Oral Communication Reviewer – 1st Semester (1/2) “Meaning is not found in words, but is created by

people.”
What comes to your mind when you think of
communication? Nature, Process, & Elements of Communication
➢ Point 1: Human Society cannot function without
communication. Communication
➢ Point 2: Communication is what connects us human ➢ Latin Noun: Communicatio –“sharing” or
beings. “imparting”
➢ Latin Term: Communicare – “to share” or “to be
Oral Communication vs. Written Communication in relation with”
1. Meaning
o Oral: Exchange of ideas, information and Understanding the Nature of Communication
message through spoken words. 1. Communication, broadly, may be seen as synonymous
o Written: Interchange of message, opinions and to behaviour.
information in written or printed form. • Some experts consider all behaviour (speech,
bodily, gestures, and all other observable acts) as
2. What is it? communication.
o Oral: Communication with the help of words of 2. Communication may be seen as a flow of information.
mouth. • The sender of communication expressed his/her
o Written: Communication with the help of text. thoughts and feelings which the receiver interprets
and comprehends.
3. Literacy 3. Communication may be seen as synonymous to
o Oral: Less importance interaction.
o Written: Necessary for communication • This perspective emphasizes social contact among
humans.
4. Transmission 4. Communication involves a transaction.
o Oral: Speedy
o Written: Slow The Process of Communication

