BCS Bangla, Lecture-2

B C S wcÖwjwgbvwi ◼ †jKPvi wkU evsjv fvlv I mvwnZ¨ †jKPvi 2
Lecture Contents
ga¨hy‡Mi mvwnZ¨-1
❑ AÜKvi hyM ❑ gbmvg½j Kve¨
❑ kÖxK…òKxZ©b Kve¨ ❑ PÐxg½j Kve¨
❑ Rxebx mvwnZ¨ ❑ Abœ`vg½j Kve¨
❑ êòe c`vewj ❑ KvwjKvg½j Kve¨
❑ g½jKve¨ ❑ ag©g½j Kve¨
ga¨hy‡Mi mvwnZ¨ (1201-1800)

AÜKvi hyM- (1201-1350) wPÎ Aw¼Z n‡q‡Q| G KweZvq eªvþY¨ kvm‡bi e`‡j gymwjg kvmb
1201 wLª. †_‡K 1350 wLª. ch©šÍ †gvU 150 eQi evsjv mvwn‡Zï cÖPj‡bi c‡ÿ g‡bvfve e¨³ n‡q‡Q|
AÜKvi hyM| AÜKvi hyM Ggb GKwU hyM †h hy‡M evsjv mvwn‡Zï †Kvb †mK ï‡fv`qv:
wb`k©b cvIqv hvq bv| eLwZqvi LjwR 1204 mv‡j (gZvšÍ‡i 1203) evsjv mvwn‡Zï AÜKvi hy‡M iwPZ ms¯‹…Z fvlvi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ MÖš’
me©‡kl wn›`y ivRv j²Y †mb‡K civwRZ K‡i evsjv Rq K‡i gymwjg †mKï‡fv`qv| ivRv j²Y †m‡bi mfvKwe njvq~a wgkÖ iwPZ †mK
kvmb cÖwZôv K‡ib| ûgvq~b AvRv` Zvi Ôjvj bxj `xcvewj ev evsjv ï‡fv`qv ms¯‹…Z M`¨c‡`¨ †jLv P¤úyKve¨| MÖš’wU‡Z †gvU 25wU Aa¨vq
mvwn‡Zï RxebxÕ MÖ‡š’ wj‡L‡QbÑ 1201-1350 ch©šÍ mg‡qi g‡a¨ iwPZ Av‡Q|
†Kvb mvwnZ¨ K‡g©i cwiPq cvIqv hvq bv e‡j G mgqUv‡K ejv nq cÖvK…Z ˆc½j:
AÜKvi hyM|
✓ ÔcÖvK…Z ˆc½jÕ n‡jvÑ GKwU MxwZKweZvi msKjb (Gi fvlv
AÜvKvi hy‡Mi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ MÖš’ Acåsk)|
k~b¨cyivY: ❑ ga¨hy‡Mi evsjv mvwn‡Zï kvLv-cÖkvLv¸‡jv n‡”Q-
ivgvB cwÐZ iwPZ ag©c~Rvi kv¯¿MÖš’ k~b¨c~ivY| G‡Z 51wU Aa¨vq -K) kÖxK„òKxZ©b Kve¨ -L) g½jKve¨
Av‡Q| ivgvB cwÐ‡Zi Kvj †Zi kZK e‡j A‡b‡KB Abygvb K‡ib| -M) Abyev` mvwnZ¨ -N) êòe c`vejx
k~b¨cyivY ag©xq Z‡Ë¡i MÖš’ hv M`¨c`¨ wgwkÖZ P¤úyKve¨| wn›`y a‡g©i m‡½ -O) Rxebx mvwnZ¨ -P) bv_ mvwnZ¨
†eŠ× a‡g©i wgjb mva‡bi Rb¨ ivgvB cwÐZ ag©cR ~ vi cÖwZôv K‡iwQ‡jb| -Q) gwm©qv mvwnZ¨ -R) †`vfvlx cuyw_
G‡Z †eŠ×‡ì k~b¨ Ges wn›`y‡ì †jŠwKK a‡g©i wgkÖY N‡U‡Q| -S) †ivgvw›UK cÖY‡qvcvL¨vb I -T) †jvK mvwnZ¨|
wbiÄ‡bi D®§v:
AÜKvi hyM (1201-1350):
wbiÄ‡bi D®§v n‡jv Ôk~b¨cyivYÕ Kv‡eï AšÍM©Z GKwU Ask we‡kl ev
KweZv| G KweZvq †eŠ×ag©vej¤^x‡ì Ici êw`K eªvÿY‡ì mvwnZ¨ iPwqZv Aa¨vq fvlv
AZ¨vPv‡ii Kvwnwb ewY©Z n‡q‡Q| GQvovI G KweZvq gymjgvb‡ì k~ Y¨cy
i vY ivgvB cwÐZ 51wU ms¯‹…Z
RvRcyi cÖ‡ek Ges eªvÿY¨ †è‡èx‡ì ivZvivwZ ag©všÍ‡ii KvíwbK †mK ï‡fv`qv njvq~ a wgkÖ 25wU ms¯‹…Z
GK K_vq DËi
1. evsjv mvwn‡Zï †Kvb mgq‡K AÜKvi hyM ejv nq? DËi: njvq~a wgkÖ|
DËi: 1201-1350| 4. evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ AÜKvi hy‡Mi ¯’vwqZ¡Kvj KZ eQi?
2. k~b¨ cyiv‡Y KqwU Aa¨vq Av‡Q? DËi: 150 eQi|
DËi: 51wU Aa¨vq| 5. eLwZqvi LjwR KZ mv‡j evsjv Rq K‡ib?
3. Ô†mK ï‡fv`qvÕ MÖš’wU iPbv K‡ib? DËi: 1204 mv‡j (gZvšÍ‡i 1203)|
“Your Success Benchmark” 19

2 †jKPvi evsjv fvlv I mvwnZ¨ BC S wcÖwjwgbvwi ◼ †jKPvi wkU
6. ZzwK© kvmbvg‡ji e¨vwß KZ eQi wQj? 16. †Kvb KweZvq eªvþY¨ kvm‡bi e`‡j gymwjg kvmb cÖPj‡bi c‡ÿ
DËi: 1201-1350 wLª÷vã| g‡bvfve e¨³ Kiv n‡q‡Q?
7. ÔcÖvK…Z ˆc½jÕ †K iPbv K‡ib? DËi: wbiÄ‡bi D®§v|
DËi: kÖxnl©| 17. †K †mK ï‡fv`qv iPbv K‡ib?
8. cÖvK…Z ˆc½j Kx? DËi: njvq~a wgkÖ|
DËi: MxwZKweZvi gnvmsKjb| 18. Ô†mK ï‡fv`qvÕ MÖ‡š’ KqwU Aa¨vq Av‡Q?
9. AÜKvi hy‡Mi cÖ_g mvwnwZ¨K wb`k©b Kx? DËi: 25wU|
DËi: cÖvK…Z‰c½j| 19. ivRv j²Y †m‡bi mfvKwe wQ‡jb †K?
10. Ôk~b¨cyivYÕ †K iPbv K‡ib? DËi: njvq~a wgkÖ|
DËi: ivgvB cwÐZ|
20. Ô†mK ï‡fv`qvÕ †Kvb fvlvq iwPZ?
11. cÖvK…Z‰c½j †Kvb fvlvq iwPZ?
DËi: ms¯‹…Z M`¨c‡`¨ †jLv P¤úyKve¨|
DËi: cÖvK…Z fvlvq|
21. Ô†mK ï‡fv`qvÕi g~j DcRxe¨ welq Kx?
12. Ôk~b¨cyivYÕ †Kvb fvlvq iwPZ?
DËi: ms¯‹…Z fvlvq| DËi: †k‡Li †MŠie cÖPvi|
13. Ôk~b¨cyivYÕ Kx? 22. cxi gnvZ¥¨ÁvcK Kv‡eï cÖvPxbZg wb`k©b †KvbwU?
DËi: ag©xq ZË¡MÖš’ hv M`¨ c`¨ wgwkÖZ P¤úyKve¨| DËi: †mK ï‡fv`qv|
14. †eŠ×‡ì k~bëv` Ges wn›`y‡ì †jŠwKK a‡g©i wgkÖ‡Y N‡U‡Q †Kvb MÖ‡š’? 23. evsjv fvlvq iwPZ †Kvb mvwnwZ¨K wb`k©b cvIqv hvqwb †Kvb hy‡M?
DËi: k~b¨cyivY| DËi: AÜKvihy‡M|
15. ÔwbiÄ‡bi D®§vÕ Kx? 24. AÜKvi hyM †Kvb hy‡Mi AšÍfz©³?
DËi: k~b¨cyivY Kv‡eï AšÍM©Z GKwU Ask we‡kl ev KweZv| DËi: ga¨hy‡Mi|
Teacher’s Work
1. evsjv mvwn‡Zï BwZnv‡m AÜKvi hyM †Kvb hy‡Mi AšÍfy©³? 3. Ôk~b¨cyivYÕ iPbv K‡i‡Qb- [21Zg wewmGm]
K cÖvPxb hy‡Mi L ga¨hy‡Mi K ivgvB cwÐZ L kÖxKi b›`x
M AvaywbK hy‡Mi N †Kv‡bvwUB bq Q M weRq ¸ß N †jvPb `vm P
2. evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ AÜKvi hyM ej‡Z- [34Zg wewmGm] 4. G‡qv`k kZ‡Ki mvwn‡Z¨Kg© †KvbwU? [Rxebexgv: 21]
K 1999-1250 ch©šÍ L 1201-1350 ch©šÍ K gbmvg½j L k~Y¨cyivY
M 1250-1350 ch©šÍ N 1250-1450 ch©šÍ Q M cÙcyivY N P›`ªveZx Q
kÖxK…òKxZ©b Kve¨
1. kÖxK…òKxZ©b Kv‡eï welqe¯‘Ñ K…òjxjv| Avwe®‹vi
2. kÖxK…òKxZ©b Kve¨wU iwPZ-fvMe‡Zi Av‡jv‡K Ges Rq‡`‡ei emšÍiÄb ivq weØØjøf evsjv 1316 e½v‡ã (1909 wLª.) euvKzov †Rjvi
MxZ‡Mvwe›` Kv‡eï Abymi‡Y| ebweòzcy‡ii wbKUeZ©x KuvwKj¨v MÖv‡g ågYKv‡j †`‡e›`ªbv_ gy‡Lvcva¨vq
3. kÖxK…òKxZ©b Kve¨wU iPbvi 500 eQi ci Avwe®‹…Z nq| bvgK GK M„n‡¯’i †MvqvjN‡ii gvPv †_‡K kÖxK…òKxZ©‡bi cyuw_Lvwb
4. ga¨hy‡M iwPZ evsjv fvlvi cÖ_g MÖš’/evsjv fvlvq iwPZ †Kv‡bv Avwe®‹vi K‡ib| Avwe®‹…Z cyuw_Lvwb ZzjU KvM‡R †jLv| nv‡Z †jLv
†jL‡Ki cÖ_g GKK MÖš’/ga¨hy‡Mi Avw` Kve¨ MÖš’/evsjv mvwn‡Zï cuyw_Lvwbi cÖ_‡g `ywU cvZv, gvSLv‡b K‡qKwU cvZv I †k‡l AšÍZ GKwU
2q MÖš’Ñ kÖxK…òKxZ©b| cvZv †bB| cuyw_Lvwb‡Z MÖ‡š’i bvg, iPbvKvj I cuyw_-bK‡ji ZvwiL
5. kÖx A_© my›ì/†mŠ›`h© Ges K…ò A_© Kv‡jv Ges KxZ©b A_© cÖksmv| wKQzB †bB| cuyw_Lvwbi g‡a¨ GKwU †Qv‡Uv iwm` cvIqv †M‡Q Zv‡Z †jLv
6. me©Rb ¯^xK…Z I LuvwU evsjv fvlvq iwPZ cÖ_g Kve¨Ñ kÖxK…òKxZ©b| Av‡Q- kÖxkÖxivgK…ò\ kÖxK…òm›`f©| GB cyuw_ 1323 e½v‡ã (1916 wLª.)
7. kÖxK…òKxZ©b Kve¨wU 13wU L‡Ð wef³ Ges PZz`©k kZvãx‡Z iwPZ| e½xq-mvwnZ¨ cwil` †_‡K cÖKvwkZ nq| m¤úv`bv K‡ib-kÖxemšÍiÄb
ivq| eZ©gv‡b GwU 243/1, AvPvh© cÖdzjø ivq (KjKvZv) †iv‡Wi e½xq
GwU g~jZ AvL¨vbKve¨|
mvwnZ¨ cwil‡ì cyuw_kvjvq msiwÿZ Av‡Q|
8. eZ©gv‡b Kve¨wUi eqmÑ 700 eQi|
1. kÖxK…òKxZ©b bvgwU cÖ`vb K‡ibÑ emšÍiÄb ivq| Zvi Dcvwa
9. kÖxK…òKxZ©‡bi Ab¨ bvg/g~j bvg wQjÑ kÖxK…òm›`f©|
ÔweØØjøfÕ| beØx‡ci ivRv fzeb‡gvnb Zv‡K G Dcvwa †`q|
20 “Your Success Benchmark”

