitute the computed x-coordinate
into the simplified rational function and solve for f(x)
or y.

(𝟑𝒙+𝟏)(𝒙−𝟏)
Example #1: 𝒇(𝒙) =
(𝒙−𝟏)
 Steps to Find the Zeroes of a Rational Number
1. Factor the numerator and denominator of the rational
function if possible.
2. Identify the restrictions of the rational functions.
3. Identify the values of the independent variable x that
make the numerator equal to zero.
4. The zeroes of the rational function are the values of x
that make the numerator zero but are not restrictions
of the rational function.

(𝒙+𝟐)(𝒙+𝟑)(𝒙−𝟏)
Example #2: 𝒇(𝒙) =
(𝒙+𝟐)(𝒙+𝟑)

Asymptote
• Is an imaginary line to which a graph gets closer and
closer as it increases or decreases its value without
limit.

Vertical Asymptote
• The line x = a is a vertical asymptote if the graph
increases or decreases without bound on one or both
sides of the line as x moves in closer and closer to x =
a.
• It is the restriction/s on the x values of a reduced
rational function.

Horizontal Asymptote
• The line y = b is a horizontal asymptote if the graph
approaches y = b as x increases or decreases without
bound.
• Note that it doesn’t have to approach y = b as x
Zeroes of Rational Function BOTH increases and decreases.
• The value of x that will make the numerator zero • It only needs to approach it on one side in order for it
without simultaneously making the denominator to be a horizontal asymptote.
equal to zero.
 Asymptotes of Rational Function Solution:

𝟔𝒙+𝟏
Example: 𝒇(𝒙) =
𝟐𝒙−𝟒

Steps to find the Vertical Asymptotes of a Rational

Function
1. Obtain the factors of the numerator and the
denominator.
2. Simplify the form of the rational function by
cancelling out the common factor/s between the
numerator and denominator. Note: The factors that
are canceled when a rational function is reduced
represent holes in the graph. 𝒙𝟐 +𝟖𝒙+𝟕
Observe the Graph of 𝒉(𝒙) =
3. To find the vertical asymptote, equate the 𝒙𝟐 +𝟏𝟏𝒙+𝟐𝟖
denominator of the reduced rational function to 0 and
solve for x

Determine the Vertical Asymptotes of the Given Function:

𝟑𝒙
a. 𝒇(𝒙) =
𝒙+𝟓
𝒙𝟐 −𝟒𝒙+𝟑
b. 𝒓(𝒙) =
𝒙𝟐 +𝟑𝒙+𝟐
𝒙𝟐 +𝟗𝒙+𝟕
c. 𝒉(𝒙) =
𝒙𝟐 +𝟏𝟏𝒙+𝟐𝟖
Rules for obtaining Horizontal Asymptotes of a Rational Example: Determine the oblique asymptote of
Function 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟖𝒙 + 𝟕
𝒉(𝒙) =
• To find the horizontal asymptote of a rational 𝒙+𝟐
function, compare the degree n of the numerator
n(x) with the degree m of the denominator d(x) and
then, consider the following rules:
1. If n < m, the horizontal asymptote is y = 0.

2. If n = m, the horizontal asymptote is the ratio of the

leading coefficient of the numerator 𝒂𝒏 to the leading
coefficient of the denominator 𝒃𝒎 .