5. Proof
o Oral: No record of communication is there.
o Written: Proper records of communication

6. Feedback
o Oral: Immediate
o Written: Takes time Elements of Communication
1. Speaker
7. Revision before delivering the message • Chooses his/her purpose, crafts the message
o Oral: Not possible accordingly and decides how to deliver it.
o Written: Possible 2. Message
• Is what needs to be delivered or imparted to
8. Receipt of Non-verbal cues somebody else.
o Oral: Yes • The point of communication is to say "something”.
o Written: No 3. Listener/Receiver/Audience
• Receives the "message".
Communication
• It is the listener who makes sense of what is said
➢ Is a process of sharing and conveying messages or
and reacts to it.
information from one person to another within and
4. Channel
across channels, contexts, media and cultures
• Are the means by which the message is sent.
(McCornack, 2014).
• The basic channels are written (hard copy print
➢ There is a wide variety of contexts and situations in
or digital formats), oral or spoken, and electronic
which communication can be manifested; it can be a:
and multimedia.
a. face-to-face interaction
5. Feedback
b. a phone conversation
c. a group discussion • The response to the message.
d. a meeting or interview • It confirms that the message has been correctly
e. a letter correspondence interpreted.
f. a class recitation and many others.
6. Encoding D. Information Dissemination
• The process of converting the message into ➢ Purpose: When the speaker wants to make
words, actions, or other forms that the speaker others aware of certain data, concepts and
understands. processes – knowledge that may be useful to
7. Decoding them.
• The process of interpreting the encoded message ➢ For example: A newscaster reports about the
of the speaker by the receiver. latest weather disturbance.
8. Context
• The environment where communication takes E. Emotion Expression
place. ➢ Purpose: Move the other person to action.
• It has two components: physical location and the ➢ The speaker appeals to the Listener’s feelings
psychological setting. and emotions to encourage him/her to act in a
9. Barrier particular direction.
• The factors that affect the flow of ➢ Example: Sending messages that include
communication. pictures of the devastation brought about by the
• It could be physical, physiological or typhoon Yolanda to move the receiver to donate.
psychological noise.
Models of Communication
Why are you talking?
5 Categories of the Models of Communication
People communicate for several reasons. 1. Linear Model
1. Regulation & Control • Laswell’s Model
2. Social Interaction • Shannon–Weaver Model
3. Motivation • Aristotle’s Model
4. Information Dissemination • Berlo’s S-M-C-R Model
5. Emotional Expression 2. Interactive Model
• Schramm’s Model of Communication
A. Regulation/Control 3. Transactional Model
➢ Purpose: managing the behaviour of the • Helical Model
audience; directs; insists • Becker's Mosaic
➢ Examples: 4. Gatekeeper Model
a. Making an announcement that the 5. Ecological Model
community will start segregating their
garbage. Linear Model
b. A parent tells a child not to misbehave. 1. Aristotle’s Model
• Speaker > Speech (Message) > Receiver
B. Social Interaction (Listener)
➢ The most familiar and the primary reason why • First and earliest model
people communicate is because people love to • The most important part in his model is the
talk with each other. Setting.
➢ Conversation with one another gives the people • Three Settings:
involved pleasure while passing the time in an a. Legal Setting
entertaining way. o Courts where ordinary people
➢ Social Interaction allows people to be defended themselves.
connected with one another. b. Deliberative Setting
➢ Example: Casual talk with friends. o Political assemblies
c. Ceremonial
C. Motivation o Celebrations held when they
➢ Speaker’s purpose: to persuade another person to won a war, lost a leader, or had
change his/her opinion, attitude, or behaviour. a new one, or welcome a
➢ People communicate because there is a goal to visiting leader
be achieved and motive that must be
accomplished.
➢ Examples: The students are talking to the
teacher and are asking him to give them more
time to finish their class project.
2. Laswell’s Model • Wilbur Schramm – Father of Mass
Communication
• The communicator and the recipient take
turns to speak and listen to each other.
• Key element: Feedback
• Information flows sequentially during the • Through feedback, the communicator and the
communication process. recipient can clarify and develop the ideas in
• Proposed by Harold Laswell. (1948) their conversation.
• Communication is a one-way process in which
only the communicator is the active participant. Transactional Model
• The receipt processes the information but does 1. Helical Model
not reciprocate the message. • Frank Dance (1967)
• Helical - “Helix” which means an object
3. Shannon-Weaver Model having a three-dimensional shape like that of
a wire wound uniformly around a cylinder or
cone.
• He shows communication as a dynamic and
non-linear process.
• The communicators shared information only
with a small portion of themselves to their
relationships.
• Its gradually develops into next level but
• Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver, both which will take some time to reach and
employees of the Telephone Laboratory, expanding its boundaries to the next level.
came up with the model that resembled the
transmission of telephone message.
• Information Source and Destination –
humans
• Transmitter & Receiver – devices or
instruments
• Signals – ranging from electronic signals to
radio waves to gestures
• Noise – secondary signals that hinder the
transmission of the message 2. Becker’s Mosaic Model
• Sam Becker (1968)
4. Berlo’s Model • According to Becker, the classical models
of communication are not very useful in
contemporary communication.
• It explains the complexity of human
communication.
• It describes the randomness of the origin of
messages and communication as a dynamic
process.
• Components:
a. Empty Cells
o Unavailable messages or
sources
Interactive Model
b. Vertical Layers
1. Schramm’s Model
o Set of similar messages
c. Cells
o Messages and sources
d. Receiver
o Go through the cells in loops
every time
 • Concepts of Becker’s Mosaic Ecological Model
a. Message depends on information source, culture, • “Ecology”- refers to the environment where people
social situations and environment. interact among each other, using a particular
b. The mosaic is formed from the network of bits of language that they commonly understand.
information. • Proposed by Foulger (2004)
c. Every individual will take the information that • Expounds on the role of mass media, as well as the
he/she needs and ignores all others. individuals and groups that control these outlets of
d. The channels the bits are sent can also vary. information (Creators).
e. The bits are pieced together by a person as per • The model considers messages to be embedded in
the needs to form a message. language (another factor that can aid or hinder the
exchange of ideas), which is subsumed within the
• Two Processes in Mosaic Model context of media.
a. Bits of information are always increasing, has a
wide range of varieties and sources.
b. Mostly, there is repetitiveness in similar
transaction of messages or the message can
sometimes be in isolation.

• For example, every Tuesday night actress Shay

Mitchell utilizes the hashtag “#PLLayWithShay” in
order to interact with fans while they watch the
newest episode of Pretty Little Liars.
• Occasionally the show’s creator, Marlene King, will
Implications of Transactional Model join in and answer fans’ questions.
1. Implies that communication is on – going, and it ✓ Using the ecological model as a guide,
involves also a continuing changing process. Marlene King produces messages through
2. Each element of the transactional process exists in the medium of television that fans then
relation to the other elements. willingly watch and interpret.
3. Individual background experiences, attitudes, • Fandom produces its own messages that reflect their
cultural beliefs, self – esteem and other related interpretations of Pretty Little Liars, and the creators
factors play important roles in the communication may then willingly consume and interpret those
process. messages through Twitter.
• The two people involved – creator and consumer –
Linear, Interactive, Transactional develop relationship (although not always a direct Y
• Linear Model – One-way Communication one, as Foulger is quick to point out) through these
• Interactive Model – Two-way Communication interactions.
• Transactional Model – Cyclical and Continuous ✓ However, this cycle neglects activity within
fandom.
Gatekeeper Model
Explaining Nonverbal & Verbal Miscommunication