2. cÖavb PwiÎ 3wU| 5. †cŠivwYK Kvwnwb‡Z K…ò n‡jvÑ fMevb ev Ckî ev cigvZ¥v|
1| ivav (RxevZ¥v ev cÖvwYKz‡ji cÖZxK Ges j²xi AeZvi)| ivavi 6. †cŠivwYK Kvwnwb‡Z ivav n‡jvÑ gvbevZ¥v ev RxevZ¥v ev cÖvwYK~‡ji cÖZxK|
Aci bvg P›`ªvewj| 7. †cŠivwYK Kvwnwb‡Z eovwq n‡jv PzjcvKv gwnjv I ivav K…‡òi
2| K…ò (cigvZ¥v ev Ckî ev bvivq‡Yi AeZvi)| †cÖ‡gi `~wZ|
3| eovwq (ivav-K…‡òi †cÖ‡gi `~¨wZ Ges ivavi GKgvÎ mnPix)| 8. Kvwnwb ev eY©bvi w`K †_‡K kÖxK…òKxZ©b n‡jvÑ †cÖgMxwZ|
3. Ab¨vb¨ PwiÎÑ evmy‡è, †èKx, KskivRv, b›`‡Mvc, h‡kv`v, cÙv, 9. im mÂvj‡bi w`K †_‡K kÖxK…òKxZ©b n‡jvÑ avgvwj|
mvMi †Mvqvjv, Avqvb †Nvl, weòz, g`b‡è, jwjZv, wekvLv, 10. cÖKi‡Yi w`K †_‡K kÖxK…òKxZ©b n‡jvÑ c`vewj|
RwUjv, KzwUjv| 11. avgvwj: †hme Dw³i ga¨ w`‡q i½-Zvgvmv, nvm¨, KcU-fÐvwg dz‡U
4. W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvni g‡Z kÖxK…òKxZ©b Kv‡eï iPbvKvj- 1400 wLª.| D‡V, cÖvPxb mvwn‡Z¨ Zv‡K avgvwj e‡j|
5. †Mvcvj nvj`v‡ii g‡Z iPbvKvj 1450-1500 wLª.| 12. bvU¨MxwZ: cvÎ-cvÎxi Dw³ cÖZy¨w³ I msjv‡ci ga¨ w`‡q iwPZ
6. kÖxK…òKxZ©b Kv‡eï gyLeÜ †j‡LbÑ iv‡g›`ª my›ì wÎ‡e`x| mvwnZ¨ Kg©B n‡”Q bvU¨MxZ ev bvU¨MxwZ|
7. kÖxK…òKxZ©‡b eëüZ Aviwe-dvwm© kã: Kvgvb (aby), LigyRv (dj) 13. evsjv mvwn‡Zï cÖ_g gvbe Pwi‡Îi bvgÑ eovwq|
¸jvj (abyK), evKx (Aewkó), gRyi (kÖwgK), †j¤^y (†jey)| 14. ivav Ges K…ò `yRbB ¯^M© †_‡K c„w_ex‡Z G‡mwQ‡jb| Ksm
8. kÖxK…òKxZ©b Kv‡e¨ eëüZ d‡ji bvgÑ K`jx (Kjv), bvwi‡Kj| ivRv‡K nZ¨v Kivi Rb¨ c„w_ex‡Z Av‡mb K…ò Ges Zvi m½x
cÖvYxÑ gq~i| wn‡m‡e cvVv‡bv n‡qwQj ivav‡K|
9. kÖxK…òKxZ©‡b AvaywbK hy‡MvwPZ kã eëüZ n‡q‡Q 140wU| 15. K…ò n‡”Q ¯^qs weòy Ges ivav n‡”Q †èx j²x|
10. kÖxK…òKxZ©b Kv‡e¨ †køvK msL¨v 161wU| ms¯‹…Z †køvK Av‡Q 16. ÔevYÕ k‡ãi A_©Ñ Zxi|
123wU| 17. ÔZv¤^yjÕ k‡ãi A_©Ñ cvb|
11. kÖxK…òKxZ©b Kv‡e¨ c` msL¨v 418wU| 18. kÖxK…òKxZ©b n‡jvÑ Szgyi †kÖwYi iPbv|
12. kÖxK…òKxZ©b Kv‡eï LÐ msL¨vÑ 13wU| 19. ÔQÎÕ k‡ãi A_©Ñ QvZv|
13. kÖxK…òKxZ©‡bi ivM Av‡QÑ 32wU| me©vwaK eëüZ ivM- cvnvwoqv 20. e„›`veb k‡ãi A_©Ñ Zzjkxeb|
ev cvnvwo| 21. Ksm k‡ãi A_©Ñ wbg©g/AZ¨vPvix|
22. ivZzj k‡ãi A_©Ñ jvj|
14. fvMe‡Zi K…òjxjv m¤úwK©Z Kvwnwb Abymi‡Y, Rq‡`‡ei
23. eskx k‡ãi A_©Ñ euvwk|
ÔMxZ‡Mvwe›`Õ Kv‡eï cÖfve ¯^xKvi K‡i, †jvK mgv‡R cÖPwjZ
24. AvKzj kixi †gvi †eqvKzj gb
ivavK…ò †cÖg m¤úwK©Z MÖvg¨ Mí Aej¤^‡b Kwe eo– PÐx`vm
euvwki k‡ã AvDjvB‡jv ivÜb- ivav|
kÖxK…òKxZ©b Kve¨ iPbv K‡ib|
25. P‡j bxj kvwo wb½vwo wb½vwo civb mwnZ †gvi- K…ò|
ivav K…ò 26. ïbn my›ìx ivav ePb Aÿvi hgybvK hvB Q‡j cvwb AwbeviÑ eovwq|
* ivav n‡jvÑ RxevZ¥vi * K…ò n‡jvÑ cigvZ¥vi cÖZxK
cÖZxK| Ges weòzi Aóg AeZvi| ❑ W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn&&i g‡Z PÐx`vm wZb Rb-
* ivavi wcZvi bvgÑ mvMi * evmy‡è I †èKxi Aóg mšÍvbÑ 1) eoy PÐx`vm; 2) wØR PÐx`vm I 3) `xb PÐx`vm|
†Mvqvjv| K…ò| eoz PÐx`vm ˆPZb¨ c~e©eZ©x hy‡Mi, wØR PÐx`vm ˆPZb¨ hy‡Mi Ges
* ivavi gv‡qi bvgÑ c`ygv * kÖxK…òKxZ©‡b K…‡òi Avwef©v‡ei `xb PÐx`vm ˆPZb¨ cieZ©x hy‡Mi Kwe| kÖxK…òKxZ©‡bi eo– PÐx`vm
-cÙv)| GKgvÎ KviYÑ Ksmea| evmyjx †èxi f³|
* ivavi ¯^vgxi bvgÑ * Ksm wQ‡jb †fvReskxq ivRv kÖxK…òKxZ©‡bi GKwU jvBb-
AvBnvb †Nvl/Avqvb Ges kÖxK…‡òi gvgv| Ô†K bv euvkx ev G eovwq Kvwjbx bBKz‡jÕ
†Nvl| * K…‡òi wcZvi bvgÑ evmy‡è| MÖš’Kvi MÖš’ PwiÎ
* ivavi mwL‡ì bvgÑ * K…ò cvwjZ nqÑ b›`‡Mv‡ci eo– PÐx`vm ÔkÖxK…òKxZb©Õ ivav, K…ò, eovwq
jwjZv, wekvLv| Ges h‡kv`vi Kv‡Q| kÖxK…òKxZ©b Kve¨:
* kÖxK…òKxZ©‡bi ivav * K…ò n‡jv GKRb ivLvj evjK| iPwqZv- eo– PÐx`vm
†Mvqvwjbx Avi c`vewji * K…‡òi cÖavb ¸YÑ eskxev`K Avwe®‹vi mvj- (1909 -1316 e½vã)
ivav ivRKb¨v| wn‡m‡e| cÖvß ¯’vb- KuvwKj¨v MÖv‡g †`‡e›`ªbv_ gy‡Lvcva¨v‡qi †Mvqvj N‡i
1. evsjv mvwn‡Zï cÖ_g Uªv‡RwW wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Kiv hvqÑ Avwe®‹viK- emšÍiÄb ivq weØØjøf
kÖxK…òKxZ©b‡K| ¸iæZ¡c~Y© PwiÎ- ivav, K…ò, eovwq
2. kÖxK…òKxZ©b Kv‡e¨ 3wU weL¨vZ ¯’vbÑ 1. g_yiv 2. e„›`veb †køvK msL¨v- 161wU
3. eªR| c` msL¨v- 418wU
3. kÖxK…òKxZ©b Kve¨wU †h Q‡›` iwPZ- cqvi I wÎc`x Q›`| LÐ msL¨v- 13wU
4. emšÍiÄb ivq wQ‡jbÑ KjKvZv wek^we`¨vj‡qi evsjv wefv‡Mi g~j bvg- kÖxK…òm›`f©
Aa¨vcK| cÖKvkKvj- 1916 wLª. (1323 e½vã)

GK K_vq DËi
1. †KvbwU me©Rb ¯^xK…Z I LuvwU evsjv fvlvq iwPZ cÖ_g Kve¨MÖš’? 18. MVbixwZ‡Z ÔkÖxK…òKxZ©bÕ Kve¨Õi aib Kx?
DËi: kÖxK…òKxZ©b| DËi: bvUMxwZ|
2. †K kÖxK…òKxZ©b Avwe®‹vi K‡ib? 19. kÖxK…òKxZ©b RxevZ¥v ev cÖvYxK‚‡ji cÖZxK †K?
DËi: emšÍiÄb ivq weØØjøf| DËi: ivav|
3. kÖxK…òKxZ©b Kve¨ Kq L‡Ð wef³? 20. kÖxK…òKxZ©‡b civgvZ¥vi ev Ck¦‡ii cÖZxK †K?
DËi: 13 L‡Ð| DËi: K…ò|
4. kÖxK…òKxZ©b Kve¨ †K iPbv K‡ib? 21. ivavi wcZv I gvZvi bvg Kx?
DËi: eo– PÐx`vm| DËi: wcZv- mvMi I gvZv-cÙv|
22. emšÍiÄb ivq‡K weØØjøf Dcvwa †`b †K?
5. KZ mv‡j kÖxK…òKxZ©b Avwe®‹vi nq?
DËi: beØx‡ci ivRv fzeb‡gvnb|
DËi: 1909 mv‡j (1316 e½v‡ã)| 23. Avwe®‹…Z cyuw_Lvwb †Kvb KvM‡R †jLv?
6. kÖxK…òKxZ©‡bi cÖvß ¯’vb †Kv_vq? DËi: ZzjU|
DËi: KuvwKj¨v MÖv‡g †`‡e›`ªbv_ gy‡Lvcva¨v‡qi †MvqvjN‡i| 24. kÖxK…òKxZ©b Kv‡eï welqe¯‘ Kx?
7. kÖxK…òKxZ©‡bi cÖavb PwiÎ †K ev Kviv? DËi: K…òjxjv|
DËi: ivav, K…ò, eovwq| 25. kÖxK…òKxZ©b KLb iwPZ nq?
8. kÖxK…òKxZ©‡bi †køvK msL¨v KZ? DËi: PZz`©k kZvãx‡Z|
DËi: 161wU| 26. kÖxK…òKxZ©b Kv‡eï gyLeÜ †j‡Lb †K?
9. kÖxK…òKxZ©‡bi g~jbvg Kx? DËi: iv‡g›`ª my›ì wÎ‡e`x|
DËi: kÖxK…òm›`f©| 27. kÖxK…òKxZ©‡b KqwU ivM Av‡Q?
10. e½xq mvwnZ¨ cwil` †_‡K kÖxK…òKxZ©b cÖKvk Kiv nq KZ mv‡j? DËi: 32wU|
DËi: 1916 wLª. (1323 e½v‡ã)| 28. K…‡òi cvwjZ wcZv I gvZvi bvg Kx?
11. kÖxK…òKxZ©‡bi iPbvKvj W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvni g‡Z KZ? DËi: wcZv-b›`‡Mvc Ges gvZv-h‡kv`v|
DËi: 1400 wLª÷vã| 29. kÖxK…òKxZ©b Kve¨wU †Kvb Q‡›` iwPZ?
12. †Mvcvj nvj`v‡ii g‡Z, kÖxK…òKxZ©‡bi iPbvKvj KZ? DËi: cqvi I wÎc`x Q›`|
DËi: 1450-1500 wLª÷v‡ãi ga¨| 30. Kvwnwb ev eY©bvi w`K †_‡K kÖxK…òKxZ©b Kx ai‡bi?
13. emšÍiÄb iv‡qi Dcvwa Kx? DËi: †cÖgMxwZ|
DËi: weØØjøf| 31. im mÂvj‡bi w`‡K kÖxK…òKxZ©b Kx iKg?
DËi: avgvwj|
14. Kvi m¤úv`bvq kÖxK…òKxZ©b cÖKvwkZ nq?
32. cÖKi‡Yi w`K †_‡K kÖxK…òKxZ©b Kx iKg?
DËi: emšÍiÄb ivq| DËi: c`vewj|
15. †K kÖxK…òKxZ©b bvgwU iv‡Lb? 33. evsjv mvwn‡Zï cÖ_g gvbe Pwi‡Îi bvg Kx?
DËi: emšÍiÄb ivq weØØjøf| DËi: eovwq|
16. kÖxK…òKxZ©b cyuw_wU †Kv_vq msiwÿZ Av‡Q? 34. kÖxK…òKxZ©b †Kvb †kÖwYi iPbv?
DËi: 243/1, AvPvh© cÖdzjø ivq (KjKvZv) †iv‡Wi e½xq mvwnZ¨ cwil‡`| DËi: Szgyi †kÖwYi|
17. ga¨hy‡Mi cÖ_g Kwe †K? 35. ÔZv¤^yjÕ k‡ãi A_© Kx?
DËi: eo– PÐx`vm| DËi: cvb|
Teacher’s Work
1. MVbixwZ‡Z ÔkÖxK…òKxZ©bÕ Kve¨ g~jZ- [38Zg wewmGm]
K c`vewj L avgvwj M †cÖgMxwZ N bvUMxwZ S
2. ÔkÖxK…òKxZ©‡bi iPwqZv †K? [29Zg wewmGm cixÿv]
K Ávb`vm L `xb PÐx`vm M `xbnxb PÐx`vm N eo– PÐx`vm S
3. kÖxK…òKxZ©b Kv‡e¨ eovwq Kx ai‡bi PwiÎ? [28Zg wewmGm cixÿv]
K kÖx ivavi bbw`bx L ivavK…‡òi †cª‡gi `~Zx M kÖx ivavi kvïwo N R‰bK †Mvcevjv Q
4. me©Rb ¯^xK…Z I LvuwU evsjv fvlvq iwPZ cÖ_g Kve¨MÖš’ †KvbwU?
K Ph©vc` L kÖxK…òKxZ©b M BDmyd-†Rv‡jLv N cÙveZx Q
5. ga¨hy‡Mi cÖ_g Kve¨ †KvbwU-
K k~b¨cyivY L WvKvY©e M MxZ‡Mvwe›` N kÖxK…òKxZ©b S
6. wb‡Pi †KvbwU kÖxK…òKxZ©b Kv‡eï PwiÎ bq?
K ivav L K…ò M eovB N Ck¦ix cvUbx S