How to Graph Rational Functions

Review:
𝒏(𝒙)
1. The domain of a rational function 𝒇(𝒙) = is all
𝒅(𝒙)
the values of x that will not make d(x) equal to zero.
2. Intercepts are x or y coordinates of the points at
3. If n > m, the graph has no horizontal asymptote. which a graph crosses the x-axis or y-axis,
respectively.
3. The zero/s of the rational function is the value/s of x
that will make the numerator zero without
simultaneously making the denominator equal to
zero.
4. An asymptote is an imaginary line to which a graph
gets closer and closer as it increases or decreases its
value without limit.
5. The vertical asymptotes of a rational function are
the lines x= a, where a is the zero of the
Oblique Asymptotes of Rational Function denominator d(x) of the simplified version of the
given rational function
Oblique Asymptote 6. The factors that are cancelled when a rational
• Occurs when the numerator of f(x) has a degree that function is reduced represent holes in the graph.
is one higher than the degree of the denominator. 7. The horizontal asymptote may be found by
𝒙𝟐 +𝟖𝒙+𝟕 comparing the degree n of the numerator and the
• Example: 𝒉(𝒙) =
𝒙+𝟐 degree m of the denominator. There are three
conditions to consider in obtaining a horizontal
Steps to find the Oblique Asymptote of a Rational asymptote:
Function a. If n < m, the horizontal asymptote is y = 0.
1. Divide the numerator by the denominator. b. If n = m, the horizontal asymptote is the ratio of
2. The oblique asymptote is y equal to the quotient from the leading coefficient of the numerator 𝒂𝒏 to the
step 1 with the remainder ignored. leading coefficient of the denominator 𝒃𝒎 . That
𝒂
is, 𝒚 = 𝒏 .
𝒃𝒎
c. If n > m, the graph has no horizontal
asymptote.
 8. If the degree of the numerator n(x) is greater than
the degree of the denominator n(x) by one, the
oblique asymptote y= mx +b may be obtained by
dividing the numerator n(x) by the denominator d(x).
𝒏(𝒙) 𝒓(𝒙)
That is, 𝒇(𝒙) = = 𝒎𝒙 + 𝒃 + where r(x) is
𝒅(𝒙) 𝒅(𝒙)
the remainder from the division of the numerator by
the denominator.

The green curves in the Cartesian plane represent the graph of:
𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐
𝒙 − 𝒙 + 𝟏𝟐

Example:

Left
x f(x)
-4 12/7
-5 21/16
Between
x f(x)
1 3/8
-1 3/8
Right
x f(x)
5 21/16
4 12/7
Guidelines in Graphing Rational Functions
1. Determine the vertical, horizontal and oblique
asymptotes if there are any.
2. Find the intercepts and plot them.
3. Plot points to the left, to the right and between the
vertical asymptotes.
4. Sketch the graph: use the plotted points and the
asymptotes as guides.

Examples:
Example:

Left
x f(x)
-2 7/4 One to one Function
1 16
Right Review:
x f(x)
3 -12 Relation
• A set of ordered pairs.
• The domain of a relation is the set of first
coordinates.
• The range is the set of the second coordinates.

Function
• A relation in which each element of the domain
corresponds to exactly one element of the range.

One-To-One Function
• A function in which for each value of y in the range
of f, there is just one value of x in the domain of f.
Example: • This means that the same y-value is never paired with
two different x values.

Horizontal Line Test

• A function is one-to-one if each horizontal line does
not intersect the graph at more than one point.
• False: All functions need to pass the horizontal line
test.
• True: All functions need to pass the vertical line test.

Inverse Function and its Properties

Inverse of a Function
• A relation reversing the process performed by any
function 𝒇(𝒙) is called inverse 𝒇−𝟏 .
 How to get the Inverse of a Function Try: Show that the following functions are inverses of each
other.
1. Find the inverse of 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟏𝟐𝒙 + 𝟓 𝟏
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟓 & 𝒇−𝟏 (𝒙) = (𝒙 − 𝟓)
𝟐
𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟓
a. 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟓
𝒙 = 𝟏𝟐𝒚 + 𝟓 𝟏 𝟏
𝒙 − 𝟓 𝟏𝟐𝒚 𝒇 ( (𝒙 − 𝟓)) = 𝟐( (𝒙 − 𝟓)) + 𝟓
= 𝟐 𝟐
𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟐 𝟏
𝒙−𝟓 𝒇 ( (𝒙 − 𝟓)) = 𝒙 − 𝟓 +
𝒚= 𝟐
𝟏𝟐 𝟏
−𝟏 (𝒙)
𝒙−𝟓 𝒇 ( (𝒙 − 𝟓)) = 𝒙
𝒇 = 𝟐
𝟏𝟐
𝟏
𝒙−𝟐 b. 𝒇−𝟏 (𝒙) = (𝒙 − 𝟓)
2. Find the inverse of 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟐
𝟐𝒙+𝟑
−𝟏 (𝟐𝒙
𝟏
𝒙−𝟐 𝒇 + 𝟓) = (𝟐𝒙 + 𝟓 − 𝟓)
𝒚= 𝟐
𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑 𝒇−𝟏 (𝟐𝒙 + 𝟓) = 𝒙
𝒚−𝟐
𝒙=
𝟐𝒚 + 𝟑
Graph of Inverse Function
(𝒙)(𝟐𝒚 + 𝟑) = 𝒚 − 𝟐
𝟐𝒙𝒚 + 𝟑𝒙 = 𝒚 − 𝟐
x f(x) or y
𝟐𝒙𝒚 − 𝒚 = −𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐 -2 0
𝒚(𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏) = −𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐 1 1
−𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐 4 2
𝒚=
𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏
−𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐
−𝟏
𝒇 (𝒙) = x f-1(x) or y
𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏 0 -2
1 1
Properties of an Inverse Function 2 4
1. 𝒇−𝟏 (𝒙) is a one-to-one function; 𝒇(𝒙) is also a one-
to-one function.