Explaining Nonverbal Communication

• Represents mass communication – that is, how an • Mainly because of tradition, habitual practice, culture
audience (on a local or even national scale) receives and gender attitudes.
information from media, the intermediaries of
information. What encompasses Nonverbal Communication?
• Key players of mass media – have access to 1. Paralanguage
information and, more importantly, have control over ▪ The 'how' of saying something.
what is disseminated to the public. 2. Language of Flowers
• Media - gatekeeper; has the capacity to control what ▪ The use of flowers based on the meaning of
the audience will know each type of flower.
• Example: MTRCB 3. Language of Colors
▪ The use of colors based on the meaning of
each color.
 4. Language of Time (Chronemics)
▪ The use of time based on position or power. 1. Volume
5. Language of Space (Proxemics) ➢ It refers to the loudness of your voice.
▪ The use of space to show importance. ➢ Adjust your volume to make sure that all your
6. Language of Touch (Haptics) listeners will hear you.
▪ The use of touch to express what cannot be 2. Enunciation & Pronunciation
said. ➢ Enunciation refers to the proper pronunciation of
7. Language of Gestures the sounds on a word.
▪ The use of body and hand movements. ➢ Enunciate and pronounce every word that you
8. Facial Expression say so that your listeners can perceive all your
▪ The configuration of eyes, eyebrows, lips, ideas.
cheeks, nose and forehead to show how the 3. Pitch
person feels. ➢ Refers to the frequency of your voice.
9. Posture & Personal Appearance ➢ You can modify your voice to make it high or
▪ The way one carries and dresses oneself. low.
4. Stress
Explaining Verbal Miscommunications ➢ Emphasis on a certain word.
• The words chosen and used for the message and the ➢ You can stress an important word by varying the
context in which they are used also leads to volume or the pitch of your voice.
communication being effective or not. 5. Phrasing
1. People ➢ It is how you group the words in a sentence.
➢ They may have physical infirmities such as poor ➢ The groupings of words should be determining
hearing, bad eyesight, stuttering, etc. according to the meaning you want to put across.
➢ They have personal opinions and beliefs; they 6. Speed
follow cultural mores (customs, values, and ➢ It refers to how quickly you speak/
behaviours that are accepted by a particular ➢ You can modify your voice to make your speech
group.) go fast or slow.
➢ People may adhere to society's attitudes toward
gender and sexuality; business practices, Non-verbal Communication Strategies
religious beliefs, etc. ➢ When we use nonverbal communication, we
2. Topic employ communication strategies other than the
➢ The topic may also present possible barriers to spoken word.
communication because of its vagueness or 1. Eye Contact
ambiguity, complexity, emotional pull and ➢ By looking at the listeners as we speak, we can
hidden agenda. engage them in the communicative process.
3. Communication Situation 2. Facial Expressions
➢ There is "noise" in the physical setting and in the ➢ Adjusting the eyebrows, lips, and other facial
participants themselves. features can help convey the emotions in our
➢ Motive message.
➢ Confusion as to the purpose of communication. 3. Head Movements & Body Movements
➢ We can turn our head and move our arms, hands,
Verbal & Non-verbal Communication legs, and feet to emphasize certain points.
4. Posture
Verbal Communication ➢ In general, we should stand upright to attain a
➢ We employ sounds and language to deliver our level of dignity or formality as we speak.
message. 5. Proximity
➢ This kind of communication is conducted orally – ➢ In public situations, we can walk from one side
that is, through spoken discourse. to another so that we can reach out to our
audience on both the right side and left side.
What are the skills required for effective verbal 6. Personal Appearance
communication? ➢ Our clothing will be determined by the formality
➢ We can conduct effective verbal communication that the communicative situation demands.
if we use oral skills appropriately in conveying
ideas. A good communicator uses both verbal and nonverbal
communication effectively.
➢ By mastering both oral and non-verbal skills, we
can deliver our message appropriately.