Rxebx mvwnZ¨
ga¨hy‡M ˆPZb¨‡`‡ei (1486-1533) Rxebx Aej¤^‡b iwPZ Kve¨¸‡jv †jvPb`v‡mi ÔˆPZb¨g½jÕ, Rqb‡›ì ÔˆPZb¨g½jÕ, †Mvwe›` `v‡mi
evsjv fvlvq Rxebx mvwnZ¨ iPbvi cÖ_g cÖqvm| ˆPZb¨‡è cÖewZ©Z ag© ÔKoPvÕ, P‚ovgwY `v‡mi Ô†MŠiv½weRqÕ D‡jøL‡hvM¨|
nj gvbe‡cÖg ag©| Zvi GKwU weL¨vZ Dw³ n‡jv : ˆPZb¨‡è (1486-1533):
ÔgywP n‡q ïwP nq hw` K…ò f‡RÕ iPwqZv RxebxMÖš’ fvlv
‰PZb¨‡`‡ei RxebxMÖš’‡K ÔKoPvÕ e‡j| ˆPZ‡bï cÖ_g RxebxMÖš’ Ôgyivwi gyivwi ¸‡ßi KoPv -
¸‡ßi KoPvÕ| G Kv‡eï cÖK…Z bvg ÔkªxK„ò‰PZb¨ PwiZvg„ZÕ| GwU gyivwi ¸ß ms¯‹…Z
cÖ_g RxebxMÖš’)
ms¯‹…Z fvlvq wjwLZ| gyivwi ¸ß ˆPZ‡bï mncvVx I NwbôRb‡ì kÖx‰PZb¨fvMeZ -
GKRb| GwU gnvKvwe¨K iPbv| AvUvËi m‡M© iwPZ G wekvj MÖ‡š’ e„›`veb `vm evsjv
evsjv fvlvq cÖ_g)
ˆPZb¨Rxebjxjvi eqvb i‡q‡Q| kÖx‰PZb¨ PwiZvg„Z
evsjvfvlvq kÖx‰PZ‡bï cÖ_g RxebxKve¨ e„›`veb `v‡mi K…ò`vm KweivR -1615) -me©vwaK evsjv
ÔkÖx‰PZb¨fvMeZÕ| ˆPZ‡bï RxebxMÖš’¸‡jvi g‡a¨ ÔkÖx‰PZb¨ PwiZvg„ZÕ cwiwPZ I cwVZ)
me©vwaK cwiwPZ I cwVZ MÖš’| Gi iPwqZv K…ò`vm KweivR| †jvPb `vm ˆPZb¨g½j evsjv
GK K_vq DËi
1. †Kvb Rxebx Aej¤^‡b evsjvfvlvq cÖ_g Rxebx mvwnZ¨ iwPZ nq? 11. evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ †Kvb mgq‡K ˆPZb¨ hyM ejv nq?
DËi: ˆPZb¨‡`‡ei Rxebx Aej¤^‡b| DËi: 1500-1700 wLª÷vã ch©šÍ mgq‡K|
2. evsjv fvlvq cÖ_g RxebxMÖš’ †KvbwU? 12. kÖx‰PZb¨‡ì RxebxKvi †K?
DËi: kÖx‰PZb¨fvMeZ| DËi: K…ò`vm KweivR|
3. K…ò`vm KweivR iwPZ RxebxMÖ‡š’i bvg Kx? 13. evsjv fvlvq me©v‡cÿv Z_ëûj kÖx‰PZb¨‡`‡ei RxebxMÖš’ †KvbwU?
DËi: kÖx‰PZb¨ PwiZvg„Z| DËi: ˆPZb¨ PwiZvg„Z (1615)|
4. evsjv fvlvq cÖ_g RxebxMÖš’ †K iPbv K‡ib? 14. †jvPb `vm †KvbwU iPbv K‡ib?
DËi: e„›`veb `vm| DËi: ˆPZb¨g½j|
5. Ôevj¨jxjvm~ÎÕ (1487) †K iPbv K‡ib? 15. ˆPZbï cÖ_g RxebxMÖš’ Kx?
DËi: niK…ò `vm (ms¯‹…Z fvlvq)| DËi: Ôgyivwi ¸‡ßi KoPvÕ cÖK…Zbvg kÖx kÖx K…ò ˆPZb¨PwiZvg„Z|
6. Ôevj¨jxjvm~ÎÕ Kvi Rxebx wb‡q †jLv? 16. Ôbex eskÕ RxebxMÖš’wU †K iPbv K‡ib?
DËi: A‰ØZ AvPvh© I Zvi ¯¿x‡K wb‡q| DËi: ˆmq` myjZvb|
7. evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ GKwU cO&wU bv wj‡LI Kvi bv‡g GKwU hy‡Mi m„wó n‡q‡Q? 17. ÔA‰ØZcÖKvkÕ MÖš’wU iPbv K‡ib †K?
DËi: kÖx‰PZb¨‡è| DËi: Ckvb bvMi|
8. ˆPZb¨ cÖewZ©Z ag© Kx? 18. Ôimyj weRqÕ Kvi iPbv?
DËi: gvbe‡cÖg ag©| DËi: ˆmq` myjZvb|
9. ÔgywP n‡q ïwP nq hw` K…ò f‡RÕ- Dw³wU †K K‡ib? 19. ÔA‰ØZg½jÕ †K iPbv K‡ib?
DËi: kÖx‰PZb¨‡è| DËi: nwiPiY `vm|
10. kÖx‰PZb¨‡`‡ei Rxebx MÖš’‡K wK ejv nq? 20. Ô†MŠiv½vweRqÕ RxebxKve¨wU †K iPbv K‡ib?
DËi: KoPv| Gi A_© Wvqwi ev w`bwjwc| DËi: P‚ovgwY `vm|
Teacher’s Work
1. RxebxKve¨ iPbvi Rb¨ weL¨vZ: [40Zg wewmGm]
K dwKi Mixeyjøvn L binwi PµeZ©x M wecÖ`vm wcwcjvB N e„›`veb `vm S
2. ga¨hy‡Mi evsjv mvwn‡Zï †Kvb ag© cÖPviK Gi cÖfve Acwimxg? [36Zg wewmGm]
K kÖx‰PZb¨‡è L kÖxK…ò M Avw`bv_ N g‡bvni `vm P
3. ÔKoPvÕ Kx? [c~evjx e¨vs‡Ki mnKvix Awdmvi -K¨vk)Õ19]
K kÖx‰PZb¨ †è Gi RxebxMÖš’ L Zvivk¼i e‡›`¨vcv`¨vq Gi RxebxMÖš’
M iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi Gi Kve¨MÖš’ N Rqbyj Av‡e`xb Gi wkíKg© P
4. evsjv fvlvq kÖx ˆPZ‡bï cÖ_g Rxebx Kve¨ Kvi †jLv?
K e„›`veb `vm L fevbx `vm M K…ò`vm N AvjvIj P
5. ÔkÖx‰PZb¨ PwiZvg„ZÕ MÖ‡š’i iPwqZv †K?
K K…ò`vm KweivR L e„›`veb `vm M gvMb VvKzi N PÛx`vm P