2. The domain of 𝒇−𝟏 (𝒙) = 𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒇(𝒙) & the

range of 𝒇−𝟏 (𝒙) = 𝒅𝒐𝒎𝒂𝒊𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒇(𝒙).

Domain Range
𝒙−𝟐 All real All real numbers
𝒈(𝒙) =
𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑 numbers except 1/2
except -3/2
−𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐 All real All real numbers
𝒈−𝟏 (𝒙) =
𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏 numbers except except -3/2
1/2 4. The graph of the inverse is the reflection of the graph
of the original function. The axis of symmetry is the
3. f and g are inverses of each other if: line y=x.
a. 𝒇(𝒈(𝒙)) = 𝒙; for every x in the domain of g 𝟏
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟓 & 𝒇−𝟏 (𝒙) = (𝒙 − 𝟓)
b. 𝒈(𝒇(𝒙)) = 𝒙; for every x in the domain of f 𝟐
 3. An employee’s monthly earnings include his monthly
salary of P10,000 and a commission of 5% on total sales.
a. If y is his monthly earnings and x is the total sales,
define the model function of this problem.
b. What would be the sales function for this problem?
c. How much should be the total sales if the employee’s
earnings for the month is 15,000 php?

Problem Solving Involving Inverse Functions

1. The formula to convert temperatures from degrees Distinguish Exponential Equations, Exponential
𝟓
Fahrenheit to Celsius is 𝑻(𝒙) = (𝒙 − 𝟑𝟐). Inequalities, & Exponential Functions
𝟗
a. Write the inverse of the function?
b. What does the inverse indicate?

2. Ben and Paul are planning a wedding reception at a

Boracay Hall. It costs them a base fee of Php 10,000 plus
P 1,000 per guest.
a. State the cost as a function of number of guests.
b. Determine the expression for the inverse
Exponential Equation
• An equation in which a variable occurs in an Exponential Inequality
exponent. • An inequality in which a variable occurs in an
• The key in solving exponential inequality and exponent.
exponential equation is to write both sides of the • The key in solving exponential inequality and
equation as powers of the same base. exponential equation is to write both sides of the
equation as powers of the same base.
Example:

Property of Equality for Exponential Equations

• Let a, b, and c be real numbers and 𝒂 ≠ 𝟎. Then,
𝒂𝒃 = 𝒂𝒄 if and only if b = c.

• If b > 1, then the exponential function 𝒚 = 𝒃𝒙 is

increasing for all x. This means that 𝒃𝑥 < 𝒃𝒚 if x < y.

• If 0 < b < 1, then the exponential function 𝒚 = 𝒃𝒙 is

increasing for all x. This means that 𝒃𝑥 > 𝒃𝒚 if x < y.
 Basic Properties of: 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑏 𝑥
Exponential Function
• A function that can be written as 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒃𝒙 where
𝒃 > 𝟎, 𝒃 ≠ 𝟏 and x is any real number.
o b – is a constant or base
o x – an independent variable called the
exponent

Which is not an example of exponential function?

Domain: The domain is the set of real numbers.