êòe c`vewj
êòe c`vewj evsjv KweZvi Ab¨Zg †kÖô wb`k©b| GwU ga¨hy‡Mi 3. †Mvwe›` `vm:
mvwn‡Zï mePvB‡Z i‡mvËxY© I mv_©K mvwnZ¨Kg©| we`¨vcwZi Abymvix wQ‡jb †Mvwe›` `vm| †Mvwe›` `vm eªReywj
kÖx ˆPZb¨‡è (1486-1533) cÖPvi K‡ib êòe ag© Ges Gici †_‡K fvlvq c` iPbv K‡ib| †Mvwe›` `vm †lvj kZ‡Ki Kwe| Zvi
evsjv KweZvq êòe `k©b ¯’vb †c‡Z _v‡K| Gi welqe¯‘ n‡jv ivav I weL¨vZ ivav iƒc welqK c` n‡jv-
K…‡òi †cÖgjxjv| G‡Z g~jZ ¯ªóv I m„wói g‡a¨ †cÖ‡gi m¤úK© †`Lv‡bv Òhuvnv huvnv wbKl‡q Zby Zby †R¨vwZ|
n‡q‡Q| G‡Z K…ò cigvZ¥vi cÖZxK Avi ivav RxevZ¥vi cÖZxK| Zuvnv Zvunv weRywi PgKgq †nvwZ\Ó
ˆPZb¨‡è ag©cPÖ vi K‡iwQ‡jb evsjv fvlvq| êòexq a‡g©i M~p ZË¡
welqK m„ó c` ev c`vewjB Ôêòe c`vewjÕ| 4. Ávb`vm:
PÐx`v‡mi Abymvix wQ‡jb Ávb`vm| Ávb`vm †lvj kZ‡Ki Kwe|
❑ êòe c`vewji †kÖô Kwe 4 Rb- ˆPZb¨cieZ©x c`vewj mvwn‡Zï we¯Í…wZ I MfxiZv m„wó‡Z Zvi
1. we`¨vcwZ (1380-1460 wLª.): Ae`vb Amvgvb¨| Zvi Rb¥¯’vb ea©gvb †Rjvi Kv‡Uvqv GjvKvi
we`¨vcwZ wQ‡jb wgw_jvi ivRv wkewms‡ni mfvKwe| Zvi Dcvwa Kuvòv MÖv‡g|
wQj Kwe KÉnvi, Awfbe Rq‡è I wgw_jvi †KvwKj| wZwb Zvi weL¨vZ K„òvbyivM welqK c` n‡jv-
eªReywj fvlvq c` iPbv K‡ib| eªReywj nj wnw›`, evsjv I cÖvK…Z iƒc jvwM AvwL Sz‡i ¸‡Y gb †fvi|
fvlvi wgkÖY| cÖvq nvRvi Lv‡bK c` we`¨vcwZi bv‡g cÖPwjZ, Z‡e cÖwZ A½ jvwM Kv‡›` cÖwZ A½ †gvi\
RR© wMÖqvm©b we`¨vcwZi ˆgw_jx c` msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ wM‡q gvÎ 76wU 1. Øv`k kZ‡K evOvwj Kwe Rq‡è ms¯‹…Z fvlvq iwPZ
c` †c‡qwQ‡jb| evsjv‡`‡k eªReywj‡Z me©‡kl c` iPbvi wb`k©b ÔMxZ‡Mvwe›`g&Õ Kv‡e¨ Ôc`vewjÕ kãwU cÖ‡qvM K‡ib|
n‡jv iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii Ôfvbywmsn VvKz‡ii c`vejxÕ| Z‡e 2. c`vewji e„nËg I AwaK mgv`„Z msKjb êòe`vm Ii‡d
iex›`ªbv‡_i ZiæY eq‡mi G iPbv wVK êòexq eªReywj n‡q‡Q e‡j †MvKzjvb›` †m‡bi Ôc`KíZiæÕ| G‡Z †gvU 3101wU c` msKwjZ
g‡b nq bv| we`¨vcwZi weL¨vZ wein welqK c`- n‡q‡Q|
G mwL nvgvwi `y‡Li bvwn Ii| G fiv evì gvn fvì|
3. mß`k kZ‡Ki †klfv‡M wek¦bv_ PµeZ©x msKwjZ ÔÿY`vMxZ-
k~b¨ gw›ì †gvi\
wPšÍvgwYÕ†K cÖvPxbZg c`vewj msKjb e‡j a‡i †bIqv nq|
2. PÐx`vm: 4. êòe c`vewj msKjb K‡ib evev AvDj g‡bvni `vm| †lvok
PÐx`v‡mi mgqKvj †PŠÏ kZ‡Ki †klva© †_‡K c‡bi kZ‡Ki kZ‡Ki †klv‡a© wZwb Ôc`mgy`ªÕ MÖ‡š’ êòe c`vewj msKwjZ
cÖ_gva©| wZwb c~e© evsjvi Kwe wQ‡jb| evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ wZwb wØR K‡ib| G‡Z cÖvq c‡bi nvRvi KweZv wQj|
PÐx`vm bv‡g L¨vZ| wZwb LuvwU evsjv fvlvq c` iPbv K‡ib| wZwb 5. êòe c`vewj‡Z 5wU im Av‡Q| h_v- kvšÍ, `vm¨, mL¨, evrmj¨
evsjv êòe c`vewji cÖ_g Kwe| iex›`ªbv_ PÐx`vm‡K e‡j‡Qb I gayi| G c`vewj‡Z êòe Z‡Ë¡i cÖwZdjY N‡U‡Q| kÖxK…‡òi
`y:‡Li Kwe| KviY Zvi KweZvq i‡q‡Q AZjvšÍ †e`bvi myi|
I Zvi †cÖqmxfvevcbœ f³‡ì †h gayi m¤^Ü Ges GB wcÖq
PÐx`v‡mi weL¨vZ cO&&w³ m¤^ÜRwbZ ci¯ú‡ii g‡a¨ †h m‡¤¢vM fve Zvi bvg gayi im|
1. ïbn gvbyl fvB| 6. êòe c`vewji cÖ_g c`KZ©v evOvwj Kwe Rq‡è‡K(ivRv j²Y
mevi Dc‡i gvbyl mZ¨ Zvnvi Dc‡i bvB\ †m‡bi mfvKwe) êòe c`vewji cÖ_g c`KZ©v ejv nq| wZwb
2. mB, †Kg‡b awie wnqv| Øv`k kZ‡K ms¯‹…Z fvlvq ÔMxZ‡Mvwe›`g&Õ bv‡g Kve¨ iPbv K‡ib|
Avgvi eua~qv Avb evox hvq| ivavK…‡òi †cÖgjxjv G Kv‡eï g~j welq| GwU wZwb 286wU †køvK
Avgvi Avw½bv w`qv\
Ges 24wU Mx‡Zi mgš^‡q 12wU m‡M© iPbv K‡ib|
GK K_vq DËi
1. ÔêòeÕ c`vejx Kx? 6. ˆPZb¨‡è †Kvb fvlvq ag©cÖPvi K‡ib?
DËi: êòexq a‡g©i M~p ZË¡ welqK m„ó c`B êòe c`vewj| DËi: evsjv fvlvq|
2. †K eªReywj fvlvq cÖ_g c`vewj iPbv K‡ib? 7. †Kvb mg‡q c`vewji m„wó m¤¢vi cÖvPzh© I DrKl©c~Y© wQj?
DËi: we`¨vcwZ| DËi: †lvok I mß`k kZvãx‡Z|
8. W. `x‡bk P›`ª †mb Zuvi Ôe½fvlv I mvwnZ¨Õ MÖ‡š’ KZRb c`KZ©vi
3. †K PÐx`v‡mi fve wkl¨ ev Abymvix wQ‡jb?
bvg D‡jøL K‡ib?
DËi: Ávb`vm| DËi: 164 Rb|
4. ga¨hy‡Mi evsjv mvwn‡Zï †kÖô wb`k©b Kx? 9. cÖ_g Ôc`vewjÕ kãwU cÖ‡qvM K‡ib †K?
DËi: êòe c`vejx| DËi: Kwe Rq‡è|
5. êòe c`vewji welqe¯‘ Kx? 10. ÔMxZ‡Mvwe›`g&Õ Kvi iPbv?
DËi: ivav I K…‡òi †cÖgjxjv| DËi: Rq‡`‡ei (ms¯‹…Z fvlvq)|
11. MxZ †Mvwe›`g †Kvb mg‡q iPbv? 19. LuvwU evsjv fvlvq cÖ_g c`vewj iPbv K‡ib †K?
DËi: Øv`k kZ‡K| DËi: PÐx`vm|
12. K‡e êòe c`vewji weKvk N‡U? 20. mB, †Kg‡b awie wnqv/Avgvi eua~qv Awb evox hvq/ Avgvi Avw½bv
DËi: PZz`©k kZvãxi †k‡l| w`qv||- †K iPbv K‡ib?
13. êòe c`vewj êòe mgv‡R Kx bv‡g cwiwPZ? DËi: PÐx`vm|
DËi: gnvRb c`vewj| 21. we`¨vcwZi Abymi‡Y c`vewj iPbv K‡ib †K?
14. êòe c`vewj‡Z KZwU im Av‡Q? DËi: †Mvwe›``vm|
DËi: 5wU (kvšÍ, `vm¨, mL¨, evrmj¨ I gayi im)| 22. †Kvb Kwe PÐx`v‡mi Abymi‡Y c`vewj iPbv K‡ib?
15. êòe c`vewji cÖ_g c`KZ©v †K? DËi: Ávb`vm|
DËi: Rq‡è| 23. cÖvPxbZg c`vewji msKjb ÔÿY`vMxZ wPšÍvgwYÕ †Kvb kZ‡K iwPZ?
16. eªReywj fvlvq c`vewj iPbv K‡ib †K? DËi: mß`k kZ‡Ki †kl fvM|
DËi: we`¨vcw_| 24. ÔÿY`vMxZwPšÍvgwYÕ c`vewji msKjbwU †K iPbv K‡ib?
17. eªReywj Kx? DËi: wek¦bv_ PµeZ©x|
DËi: wnw›`, evsjv I cÖvK…Z fvlvi wgkÖ‡Y GK cÖKvi K…wÎg 25. c`vewji e„nËg I AwaK mgv`„Z msKjb Ôc`KíZiæÕ †K iPbv
Kwefvlv| K‡ib?
18. G mwL nvgvwi `y‡Li bvwn Ii/G fiv evì gvn fvì/k~b¨ gw›ì DËi: êòe`vm|
†gvi||- †K iPbv K‡ib? 26. c`vewj msKjb Ôc`mgy`ªÕ †K iPbv K‡ib?
DËi: we`¨vcwZ| DËi: evev AvDj g‡bvni `vm|
Teacher’s Work
1. êòe c`vewji Avw` iPwqZv †K? [22Zg wewmGm]
K eWz PÐx`vm L gvwbK `Ë M †MuvRjv ¸B N we`¨vcwZ S
2. ÔeªReywjÕ ej‡Z Kx eySvq? [21Zg wewmGm]
K eªRav‡g Kw_Z fvlv L evsjv I wnw›ì †hvMdj
M GKiKg K…wÎg Kwefvlv N ˆgw_jx fvlvi GKwU Dcfvlv R
3. êòe c`vewji m‡½ †Kvb fvlv m¤úwK©Z? [40Zg wewmGm]
K mÜ¨vfvlv L Awafvlv M eªReywj N ms¯‹…Z fvlv R
4. we`¨vcwZi Abymi‡Y c`vewj iPbv K‡ib †K?
K †Mvwe›``vm L we`¨vcwZ M PÐx`vm N Ávb`vm P
g½jKve¨
g½jKve¨ g½jKv‡eï cÖavb kvLvÑ
g½jKve¨- ag©welqK AvL¨vb Kve¨ bv‡g L¨vZ| wLª÷xq cÂ`k kZvãx g½jKv‡eï cÖavb kvLv wZbwU|
h_v- 1. gbmvg½j 2. PÐxg½j I 3. Abœ`vg½j|
†_‡K Aóv`k kZvãxi †kl ch©šÍ Gme g½jKve¨ iwPZ n‡q‡Q|
g½jKv‡eï AcÖavb kvLvÑ
A‡b‡Ki g‡Z, GK g½jevi †_‡K cieZ©x g½jevi ch©šÍ cvjvK‡i MvIqv g½jKv‡eï AcÖavb kvLv `yBwU|
n‡Zv e‡j Gi bvg g½jKve¨| g½jKv‡eï cÖavb `yB †èx n‡”Qb gbmv I h_vÑ 1. ag©g½j I 2. KvwjKvg½j|
PÐx| g½jKve¨¸‡jv MxZ n‡Zv c~Rvbyôv‡bi A½ wn‡m‡e| cÖwZwU Kve¨ †cŠivwYK †kÖwY:
wbw`©ó msL¨K cvjvq wef³- gbmvg½j 30 cvjvq, PÐxg½j 16 cvjvq| †MŠix g½j, fevbx g½j, `yM©v g½j, Kgjv g½j, Abœ`v g½j, M½v g½j cÖf…wZ|
g½jKve¨ `y-†kÖwY‡Z wef³- †jŠwKK †kÖwY:
(1) †cŠivwYK g½jKve¨; wkevqb ev wke g½j, gbmv g½j, PÐx g½j, KvwjKv g½j ev we`¨vmy›ì,
(2) †jŠwKK g½jKve¨| †jŠwKK g½jKv‡e¨ ewYK I wb¤œe‡Y©i kxZjv g½j, lôx g½j, m~h© g½j BZ¨vw`|
gvby‡liI cÖvavb¨ †`Lv hvq| ▪ g½jKv‡eï cÖavb kvLv 4wU|
g½jKv‡eï cÖ_g hy‡Mi fvlv ¯’yj I MÖvg¨Zvc~Y©, ga¨hy‡Mi fvlv h_vÑ 1. gbmvg½j Kve¨ 2. PÐxg½j Kve¨
mnR I mvejxj Ges †kl hy‡Mi fvlv Aj¼vimg„×| 3. ag©g½j Kve¨ 4. Abœ`vg½j Kve¨|

mv_©K g½jKv‡eï LÐ: MÖš’Kvi MÖš’ PwiÎ

mv_©K g½jKv‡e¨ 5wU LÐ _v‡K| Kvbvnwi `Ë Ôgbmvg½jÕ Pvu` mI`vMi, †eûjv, jwL›ì
h_vÑ 1. e›`bv LÐ, 2. AvZ¥cwiPq LÐ, 3. †è LÐ, 8. ÔevBkvÕ gbmvg½‡ji RbwcÖqZvi Rb¨ wewfbœ Kwei iwPZ Kve¨
4. bi LÐ ev gZ©¨ LÐ I 5. kÖæwZdj ev djkÖæwZ †_‡K wewfbœ Ask msKwjZ K‡i †h c`msKjb iPbv Kiv n‡qwQj
gbmvg½j Kve¨ ZvB evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ evBk Kwei gbmvg½j ev evBkv bv‡g cwiwPZ|
gbmvg½j Kve¨ g½jKv‡eï BwZnv‡m me‡P‡q cÖvPxb g½jKve¨| 9. Ôev‡ivgvmxÕ ev Ôev‡ivgvm¨vÕ k‡ãi A_© cy‡iv GK eQ‡ii weeiY|
gbmvg½j Kv‡eï bvg PwiÎ †jŠwKK †èx-mc©‡èx gbmv| mv‡ci †èx cÖvPxb evsjv mvwn‡Zï †jŠwKK Kvwnbx eY©bvq bvqK-bvwqKv‡ì
gbmv‡K wb‡q †h Kve¨ iwPZ ZvB gbmvg½j Kve¨| g½jKve¨ avivq ev‡iv gv‡mi myL-`yt‡Li weeiY cÖ`v‡bi ixwZ †`Lv hvq, G‡KB
gbmvg½j Kve¨B me‡P‡q cÖvPxb| †jŠwKK fqfxwZ †_‡KB G †èxi Ôev‡ivgvmxÕ ev Ôev‡ivgvm¨vÕ e‡j|
D™¢e| gbmv †èxi Ab¨ bvg- †KZKx I cÙveZx| gbmvg½j Kv‡eï 10. Ô†PŠwZkvÕ wecbœ bvqK-bvwqKv †PŠwÎk Aÿ‡i Bó‡èZvi †h ¯Íe
cÖavb cÖavb PwiÎ- †èx gbmv, Puv` mI`vMi, mbKv, †eûjv I jwL›ì| iPbv K‡i, Zv‡K e‡j Ô†PŠwZkvÕ| e¨ÄbeY© (K †_‡K n) c‡ì
Avw`‡Z cÖ‡qvM K‡i Ô†PŠwZkvÕ iwPZ n‡Zv|
gbmvg½j Kv‡eï Kwe
1. gbmvg½j Kv‡eï Avw` Kwe Kvbv nwi`Ë| PÐxg½j Kve¨
2. my¯úó mb ZvwiLhy³ gbmvg½j Kv‡eï cÖ_g iPwqZv Kwe PÐx‡èxi Kvwnbx Aej¤^‡b iwPZ Kve¨ PÐxg½j| PÐxg½jKve¨ `yL‡Ð
weRq¸ß| Zvi Kv‡eï bvg cÙcyivY| Kwe weRq¸ß ewikvj wef³- (K) Av‡ÿwUK LÐ; (L) ewYK LÐ| Av‡ÿwUK L‡Ð ewY©Z As‡ki
†Rjvi Av‰MjKvov Dc‡Rjvi ˆMjv MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| ˆMjv bvg Kvj‡KZz DcvL¨vb| wØZxqLÐ ewYKL‡Ð ewY©Z n‡q‡Q abcwZ
MÖv‡gi cÖvPxb bvg dzjøkÖx| Kwe weRq¸ß myjZvb AvjvDwÏb û‡mb mI`vM‡ii Kvwnbx|
kv‡ni kvmbvg‡j 1494 wLª÷v‡ã Kve¨ iPbvq cÖe„Ë nb| Zvi Kvj‡KZz DcvL¨v‡b †èx PÐx ¯^Y©‡MvwaKvi QÙ‡ek aviY K‡ib|
Kv‡eï e¨vcK cÖPvi n‡qwQj| Kvj‡KZz ¯^Y©‡MvwaKv‡K wkKvi K‡i N‡i wb‡q †M‡j Kvj‡KZzi N‡i wM‡q
3. gbmvg½j Kv‡eï Ab¨Zg †kÖô Kwe bvivqY‡è| eZ©gvb †èx wbR iƒc aviY K‡ib| Kvj‡KZz‡K mvZ Nov ab w`‡q c~Rv cÖPv‡ii
wK‡kviMÄ †Rjvi †evi MÖv‡g wZwb Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| bvivqY †è wb‡`©k †`b| †èxi wb‡`©‡k Kvj‡KZz ¸Riv‡U eb †K‡U bMi cËb
cÂ`k kZ‡Ki †kl fv‡Mi Kwe| Zvi Kv‡eï bvg ÔcÙcyivYÕ| K‡i| Kvj‡KZz g‡Z©¨ Avmvi c~‡e© ¯^M©iv‡Rï †èZv B‡›`ªi cyÎ wQj Ges
cÙcyiv‡Yi GKwU PiY- Zvi bvg wQj bxjv¤î|
Òwewj½ Avwg cu~wR †RB nv‡Z dzjøiv wQj bxjv¤î cZœx, ¯^M©iv‡R¨ bvg wQj Qvqv| Awfkß n‡q bxjv¤î
†mB nv‡Z †Zvgv‡i c~wR‡Z bv jq wP‡ËÓ| I Qvqv g‡Z©¨ e¨v‡ai N‡i Rb¥ †bq|
1. Kwe wecÖ`vm wcwcjvB 1495 mv‡j ÔgbmvweRqÕ Kve¨ iPbv K‡ib|
PÐxg½j Kv‡eï PwiÎ cwiwPwZ (e¨va Kvj‡KZzi Kvwnwb †_‡K):
2. wØR eskx`vm iwPZ g½jKv‡eï bvg ÔcÙcyivYÕ| wZwb wK‡kviMÄ
†Rjvi cv‡Zvqvix MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| wØR eskx`vm Kwe  gnv‡è wk‡ei ¯¿x|  wZwb GKvav‡i gvbyl I
1. †èx PÐx
P›`ªveZxi wcZv| P›`ªveZx evsjv mvwn‡Zï cÖ_g gwnjv Kwe| Kwe cïcvwLi †èx|
wØR eskx`vm myKÉ MvqK wn‡m‡eI L¨vZ wQ‡jb| wZwb wewfbœ kv‡¯¿  ¯^M©xq bvg bxjv¤î|  c„w_ex‡Z G‡m Kvj‡KZz
cwÐZ wQ‡jb Ges evwo‡Z †Xvj evRv‡Zb| 2. Kvj‡KZz bvgaviY K‡ib|  †k‡l †èx PÐxi AbyMÖ‡n ¸RivU
3. Av‡iK RbwcÖq Kwe †KZKv`vm †ÿgvb›` cwðge‡½i Kwe| iv‡Rï ivRv nb|
RbwcÖqZvq †kÖô Kwe †KZKv`vm †ÿgvb›`-Gi g~j bvg †ÿgvb›`  Kvj‡KZzi ¯¿x|  ¯^M©xq bvg Qvqv|  ga¨hy‡Mi
Ges †KZKv`vm Zvi Dcvwa| †KZKx †èx gbmvi Aci bvg| Kwe me‡P‡q cÖwZev`x bvix PwiÎ|  Zvi gyL †_‡K †h
†KZKv`vm †ÿgvb›` †èxKZ…©K Avw`ó n‡q Kve¨ iPbv K‡i‡Qb| cÖwZev` †kvbv hvqÑ
3. dzjøiv
Kwe †ÿgvb‡›ì Kv‡e¨ gyKz›ìvg PµeZ©xi PÐxg½j I ivgvqY Òwcucovq cvLv ev‡o gwievi Z‡i|
Kvwnwbi cÖfve i‡q‡Q| Kvnvi †lvokx Kb¨v AvwbqvQ N‡i \Ó
4. †è bvMix Aÿ‡i I AvÂwjK k‡ã wjwLZ AviI GKwU cuyw_ [¯^vgx Kvj‡KZzi mvg‡b GB cÖwZev` K‡i‡Q]
Avwe®‹Z… n‡q‡Q hvi iPwqZv †ÿgvb›` bv‡g Av‡iK ¯^Zš¿ Kwe| 4. gyivwikxj  ga¨hy‡Mi me‡P‡q cÖZviK PwiÎ|
5. evBkv: evBk Kwei c`msKjb ev ÔevBk Kwei gbmvg½jÕ ev evBk 5. fvo–`Ë  ga¨hy‡Mi me‡P‡q lohš¿Kvix PwiÎ|
Kwei gbmv hv evBkv bv‡g L¨vZ|
6. ga¨hy‡Mi me‡P‡q cÖwZev`x PwiÎ Puv` mI`vMi| Puv` mI`vM‡ii ewYK abcwZ L‡Ði PwiÎ :
¯¿xi bvg mbKv| Puv` mI`vM‡ii †PŠÏ wW½v gbmv Wzwe‡q w`‡qwQj abcwZ mI`vMi, jnbv, Lyjøbv, Lyjøbvi cyÎÑ kÖxgšÍ, kÖxg‡šÍi ¯¿xÑ
Ges Qq cyÎ‡K †g‡i †d‡jwQj| RqveZx|
7. †eûjv ¯^‡M©i †èZv‡ì bv‡P Mv‡b mš‘ó Ki‡j g„Z ¯^vgx jwL›`‡ii PÐxg½j Kv‡eï Kwe
Rxeb wd‡i cvq| Puv` mI`vMi Ab¨w`‡K wd‡i evg nv‡Z gbmvi
1. PÐxg½j Kv‡eï Avw` Kwe gvwbK `Ë| gvwbK `Ë †MŠo ev gvj`n
g~wZ©‡Z dzj Qzu‡o w`‡j c„w_ex‡Z gbmvi c~Rv cÖPwjZ nq|
AÂ‡ji †jvK wQ‡jb|
2. wØR gvae PÐxg½j Kv‡eï Ab¨Zg Kwe| Zv‡K ¯^fve Kwe ejv LÐ gvbwmsn fevb›` DcvL¨v‡bi cÖavb PwiÎ-gvbwmsn, fevb›`, †èx
nq| Zvi Kv‡eï bvg mvi`vg½j| mvi`vg½j Kve¨ 1579 wLªóv‡ã Abœ`v, m¤ªvU Rvnv½xi, nwini, Ck¦ix cvUwb |
iwPZ| Zvi Kv‡e¨ PÐxi bvg Ôg½jPÐxÕ| Ôg½jÕ bv‡g Amyi ea Abœ`vg½j Kv‡eï `ywU we‡kl PwiÎ Ck¦ix cvUbx I nxiv gvwjbx|
K‡i †èx GB bv‡g cwiwPZ n‡q‡Qb| wZwb K…òg½j I M½vg½j
bv‡g Av‡iv `ywU Kve¨ iPbv K‡ib| Abœv`vg½‡ji Kwe
3. PÐxg½j Kv‡eï me©‡kÖô Kwe gyKz›ìvg PµeZ©x| gyKz›ìvg 1. Abœ`vg½j Kv‡eï †kÖô Kwe fviZP›`ª ivq| ga¨hy‡Mi evsjv
PµeZ©xi Dcvwa n‡jv KweK¼b| gyKz›ìvg PµeZ©x †lvok kZ‡K mvwn‡Zï Ab¨Zg †kÖô Kwe wn‡m‡e L¨vZ| g½j Kveävivi me©‡kl
ea©gvb †Rjvi iZœv b`xi K~‡j `vgyb¨v MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Kwe fviZP›`ª ivq¸YvKi| ¸YvKi Kwe fviZP‡›`ªi Dcvwa|
wWwn`vi gvngy` kix‡di AZ¨vPv‡ii Kvi‡Y wZwb `vgyb¨v Z¨vM K‡i 2. fviZP›`ª ivq¸YvKi ea©gvb wefv‡Mi fzimyU ciMYvi AvaywbK
eªvþYf~wgi ivRv euvKzov iv‡qi A‡iviv MÖv‡g AvkÖq MÖnY K‡ib Ges nvIov †Rjvi †c‡ov (cvÐzqv) MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| fviZP‡›`ªi
Zvi †Q‡j iNybv‡_i wkÿK wbhy³ nb| evuKzov iv‡qi g„Zzï ci m¤¢ve¨ Rb¥ 1705 mv‡j e‡j aiv nq| ivRv K…òiv‡qi es‡k
iNybv_ Rwg`vi n‡j iNybv‡_i c„ô‡cvlKZvq Kwe gyKz›ìvg ÔkÖx kÖx fviZP‡›`ªi Rb¥|
PÐxg½j Kve¨Õ iPbv K‡ib| Rwg`vi iNybv_ ivq Kwe cÖwZfvi 3. fviZP‡›`ªi Kwe Rxe‡bi m~ÎcvZ nq †èbv›`cyi MÖv‡g
¯^xK…wZ¯îƒc Kwe gyKz›ìvg‡K ÔKweK¼bÕ Dcvwa †`b| Z‡e myKzgvi Ae¯’vbKv‡j| ÔmZ¨bvivqY cuvPvjxÕ iPbvi g‡a¨ w`‡q| Pwjøk eQi
†mb G‡K ¯^qsM„nxZ e‡j g‡b K‡ib| gyKz›ìvg iwPZ Kv‡eï bvg eq‡m fviZP›`ª beØx‡ci ivRv K…òP›`ª iv‡qi mfvKwe wbhy³ nb|
ÔPÐxg½jÕ; GQvov A‡bK †ÿ‡Î ÔAfqg½jÕ, ÔAvw¤^Kvg½jÕ, ivRv K…òP›`ª ivq Kwe fviZP›`ª iv‡qi KweZvq gy» n‡q Kwe‡K
Ô†MŠixg½jÕ, ÔPwÐKvg½jÕ bvgI cvIqv hvq| gyKz›ìvg iwPZ Ô¸YvKiÕ Dcvwa‡Z f~wlZ K‡ib| fviZP›`ª gnvivR K…òP‡›`ªi
PÐxg½j wZbL‡Ð wef³- Av‡`‡k ÔAbœ`vg½j Kve¨Õ iPbv K‡ib| K…òP›`ª G Kv‡e¨ GZ gy»
1) †èLÐ-mZx I cve©Zxi Kvwnbx; nb †h, GwU ìev‡i MvIqv n‡Zv Ges G Kve¨ iPbvi ci wZwb
2) Av‡ÿwUK LÐ-Kvj‡KZzi Kvwnbx I eZ©gvb AvKv‡i Kvjxc~Rv cÖeZ©b K‡ib|
3) ewYK LÐ- abcwZ mI`vM‡ii Kvwnbx| 4. fviZP‡›`ªi cÖavb `ywU Kve¨MÖš’ nj ÔAbœ`vg½jÕ I mZ¨ cx‡ii
4. PÐxg½‡ji Av‡iK Kwe wØR ivg‡è| Zvi Kv‡eï bvg ÔAfqvg½jÕ Kve¨| cuvPvjxÕ| 1753 wLªóv‡ã wZwb ÔAbœ`vg½j Kve¨Õ iPbv K‡ib| Kwe
5. PÐxg½j Kv‡eï AviI GKRb Kwe gy³vivg †mb| gy³vivg †mb fviZP›`ª iwPZ Abœ`vg½j Kv‡eï †gvU ce© msL¨v 8| Zuvi iwPZ
PÆMÖvg †Rjvi †èMÖv‡g -eZ©gv‡b Av‡bvqvivq) Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| `ywU weL¨vZ Dw³ n‡jv-
6. †èivg †mb iwPZ Kv‡eï bvg Ômvi`vg½jÕ| Ôg‡š¿i mvab wKsev kixi cvZbÕ Ges ÔAvgvi mšÍvb †hb _v‡K `y‡a fv‡ZÕ|
7. mß`k kZ‡Ki †kl fv‡M Kwe nwiivg ÔPÐxg½j Kve¨Õ iPbv K‡ib| Aviwe-dviwm kã eënvi m¤ú‡K© fviZP‡›`ªi weL¨vZ cOw³:
8. Kwe jvjv RqbvivqY †mb PÐxg½‡ji Av‡iK Kwe| wZwb gyÝxMÄ ÒcÖvPxb cwÐZMY wM‡q‡Qb K‡q|
†Rjvi weµgcy‡ii Rcmv Awaevmx wQ‡jb| Kwe jvjv RqbvivqY †h †nŠK †m †nŠK fvlv Kveïm j‡qÓ|
†mb Gi Kv‡eï bvg ÒnwijxjvÓ| 5. fviZP›`ª ivq ˆgw_jx Kwe fvby`‡Ëi ÔimgÄyixÕ Kv‡eï AbyevÌ
9. Kwe fevbxk¼i `vm 1779 wLªóv‡ã g½jPÐx AvÂwjK fvlvq iPbv K‡iwQ‡jb| Kwe fviZP›`ª iv‡qi Amgvß iPbv ÔPÐxbvUKÕ|
K‡ib| Zvi Kve¨ RvMi‡Yi cyuw_ I PÐxg½j MxZ bv‡gI cwiwPZ| MÖš’Kvi MÖš’ PwiÎ
10. PÐxg½j Kv‡eï †kl Kwe AwKÂb PµeZ©x| AwKÂb PµeZ©x fviZP›`ª ÔAbœ`vg½jÕ Ck¦ix cvUbx
†gw`bxcy‡ii NUvj gnKzgvi †e½vivg MÖv‡g emevm Ki‡Zb| KvwjKvg½j Kve¨
AwKÂb PµeZ©xi Dcvwa wQj Kex›`ª| Ac~e© iƒ‡c ¸Yvwš^Z ivRKzgvi my›ì Ges exiwms‡ni AZzjbxqv my›ìx I
Abœv`vg½j Kve¨ we`ylx Kb¨v we`¨vi ¸ß cÖYqKvwnbx KvwjKvg½j Kv‡eï g~j DcRxe¨
†èx Abœ`vi ¸YKxZ©b wb‡q iwPZ Kve¨ Abœ`vg½j Kve¨| GwU iPbv welq| g~j Kvwnbx Kvk¥x‡ii weL¨vZ Kwe wejnb KZ…©K Zvi
K‡ib fviZP›`ª ivq¸YvKi| Zv‡K ga¨hy‡Mi †kÖô Kwe wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Ô‡PŠicÂvwkKvÕ Kve¨ ms¯‹…‡Z wea„Z n‡qwQj| wejnb GKv`k kZ‡Ki
Kiv nq| Abœ`vg½j Kve¨ wZbL‡Ð wef³- -1) cÖ_g LÐ wkebvivqY Kwe| µ‡g †PŠicÂvwkKvi Kvwnbx evsjvq G‡m cÖYqKvwnbx‡Z AšÍf©³ z
Abœ`vg½j| (2) wØZxq LÐ- we`¨vmy›ì KvwjKvg½j; (3) Z…Zxq LÐ- n‡q KvwjKvg½‡j ¯’vb †c‡q‡Q|
gvbwmsn - fevb›` Abœ`vg½j|
KvwjKvg½‡ji KweMY
cÖ_g LÐ wkebvivqY Abœ`vg½j DcvL¨v‡b mZxi †`nZ¨vM I Dgviƒ‡c 1. KvwjKvg½j ev we`¨vmy›`‡ii Avw` Kwe n‡jb Kwe K¼| wZwb
Rb¥MÖnY, wk‡ei mv‡_ we‡q, NiKbœv I Abœc~Y©v g~wZ©aviY, c~uRv cÖwZôv wK‡kviMÄ †Rjvi b`xi Zx‡i wecÖ MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zvi
cÖf…wZ †cŠivwYK Kvwnbx ewY©Z n‡q‡Q| cÖ_g L‡Ði cÖavb PwiÎ †èZv Rxe‡bi KiæY I wewPÎ Kvwnwb Aej¤^‡b iwPZ †jvKMv_v ÔK¼ I
wke, Dgv| jxjvÕ bv‡g gqgbwmsn MxwZ‡Kv‡l ¯’vb †c‡q‡Q|
wØZxq LÐ we`¨vmy›ì ÒKvwjKvg½jÓ DcvL¨v‡bi cÖavb PwiÎ my›ì, 2. we`¨vmy›`‡ii Kvwnbx wb‡q kÖxai bv‡g GKRb wn›`y †jL‡Ki iPbv
we`¨v, †èx Kvwj, ivRv exiwmsn, nxiv gvwjbx| fvlv, Q›`, Kvwnbx, cÖ_g †jLv e‡j AbywgZ| wZwb PÆMÖv‡gi Kwe| wZwb †lvj kZ‡Ki
Dcgvi wePv‡i Zvi iwPZ we`¨vmy›ì Kv‡e¨ †kÖô‡Z¡i `vwe`vi| Z…Zxq ïiæ‡Z bymiZ kv‡ni wb‡`©‡k G Kve¨ iPbv K‡ib|