Range: The range is the set of positive real numbers.
If b > 1, f is an increasing exponential function.
If 0 < b < 1, f is a decreasing exponential function.
Y-Intercept: (0,1)
o C – this is a quadratic function. X-Intercept: None
o D – this is a constant function. There is no vertical asymptote.
o E – this violates the rules of exponential function, and the The graph approaches but does not reach the x – axis. The x-
base is a variable which shouldn’t be. axis is the horizontal asymptote.

Graph: 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙 Transformation of Graph of a Function

o The movement of graph from one location to another
location.

Transformation

𝟏
Graph: 𝒇(𝒙) = ( )𝒙
𝟐
Observe the Graph of: 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 & 𝑓(𝑥) = 2−𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥+4 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥−4
Domain All Real All Real All Real
Numbers Numbers Numbers
Range All Real + All Real + All R+
Intercept (0, 1) (0, 16) (0,1/16)
Asymptotes x-axis x-axis x-axis
o Observation: The graph of 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙 moved 4
units to the left when 4 is added to x. The graph of
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙 moves 4 units to the fight when 4 is
subtracted from x.
o Horizontal Translation:

𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) = 2−𝑥

Domain All Real Numbers All Real Numbers
Range All Real + All Real + Observe the Graph:
Intercept (0, 1) (0, 1) o 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙 , 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑, 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑
Asymptotes x-axis x-axis
o Observation: The graphs reflect each other across
𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥)
the y-axis. = 2𝑥 + 3 = 2𝑥 − 3
o Reflection in y-axis: 𝑓(𝑥) → 𝑓(−𝑥) Domain All Real All Real All Real
Numbers Numbers Numbers
Observe the graph of: 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 & 𝑓(𝑥) = −2𝑥 Range All Real + (3, +∞) (−3, +∞)
Intercept (0, 1) (0, 4) (0,-2)
Asymptotes x-axis y=3 y=-3
o Observation: The graph of 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 moves 4
units upward when 4 is added to 𝑓(𝑥). The graph of
𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 moves 4 units downward when 4 is
subtracted from 𝑓(𝑥).
o Vertical Translation:

𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) = −2𝑥

Domain All Real Numbers All Real Numbers
Observe the Graph:
Range All Real + All Real -
o 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙 , 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟑(𝟐𝒙 ), 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟎. 𝟑(𝟐𝒙 )
Intercept (0, 1) (0, -1)
Asymptotes x-axis x-axis
o Observation: The graphs reflect each other across
the y-axis.
o Reflection in y-axis: 𝑓(𝑥) → −𝑓(𝑥)

Observe the Graph: 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 , 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥+4 . 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥−4

𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥)

= 3(2𝑥 ), = 0.3(2𝑥 )
Domain All Real All Real All Real
Numbers Numbers Numbers
Range All Real + All Real + All Real +
Intercept (0, 1) (0, 3) (0,0.3)
Asymptotes x-axis x-axis x-axis
o Observation: The graph of 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 will stretch
vertically if multiplied by a positive number that is
greater than 1. On the other hand, the graph of
𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 will shrink vertically if multiplied by a
positive number that is greater than 0 but less than 1.
 o Vertical Stretch/Shrink: Example: A town has a population of 40,000 that is
increasing at the rate of 5% each year.
A. Represent the population’s exponential function.
B. Approximate the population of the town after 6 years.

Example: Answer:
A. 𝒚 = 𝟒𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎(𝟏. 𝟎𝟓)𝒙
𝒏𝒆𝒘 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 + (𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 × 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓)
𝒃= = = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟓
𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎

B. 𝒚 = 𝟒𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎(𝟏. 𝟎𝟓)𝒙

𝒚 = 𝟒𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎(𝟏. 𝟎𝟓)𝟔
𝒚 = 𝟓𝟑, 𝟔𝟎𝟑. 𝟖𝟑

Exponential Mode: Suppose a quantity y doubles every T

units of time. If a is the initial amount, then the quantity y
after t units of time is given by:
𝒕
𝒚 = 𝒂(𝟐)𝑻
• y – is the total amount
• a – is the initial amount
• b – is the growth factor = 2
𝒕
• 𝒙=
𝑻

Example: Supposed the initial population of bacteria is 20.