3. Abœ`vg½‡ji Kwe fviZP›`ª ivq †kÖôgv‡bi we`¨vmy›ì Kv‡eï ag©g½‡ji Kwe

iPwqZv|
1. ag©g½j Kv‡eï Avw`Kwe gqyifÆ| wZwb m‡Zi kZ‡Ki Kwe
4. mvwewi` Lvb (kvn evwi` Lvb) wQ‡jb Ôwe`¨vmy›ìÕ Kv‡eï iPwqZv|
wZwb PÆMÖvg AÂ‡ji Kwe wQ‡jb| wZwb Ôim~j weRqÕ KveÏ iPbvwQ‡jb| gqyifÆ iwPZ Kve¨wU n‡”Q ÒnvK›`cyivYÓ| Z‡e Zvi
K‡ib| nhiZ gyn¤§` (mv:) Gi ivR¨ Rq, Zvi gvnvZ¥¨ †NvlYv iPbvi GKwU cÌ cvIqv hvqwb|
n‡”Q Ôim~j weRqÕ MÖ‡š’i e³e¨| 2. ag©g½‡ji wØZxq Kwe Avw` iƒcivg| Kwe gvwYK Mv½ywjB Zv‡K
5. Kwe †Mvwe›``vm 1595 wLª÷v‡ã KvwjKvg½j Kve¨ iPbv K‡ib| ¯§iY K‡i c` iPbv K‡ib| Zvi †Kvb cuyw_ cvIqv hvqwb|
6. ivgcÖmv` †mb KvwjKvg½‡ji wewkó Kwe| Kwe ivgcÖmv` 17203. ag©g½‡ji Av‡iK Kwe †Ljvivg PµeZ©x| ag©g½j Kv‡eï GKRb
Ab¨Zg Kwe gvwbKivg Mv½ywj| gvwbKiv‡gi mgmvgwqK Av‡iKRb
wLªóv‡ã PweŸk ciMbv †Rjvi nvwj kn‡ii wbKUeZ©x KzgvinÆ MÖv‡g
Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| beØx‡ci ivRv K…òP›`ª ivgcÖmv`‡K ÔKweiÄbÕ Kwe wØZxq iƒcivg| Kwe wØZxq iƒcivg 1590 wLªóv‡ã Zvi Kve¨
Dcvwa †`b| Kwe ivgcÖmv‡ì Kv‡eï bvg ÔKweiÄbÕ| ivgcÖmv` iPbv K‡ib|
k¨vgm½xZ iPbvqI Acwimxg K…wZZ¡ †`wL‡q‡Qb| 4. ag©g½‡ji Ab¨Zg Kwe k¨vgcwÐZ| k¨vg cwÐZ iwPZ Kv‡eï bvg
Ab¨vb¨ g½j Kve¨ ÔwbiÄb g½jÕ|
Ab¨vb¨ g½j Kve¨¸‡jv wkevqb ev wkeg½j, kxZjvg½j, lôxg½j, 5. Kwe Nbivg Aóv`k kZ‡Ki ag©g½‡ji me©‡kÖô Kwe| 1712
mvi`vg½j, ivqg½j, M½vg½j, cÂvbbg½j, Abvw`g½j, Zx_©g½j wLª÷v‡ã Nbivg PµeZ©xi Kve¨ iPbv †kl nq| ea©gvb †Rjvi
cÖf…wZ D‡jøL‡hvM¨| K…òcyi MÖv‡g Kwe Nbivg PµeZ©x Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| ag©VvKz‡ii
AbyM„nxZ jvD‡m‡bi KvwnbxB Nbivg PµeZ©xi Kv‡eï DcRxe¨|
wkevqbeÜ wkeg½j Kve¨
Kv‡eï
1. K…wlwfwËZ mgvRRxe‡b êw`K †èZv iæ`ª wk‡ei iæc aviY K‡i| bvg
iwPqZvMY cÖavb PwiÎ
ev½vwj wn›`y‡ì Rxe‡b wke IZ‡cÖvZfv‡e RwoZ| ZvB ev½vwj
Kvbvnwi `Ë, weRq¸ß, Puv` mI`vMi, †eûjv
myL-`ytL fiv msmv‡ii K_v ¯’vb †c‡q‡Q wkeg½j Kv‡e¨|
wecÖ`vm wcwcjvB, wØR (cyÎeay), jwL›ì
2. wke cÖvM‰ew`K †èZv| †jŠwKK †èZv wn‡m‡e Zvi weeZ©b g½jKve¨
N‡U‡Q| †cŠivwYK †jŠwKK Dcv`vb wgwkÖZ n‡q wkevqb ev eskx`vm, †KZKv`vm (cyÎ), gbmv -mv‡ci
wkeg½j Kve¨ iwPZ| g‡b Kiv nq Kwe ivgK…ò ivq wkeg½j †ÿgvb›` †èx)
Kv‡eï Avw` Kwe| ivgK…ò ivq iwPZ Kv‡eï bvg Ôwk‡ei g½jÕ| dzjøiv, Kvj‡KZz,
gvwbK `Ë, gyKz›ìvg
3. Kwe K¼ AvbygvwbK 1680 wLª÷v‡ã Ôwkeg½jÕ Kve¨ iPbv K‡ib| abcwZ, fuvo–
PÐxg½j PµeZ©x, wØR
4. Kwe iv‡gk¦i fÆvPvh© AvVvi kZ‡Ki cÖ_g w`‡K ÔwkevqbÕ ev Ôwke- `Ë(lohš¿Kvix), gyivwi
gvae(¯^fveKwe)
KxZ©bÕ bv‡g Kve¨ iPbv K‡ib| wZwb G avivi †kÖô Kvwnbx iPwqZv| kxj (VM)
ag©g½j Kve¨ Abœ`vg½j fviZP›`ª ivq¸YvKi Ck¦ix cvUbx, wnivgvwjbx
gq~i fÆ, iƒcivg PµeZ©x,
ag©g½j Kv‡eï Kvwnwb `ywU- 1) ivRv nwið‡›`ªi Kvwnwb; 2) jvD‡m‡bi
ag©g½j Nbivg PµeZ©x, k¨vg nwikP›`ª, jvD‡mb
Kvwnbx| ÔivRv nwið‡›`ªi KvwnbxÕi cÖavb PwiÎ ivRv nwið›`ª ev jyBai|
ÔjvD‡m‡bi KvwnwbÕi PwiÎ KY©‡mb, iÄvewZ, ag©VvKzi, jvD‡mb, gvngy`| cwÐZ
GK K_vq DËi
1. g½jKve¨ Kx? 7. g½jKv‡eï cÖavb `yB †èx †K †K?
DËi: ag©welqK AvL¨vb Kve¨| DËi: gbmv I PÐx|
2. g½jKv‡eï cÖavb kvLv KqwU? 8. †cŠivwYK †kÖwYi g½jKve¨ Kx Kx?
DËi: 3wU| DËi: †MŠixg½j, fevbxg½j, `yM©vg½j, Abœ`vg½j|
3. Ôgbmvg½jÕ Kv‡eï Avw`Kwe †K? 9. †jŠwKK †kÖwYi g½jKve¨ Kx Kx?
DËi: Kvbv nwi`Ë| DËi: wkeg½j, gbmvg½j, PÐxg½j, mvi`vg½j|
4. g½jKve¨ iPbvi mgqmxgv KZ? 10. g½jKv‡eï KqwU Ask _v‡K?
DËi: wLª÷xq cÂ`k kZvãx †_‡K Aóv`k kZvãx| DËi: 5wU|
5. gbmvg½‡ji cvjv KqwU? 11. Avw`g½j Kve¨ †KvbwU?
DËi: 30wU cvjv| DËi: gbmvg½j|
6. PÐxg½‡ji KqwU cvjv? 12. gbmvg½j Kv‡eï Aci bvg Kx?
DËi: 16wU| DËi: cÙcyivY|
13. mv‡ci AwaôvÎx †èx gbmvi Aci bvg Kx? 37. †Kvb mgv‡R ag©VvKz‡ii c~Rv cÖPwjZ wQj?
DËi: †KZKx I cÙveZx| DËi: †Wvg|
14. †klw`‡b cwi‡ekb Kiv gbmvg½‡ji Ask‡K Kx ejv nq? 38. ag©g½j Kv‡eï Avw` Kwe †K?
DËi: Aóvg½j| DËi: gq~ifÆ|
15. gbmvg½‡ji †kÖô Kwe †K? 39. Ôgq~ifÆÕ iwPZKv‡eï bvg Kx?
DËi: weRq¸ß| DËi: nvK›`cyivY|
16. Ôev‡ivgvmxÕ ev Ôev‡ivgvm¨vÕ Kx? 40. Aóv`k kZ‡K g½jKv‡eï †kÖô Kwe †K?
DËi: cy‡iv GK eQ‡ii weeiY| DËi: Nbivg PµeZ©x|
17. gbmvg½‡ji cÖavb PwiÎ¸‡jv Kx Kx? 41. ag©g½j KqwU cvjvq wef³?
DËi: Puv` mI`vMi, †eûjv, jwL›ì, gbmv| DËi: `ywU|
18. PÐxg½‡ji Avw` Kwe †K? 42. ÔwbiÄbg½jÕ †K iPbv K‡ib?
DËi: gvwbK `Ë| DËi: ag©g½‡ji Ab¨Zg Kwe k¨vgcwÐZ|
19. PÐxg½‡ji cÖavb Kwe †K? 43. jvD‡m‡bi KvwnwbwU †K iPbv K‡ib?
DËi: gyKz›ìvg PµeZ©x| DËi: Nbivg PµeZ©x|
20. gyKz›ìvg PµeZ©x‡K ÔKweK¼bÕ Dcvwa †`b †K? 44. Ôwe`¨vmy›ìÕ bv‡g AwfwnZ †Kvb Kve¨?
DËi: Rwg`vi iNybv_ ivq|
DËi: KvwjKvg½j|
21. PÐxg½j Kve¨ Kq L‡Ð wef³?
45. †èx Kvwji gvnvZ¥¨ cÖwZôv wb‡q iwPZ Kve¨ †KvbwU?
DËi: `yB L‡Ð|
DËi: KvwjKvg½j|
22. PÐxg½‡ji Ô¯^fve KweÕ ejv nq Kv‡K?
46. Ôwe`¨vmy›ìÕ †K iPbv K‡ib?
DËi: wØR gvae‡K|
DËi: mvwewi` Lvb|
23. wØR gvae iwPZ Kv‡eï bvg Kx?
47. †Kvb Kve¨ Aej¤^‡b KvwjKvg½j Kve¨ iwPZ?
DËi: mvi`vg½j (1579)|
DËi: †PŠicÂwkKv|
24. PÐxg½‡ji †kl Kwe †K?
DËi: AwKÂb PµeZ©x| 48. KvwjKvg½j Kv‡eï Avw` Kwe †K?
25. Kvj‡KZz I dzjøiv evsjv mvwn‡Zï †Kvb Kv‡eï PwiÎ? DËi: Kwe K¼|
DËi: PÐxg½j| 49. wkeg½j Kv‡eï cÖ_g Kwe †K?
26. Abœ`vg½j Kve¨ Kqfv‡M wef³? DËi: ivgK…ò ivq|
DËi: 3wU L‡Ð| 50. wkeg½j avivi †kÖô Kvwnbxi iPwqZv †K?
27. Abœ`vg½j Kv‡e¨ Kvi e›`bv Av‡Q? DËi: iv‡gk¦i fÆvPvh©|
DËi: †èx Abœ`vi| 51. g½jKve¨ Kv‡K e‡j?
28. Abœ`vg½j avivi cÖavb Kwe †K? DËi: cÖvPxb evsjvi mbvZb ag©vej¤^x‡ì wek¦vm g‡Z †h Kve¨ kÖeY
DËi: fviZP›`ª ivq¸YvKi| Ki‡j g½j nq, Kj¨vY nq, AKj¨vY `~i nq, Zv‡K g½jKve¨ e‡j|
29. fviZP›`ª ivq¸YvKi Kvi Av‡`‡k ÔAbœ`vg½jÕ Kve¨ iPbv K‡ib? 52. g½jKv‡eï g~j DcRxe¨ Kx?
DËi: beØx‡ci ivRv K…òP‡›`ªi Av‡`‡k| DËi: †è‡èxi ¸YKxZ©b|
30. ÔmZ¨ cx‡ii cuvPvjxÕ †K iPbv K‡ib? 53. g½jKve¨ KZ †kÖwYi?
DËi: fviZP›`ª ivq¸YvKi| DËi: 2 ai‡bi| †jŠwKK I †cŠivwYK|
31. Abœ`vg½j Kv‡eï `ywU we‡kl PwiÎ †K †K? 54. GKwU mv_©K g½jKv‡e¨ KqwU Ask _v‡K?
DËi: Ck¦ix cvUbx I nxiv gvwjbx| DËi: 5wU| e›`bv, AvZ¥cwiPq, †èLÛ, gZ©¨LÐ I kÖæwZdj|
32. g½j Kveävivi me©‡kl Kwe †K? 55. `yBwU †jŠwKK g½jKv‡eï bvg wjLyb?
DËi: fviZP›`ª ivq¸YvKi| DËi: gbmvg½j, PÐxg½j|
33. fviZP‡›`ªi Rb¥ †Kvb es‡k? 56. GKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ †cŠivwYK g½jKv‡eï bvg wjLyb?
DËi: ivRv K…òiv‡qi es‡k| DËi: Abœ`vg½j|
34. fviZP›`ª iwPZ Abœ`vg½j Kv‡eï †gvU ce© msL¨v KZ? 57. g½jKve¨ iPbvi g~j KviY Kx?
DËi: 8| DËi: ¯^‡cœ †èx KZ©„K Av‡`k jvf|
35. ag©g½j Kv‡e¨ Kvi RqMvb aŸwbZ n‡q‡Q? 58. †Kvb †èxi Kvwnbx wb‡q gbmvg½j Kve¨ iwPZ?
DËi: ag©VvKz‡ii| DËi: gbmv †èx|
36. Abve„wó n‡j dmj †`b †Kvb †èx/†èZv? 59. evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ g½j Kveävivq me‡P‡q cÖvPxbZg aviv †KvbwU?
DËi: ag©VvKzi| DËi: gbmvg½j Kve¨|
60. gbmvg½j Kv‡eï cÖwZwbwa ¯’vbxq Kwe †K? 81. Abœ`vg½j Kv‡eï K‡qKwU Pwi‡Îi bvg wjLyb?
DËi: weRq ¸ß| DËi: gvbwmsn-fevb›`-cÖZvcvw`Z¨, Ck¦ixcvUbx|
61. Puv` mI`vMi evsjv †Kvb Kveävivi PwiÎ? 82. fviZP›`ª iv‡qi Dcvwa Kx? †K, †Kb Zv‡K GB Dcvwa cÖ`vb K‡ib?
DËi: gbmvg½j Kve¨| DËi: ¸YvKi| beØx‡ci ivRv gnvivR K…òP›`ª Abœ`vg½j Kve¨
62. gbmvg½j Kv‡eï `yBwU Pwi‡Îi bvg wjLyb? iPbvi Rb¨ Zv‡K G Dcvwa †`b|
DËi: Puv` mI`vMi, †eûjv| 83. g½jKve¨ avivi me©‡kl Kwe †K? wZwb †Kvb kZ‡Ki Kwe?
63. gbmvg½‡ji †Kvb Kwe myKÉ MvqK wn‡m‡e L¨vwZ jvf K‡iwQj? DËi: fviZP›`ª ivq¸YvKi| wZwb Aóv`k kZ‡Ki Kwe|
DËi:wØR eskx`vm| 84. bMvóK I M½vóK †Kvb RvZxq iPbv? iPwqZvi bvg Kx?
64. †KZKv`vm Kvi Dcvwa? DËi: ms¯‹…Z fvlvq †jLv `ywU ÿz`ª KweZv, iPwqZv fviZP›`ª
DËi: †ÿgvb‡›ì| ivq¸YvKi|
65. wecÖ`vm wcwcjvB iwPZ Kv‡eï bvg Kx? 85. Òg‡š¿i mvab wKsev kixi cvZbÓ I ÒbMi cywo‡j †èvjq wK
DËi: gbmv weRq|
Govq?Ó-myfvwlZ evK¨ `ywUi ¯ªóv †K?
66. Ô†eûjvÕ PwiÎwU †Kvb g½jKv‡eï m¤ú`?
DËi: fviZP›`ª ivq¸YvKi|
DËi: gbmvg½j|
86. Ôgvbwmsn fevb›` DcvL¨vbÕ Kvi iPbv?
67. g½jKve¨ avivi †kÖô g½jKve¨ †KvbwU?
DËi: fviZP›`ª ivq¸YvKi|
DËi: PÐxg½j|
87. ga¨hy‡Mi †kªô Kwe n‡jbÑ
68. g½jKv‡e¨ †Kvb †Kvb †èxi cÖvavb¨ me©v‡cÿv †ewk?
DËi: gbmv I PÐx‡èxi| DËi: fviZP›`ª ivq¸YvKi|
69. PÐxg½j Kve¨ KZ L‡Ð wef³? 88. ÔAbœ`vg½jÕ Kve¨ Kvi iPbv?
DËi: 2 L‡Ð| Kvj‡KZz DcvL¨vb I abcwZ DcvL¨vb| DËi: fviZP›`ª ivq¸YvKi|
70. cÖK…Z PÐxg½j ej‡Z Avgiv †Kvb LÐ‡K eywS? 89. we`¨v, my›ì, nxivgvwjbx PwiÎ¸‡jv †Kvb Kv‡e¨ cvIqv hvq?
DËi: Kvj‡KZz DcvL¨vb‡K| DËi: KvwjKvg½j Kv‡eï|
71. PÐxg½j Kv‡eï K‡qKwU Pwi‡Îi bvg wjLyb? 90. KvwjKvg½j Kv‡eï Ab¨ bvg Kx?
DËi: Kvj‡KZz, dzjøiv, fvoy `Ë, gyivixkxj, cy®ú‡KZy| DËi: we`¨vmy›ì Kve¨|
72. PÐxg½j Kv‡eï †kÖô Kwe †K? wZwb †Kvb kZ‡Ki Kwe? 91. KvwjKvg½j Kve¨ avivi gymwjg Kwe †K? wZwb †Kvb kZ‡Ki Kwe?
DËi: gyKz›ìvg PµeZ©x| wZwb 16 kZ‡Ki Kwe| DËi: mvwewi` Lvb| †lvok kZ‡Ki|
73. gyKz›ìvg PµeZ©xi Dcvwa Kx? †K Zv‡K GB Dcvwa cÖ`vb K‡ib 92. ag©g½j Kv‡eï Avw` Kwe †K? Zvi iwPZ Kv‡eï bvg Kx?
Ges †Kb? DËi: gq~ifÆ| Zvi iwPZ Kv‡eï bvg nvK›` cyivY/-kÖx ag©g½j
DËi: Kwe K¼b| †gw`bxcyi †Rjvi Aveiv eªvþY Rwg`vi iNybv_ Kve¨)|
PÐxg½j Kve¨ iPbvi Rb¨ Zv‡K G Dcvwa †`b| 93. KweiÄb Kvi Dcvwa? Zvi Kv‡eï bvg Kx? †K Zv‡K GB Dcvwa
74. PÐxg½j Kv‡e¨ KZRb Kwei cwiPq cvIqv hvq? cÖ`vb K‡ib?
DËi: 19 Rb| DËi: ivg cÖmv` †m‡bi| Zvi Kv‡eï bvg Ôwe`¨vmy›ìÕ Kve¨|
75. fvWz`Ë †Kvb Kv‡eï PwiÎ? beØx‡ci ivRv gnvivR K…òP›`ª Zv‡K KweiÄb Dcvwa cÖ`vb K‡ib|
DËi: PÐxg½j| 94. iæcivg PµeZ©x †Kvb g½jKve¨ avivi Kwe?
76. g½jKve¨ avivq †Kvb Kwe‡K `y:Lev`x Kwe e‡j AwfwnZ Kiv nq?
DËi: ag©g½j Kv‡eï Kwe|
DËi: PÐx`vm‡K|
95. ag©g½‡ji †kÖô Kwe †K? wZwb †Kvb kZ‡Ki Kwe?
77. ga¨hy‡Mi me©‡kl Kwe †K? wZwb KZ wLª÷v‡ã g„ZzëiY K‡ib?
DËi: Nbivg PµeZ©x| Aóv`k kZ‡Ki|
DËi: fviZP›`ª ivq¸YvKi| wZwb 1760 wLª: g„ZzëiY K‡ib|
96. ag©g½j Kve¨ KZ L‡Ð wef³ I Kx Kx?
78. Òeoi wcixZ evwji evua! ÿ‡Y nv‡Z `wo, ÿ‡Y‡K Puv`Ó- PiY `yÕwU
Kvi iPbv? DËi: `yB L‡Ð| jvD‡m‡bi Kvwnbx I nwið‡›`ªi Kvwnbx|
DËi: fviZP›`ª ivq| 97. ÔnvK›` cyivYÕ MÖš’wU Kvi iwPZ?
79. ÔAvgvi mšÍvb †hb _v‡K `y‡a-fv‡ZÕ-evsjv mvwn‡Zï †Kvb Kv‡e¨ DËi: gqyifÆ|
evOvwji cÖv_©bv aŸwbZ n‡q‡Q? 98. evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ cÖ_g †Kvb e¨w³i Rxebx †jLv nq?
DËi: Abœ`vg½j| DËi: kÖx ˆPZb¨‡è|
80. Abœ`vg½j Kve¨ KZ L‡Ð wef³? cÖK…Z Abœ`vg½j †Kvb LÐwU? 99. Ôim~j weRqÕ-Gi iPwqZv †K?
DËi: 3 L‡Ð| cÖK…Z Abœ`vg½j nj gvbwmsn-fevb›` DcvL¨vb| DËi: R‡qb DÏxb/ˆRbywÏb|