The population of bacteria doubles every 100 hours.
A. Give an exponential model for the population of
bacteria as a function of t, where t is the number of
Exponential Function in the Real-World hours.
B. How many bacteria will there be after 500 hrs?
Exponential Model: 𝒚 = 𝒂𝒃𝒙
• y – is the total amount Answers:
𝒕
• a – is the initial amount A. 𝒚 = 𝟐𝟎(𝟐)𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝒏𝒆𝒘 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 𝒕
• b – is the growth factor = B. 𝒚 = 𝟐𝟎(𝟐)𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆
𝟓𝟎𝟎
• x – is the number of times of increasing/decreasing 𝒚 = 𝟐𝟎(𝟐)𝟏𝟎𝟎
the amount 𝒚 = 𝟔𝟒𝟎

Example: Emerson deposits P50,000 in a savings account. Exponential Model: Suppose a quantity y is divided by 2
The account pays 6% annual interest. every T units of time. If a is the initial amount, then the
A. Represent the account balance of Emerson. quantity y after t units of time is given by:
B. If he makes no more deposits and no withdrawals, 𝒕
calculate his new balance after 10 years. 𝒚 = 𝒂(𝟏/𝟐)𝑻
• y – is the total amount
Answer: • a – is the initial amount
A. 𝒚 = 𝟓𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎(𝟏. 𝟎𝟔)𝒙 • b – is the growth factor = 1/2
𝒏𝒆𝒘 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 + (𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 × 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔) 𝒕
• 𝒙=
𝒃= = = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟔 𝑻
𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
Example: Suppose that the half-life of a certain radioactive
B. 𝒚 = 𝟓𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎(𝟏. 𝟎𝟔)𝒙 substance is 10 days and there are 10g initially.
𝒚 = 𝟓𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎(𝟏. 𝟎𝟔)𝟏𝟎 A. Determine the model of the half-life.
𝒚 = 𝟖𝟗, 𝟓𝟒𝟐. 𝟑𝟖 B. What is the remaining amount of substance after 30
days?
Answers: 3. 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒃𝒙 = 𝒙
𝒕
A. 𝒚 = 𝟏𝟎(𝟏/𝟐) 𝟏𝟎
𝒕
B. 𝒚 = 𝟏𝟎(𝟏/𝟐)𝟏𝟎
𝟑𝟎
𝒚 = 𝟏𝟎(𝟏/𝟐)𝟏𝟎
𝒚 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟓 𝒈 4. 𝒃𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒙 = 𝒙

Logarithmic Function

Logarithm
• An exponent which b must have to produce a.
• 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒂 = 𝒄 if and only if 𝒃𝟐 = 𝒂 for 𝒃 ≠ 𝟏 & 𝒃 > 𝟎
Let’s check your understanding!
➢ In both the logarithmic and exponential
a. 𝒍𝒏 𝒆 − 𝒍𝒏 𝟏 = 𝒙
forms, b is the base.
b. 𝟏𝟎𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 𝒙
➢ In exponential form, c is the exponent.
c. 𝒍𝒏 𝒆𝟒 = 𝒙
➢ In 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒂, a cannot be negative.
➢ The value of 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒂 can be negative.
• Common Logarithms
➢ Logarithm with Base 10 denoted by log
• Natural Logarithms
➢ Logarithm With Base e denoted by “ln”
➢ Note: e≈2.71828182

Let’s check your understanding!

1. If 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟒 𝟔𝟒 = 𝒎 & 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐𝟓 𝟓 = 𝒑, solve for m + p.
𝟒𝒎 = 𝟔𝟒
𝟒𝒎 = 𝟒𝟑
𝒎=𝟑 5. 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝑴𝑵 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝑴 + 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝑵

𝟐𝟓𝒑 = 𝟓
𝟓𝟐𝒑 = 𝟓
𝟐𝒑 = 𝟏
𝟏
𝒑=
𝟐

so:
𝑴
𝟏 6. 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝑴 − 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝑵
𝒎+𝒑= 𝟑+ 𝑵
𝟐
𝟕
𝒎+𝒑=
𝟐

Laws of Logarithm
1. 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝟏 = 𝟎
7. 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝑴𝒑 = 𝒑𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝑴

2. 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒃 = 𝟏

𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒄 𝒂
8. 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒂 =
𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒄 𝒃
Logarithmic Equation 𝟐𝒙+𝟓
5. 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐 {𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟏𝟔 [𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟓 ( )]} = −𝟐
𝟑𝒙
➢ An equation that contains Logarithmic Expression.

Some tips in solving logarithmic equation:

1. Consider Property of equality for logarithmic
equations:
o Let m, n and b be real numbers where b can
be any positive real number except 1,
𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒎 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒏, if and only if m = n.
2. If possible, simply convert the logarithmic equation
into exponential equation and solve for the
unknown.

Examples:
1. 𝒍𝒐𝒈(𝟐𝟓 + 𝒙𝟐 ) − 𝟐𝒍𝒐𝒈(𝟒 − 𝒙) = 𝟎 Logarithmic Inequality
➢ An inequality that contains Logarithmic Expression.

Some tips in solving logarithmic equation:

1. Consider the ff. ideas:
a. For b > 1:
m < n if 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒎 < 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒏
2. 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒙 (𝟐𝟒𝟎𝟏) = 𝟒 b. For 0 < b < 1:
m < n if 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒎 > 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒏
2. Ensure that the logarithms are defined.
3. Ensure that the inequality is satisfied.

Examples:
𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐 𝒂 + 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐 𝒃 = 𝟑
3. { 1. 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟑 (𝟑𝒙 − 𝟓) > 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟑 (𝒙 + 𝟓)
𝟐𝒃 − 𝒂 = −𝟏𝟓

2. 𝒍𝒐𝒈.𝟐𝟓 (𝒙 + 𝟓) > 𝒍𝒐𝒈.𝟐𝟓 (𝟐𝒙 − 𝟓)

𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟓 𝟏𝟐𝟓 𝟕
4. 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟓 𝒙 + =
𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟓 𝒙 𝟐
 3. 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟎.𝟓 (𝟔𝒙 − 𝟏𝟏) > 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟎.𝟓 (𝒙 − 𝟏)

Transformation:

Logarithmic Function
➢ A function that can be written as 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥
where b > 0 and b ≠ 1.

Exponential Function vs. Logarithmic Function

Observe the Graph:

1. 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐 𝒙 & 𝒇(𝒙) = −𝟐𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐 (𝒙)

2. 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐 𝒙. 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐 𝒙 & 𝒇(𝒙) =

Basic Properties of 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒙
𝟎. 𝟐𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐 (𝒙)
➢ Domain is the set of positive real numbers.
➢ Range is the set of real numbers.
➢ If b > 1, f is an increasing logarithmic function.
➢ If 0 < b < 1, f is a decreasing logarithmic function.
➢ x – intercept: (1, 0)
➢ y – intercept: none
➢ There is no horizontal asymptote.
➢ The graph approaches but does not reach the y-axis.
Thus, the y-axis is the approaches but does not reach
the y-axis. Thus, the vertical asymptote.
 3. 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐 𝒙, 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟑 + 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐 (𝒙) & 𝒇(𝒙) = −𝟑 +
𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐 (𝒙)

4. 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐 𝒙, 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐 (𝒙 + 𝟐) & 𝒇(𝒙) =

𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐 (𝒙 − 𝟐)

Logarithmic Function in the Real World

1. The magnitude R of an earthquake is given by 𝑅 =
2 𝐸
𝑙𝑜𝑔 4.40 where E in joules is the energy released by the
3 10
earthquake. Supposed that an earthquake released
approximately 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟐 of energy. What is the magnitude on
a Richter scale?
2 𝐸
𝑅 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 4.40
3 10
2 1012
𝑅 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 4.40
3 10
𝑹 = 𝟓. 𝟎𝟕

2. In acoustics, the decibel (dB) level of a sound is 𝐷 =

𝐼
10𝑙𝑜𝑔 −12 Given with this model, what is the
10
corresponding decibel level in a quiet office if its sound
intensity is 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒔/𝒎𝟐 ?
𝐼
𝐷 = 10𝑙𝑜𝑔 −12
10
𝟏𝟎−𝟔
𝐷 = 10𝑙𝑜𝑔 −12
10
𝐷 = 60