Teacher’s Work
1. gbmv †èx‡K wb‡q †jLv weRq¸‡ßi g½jKv‡eï bvg Kx? 6. ÔevBkvÕ Kx?
[43Zg wewmGm] K gbmvg½j Kv‡eï GKRb Kwe
K gbmvg½j L gbmvweRq L PÐxg½j Kv‡eï GKRb Kwe
M cÙcyivY N cÙveZx R M gbmvg½j Kv‡eï evBk Rb †QvU-eo Kwe
2. g½jKv‡eï Kwe bb †K? [35Zg wewmGm] N PÐxg½j Kv‡eï †QvU-eo evBk Rb Kwe R
K Kvbvnwi `Ë L fviZP›`ª 7. Ôivq¸YvKiÕ Dcvwa jvf K‡ib †K?
M gvwbK `Ë N `vï ivq S K Ckî¸ß L AvjvIj
3. g½jhy‡Mi me©‡kl Kwei bvg Kx? [28Zg wewmGme] M gyKz›ìvg N fviZP›`ª S
K weRq ¸ß L fviZP›`ª ivq¸YvKi

8. Kwe fviZP›`ª‡K Ôivq¸YvKiÕ Dcvwa w`‡q‡Q‡jb †K?
K Rwg`vi iNybv_ L ivRv K…òP›`ª
M gyKz›ìvg PµeZ©x N Kvbvnwi `Ë Q
M PÐx`vm N gq~ifÆ Q
4. gbmvg½‡ji Kwe †K?
9. ÒwbiÄbg½jÓ Kv‡eï iPwqZv †K?
K weRq ¸ß L †KZKv`vm †ÿgvb›`
K k¨vg cwÐZ L ivgvB cwÐZ
M wecÖ`vm wcwcjvB N Ic‡ii wZbRbB S
M †jvPb `vm N †Mvwe›` `vm P
5. ÒAbœ`vg½jÓ Kv‡eï iPwqZv †K? 10. †Ljvivg PµeZ©x †Kvb Kv‡eï Kwe wQ‡jb?
K gyKz›ìvg PµeZ©x L wenvixjvj PµeZ©x K gbmvg½j L ag©g½j
M fviZP›`ª N iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi R M Abœ`vg½j N KvwjKvg½j Q
1. †Kvb kvmK‡ì mgq‡K evsjv mvwn‡Zï AÜKvi hyM ejv nq? 8. g½jKve¨ iPbvi g~‡j DwjøwLZ KviY Kx?
K cvj L †mb K ivRv‡ì cÖvwß
M ¸ß N ZzwK© S L ¯^‡cœ †èx KZ…©K Av‡`k jvf
2. †Kvb mgq‡K evsjv mvwn‡Zï ÔAÜKvi hyMÕ ejv nq? M ivRv I mfvm‡ì g‡bviÄb Kiv
K 1201-1350 wLª. L 600-950 wLª. N ivRKwei `vwqZ¡ cvjb Q
M 1351-1500 wLª. N 600-750 wLª. P 9. †Kvb g½jKv‡e¨ KqwU Ask _v‡K?
3. ga¨hy‡Mi evsjv mvwn‡Zï †kÖô wb`k©b †KvbwU? K 3wU L 5wU
K kÖxK…òKxZ©b L Ph©vc`
M 7 wU N 8 wU Q
M êòe c`vewj N bv_ mvwnZ¨ R
10. g½jKv‡eï iPwqZv bb-
4. me©Rb ¯^xK…Z I LuvwU evsjv fvlvq iwPZ cÖ_g Kve¨MÖš’ †KvbwU?
K fviZP›`ª L eo– PÐx`vm
K Ph©vc` L kÖxK…òKxZ©b
M gyKz›ìvg PµeZx© N weRq ¸ß Q
M BDmyd †Rv‡jLv N cÙveZx Q
5. ga¨hyMxq GK †kÖwYi ag©welqK AvL¨vb Kv‡eï D`vniY- 11. †KvbwU AvaywbKhy‡Mi Kve¨?
K MxwZKve¨ L g½jKve¨ K gbmvg½j L Abœ`vg½j
M RxebxKve¨ N Ph©¨vPh©¨wewbðq Q M KvwjKvg½j N mvi`vg½j S
6. ga¨hy‡Mi evsjv mvwn‡Zï Ab¨Zg wb`k©b Kx? 12. Ôgbmvg½jÕ Kv‡eï Avw` Kwe †K?
K PZz`©kc`x KweZv L Ph©vc` K K…wËevm L gvjvai emy
M †QvUMí N g½jKve¨ S M gvwbK `Ë N Kvbvnwi `Ë S
7. Ôg½jKve¨Õ mg~‡ni welqe¯‘ g~jZ- 13. †Kvb †èxi Kvwnbx wb‡q Ôgbmvg½jÕ Kve¨ iwPZ?
K †jvKmsMxZ L ga¨hy‡Mi mgvR eë¯’vi eY©bv K jwL›`‡ii †èx L cÙveZx †èx
M ag©welqK AvL¨vb N cxi cvuPvjx R M gbmv †èx N †eûjv I Pvu`my›ì R

14. gyKz›ìvg PµeZx© †Kvb avivi Kwe? 28. we`¨vcwZi Rb¥-

K gbmvg½j K kxZjvg½j K AvbygvwbK Î‡qv`k kZvãxi †kl fv‡M
MPÐxg½j N c`vewj R L AvbygvwbK PZz`©k kZvãxi †kl fv‡M
15. ÔPÐxg½jÕ Kv‡eï cÖavb/†kÖô Kwe †K? M AvbygvwbK PZz`©k kZvãxi cÖ_g fv‡M
K Kvbvnwi `Ë L kvn gyn¤§` mMxi N Zvi Rb¥Kvj D×vi Kiv m¤¢e nqwb Q
M gyKz›ìvg PµeZx© N fviZP›`ª ivq¸YvKi R 29. êòe mvwnZ¨ †KvbwUi Ici wfwË K‡i cÖwZwôZ?
16. êòe c`vewji cÖ_g Kwe †K? K ˆPZb¨ Rxebx L ivavK…‡òi †cÖgjxjv
K kÖx‰PZb¨ †è L we`¨vcwZ M †eŠ×ag© N eªvþag© Q
M Ávb`vm N PÐx`vm Q 30. êòe c`vewji AwaKvsk c` †Kvb fvlvq iwPZ?
17. evsjv fvlvq êòe c`vewji Avw` iPwqZv †K? K ˆgw_wj fvlvq L evsjv fvlvq
K PÐx`vm L we`¨vcwZ M cÖvK…Z fvlvq N eªReywj fvlvq S
M Ávb`vm N AvjvIj P 31. iex›`ªbv_ Kvi Kve¨‡K [evsjv mvwn‡Zï BwZnv‡m] ÔivRK‡Éi
18. êòe c`KZ©v ÔPÐx`vmÕ KZ Rb? gwYgvjvÕ e‡j AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb?
K 3 Rb L 2 Rb K we`¨vcwZi L Ávb`v‡mi
M 4 Rb N 5 Rb P M PÐx`vm N †Mvwe›``v‡mi P
19. Ô‰gw_jx †KvwKjÕ L¨vZ †K? 32. ÔAwfbe Rq‡èÕ †Kvb Kwe?
K Ávb`vm L †Mvwe›``vm K PÐx`vm L eoy PÐx`vm
M we`¨v`vm N we`¨vcwZ S M wØR PÐx`vm N we`¨vcwZ S
20. †Kvb Kwei Dcvwa ÔKweKÉnviÕ? 33. êòe c`vewj‡Z g~jZ wK‡mi m¤úK© †`Lv‡bv nq?
K PÐx`vm L we`¨vcwZ K ¯ªóv I m„wói m¤úK© L ivav I K„‡òi m¤úK©
M gyKz›ìvg PµeZ©x N fviZP›`ª Q M bi I bvixi m¤úK© N ˆPZb¨‡è I kÖxK…‡òi m¤úK© P
21. êòe c`vewji AevOvwj Kwe †K? 34. W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvni g‡Z cÖvPxbZg PÐx`vm †K?
K †Mvwe›``vm L Ávb`vm K `xb PÐx`vm L wØR PÐx`vm
M PÐx`vm N we`¨vcwZ S M eo– PÐx`vm N PÐx`vm R
22. we`¨vcwZ †Kvb fvlvq c` iPbv K‡ib? 35. evsjvq GK QÎ c` bv wj‡LI †K evsjvi Kwe n‡qwQ‡jb?
K dviwm L eªReywj K we`¨vcwZ L PÐx`vm
M gvivwV N wnw›` Q M Ávb`vm N †Mvwe›` `vm P
23. †Kvb Kwe evOvwj bv n‡qI evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ ¯^Zš¿ ¯’vb `Lj K‡i Av‡Qb? 36. Ôk~b¨cyivYÕ Kve¨ Kvi iPbv?
K we`¨vcwZ L Rq‡è K jyBcv L Kvýcv
M †Mvwe›``vm N G‡ì †KD bq P M †`ŠjZ DwRi evnivg Lvb N ivgvB cwÐZ S
24. gnvfvi‡Zi †kÖô Abyev`K †K? 37. ÔAvuavi hy‡MÕi iPbv ejv nq †KvbwU‡K?
K Kex›`ª ci‡gk¦i L Kvkxivg `vm K Ph©vc` L gbmvg½j
M kÖxKi b›`x N mÄq Q M kÖxK…òKxZ©b N cÖvK…Z‰c½j S
25. Kvkxivg `vm †Kvb MÖ‡š’i Abyev`K? 38. ÔkÖxK…òKxZ©bÕ Avwe®‹vi K‡ibÑ
K gnvfviZ L †e` K nicÖmv` kv¯¿x L ivg‡gvnb ivq
M ivgvqY N MxZv P M emšÍiÄb ivq N cÖg_ †PŠayix R
26. †Kvb Dw³wU wVK? 39. ÔkÖxK…òKxZ©bÕ Kve¨Lvwb Avwe®‹…Z nq †Kv_vq?
K êòe c`vewj ga¨hy‡Mi evsjvi GK cÖKvi KvwnwbKve¨ K ivRcÖvmv‡` L †MvqvjN‡i
L êòe c`vewj êòe a‡g©i †hŠw³K e¨vL¨v M Kzu‡oN‡i N MÖš’vMv‡i Q
M êòe c`vewj c‡`¨ iwPZ ˆPZb¨ †`‡ei Rxebx we‡kl 40. ÔkÖxK…òKxZ©bÕ Kv‡eï LÐ msL¨v-
N êòe c`vewj ivav I K…‡òi AvKl©Y-weKl©‡Yi wewPÎ Abyf~wZ K 14 L 15
m¤^wjZ GK cÖKvi Mvb S M 13 N 12 R
27. êòe c`mvwn‡Zï iPwqZv †K? 41. ÔeovwqÕ †Kvb Kv‡eï PwiÎ?
K PÐx`vm L Ávb`vm K gbmvg½j L PÐxg½j
M †Mvwe›` `vm N wZbRbB S M kÖxK…òKxZ©b N cÙveZx R

42. †Kvb Kwe Ôag©g½jÕ Kv‡eï cÖ‡YZv? 56. †K evsjv fvlvi Kwe bb?
K eskx`vm PµeZx© L iƒcivg PµeZx© K Ávb`vm L Rq‡è
M gyKz›ìvg PµeZx© N ejivg PµeZx© Q M gyKz›ìvg N PÐx`vm Q
43. fzimyU ciMbvi cvÐzqv MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib- 57. eªReywj fvlv Kx?
K gyKz›ìvg PµeZx© L fviZP›`ª ivq¸YvKi K evsjvi fvlv L eªRf~wgi fvlv
M gq~i fÆ N Kvbvnwi `Ë Q M e„›`ve‡bi fvlv N wgw_jv I evsjvi wgkÖ fvlv S
44. †KvbwU Kwe fviZP‡›`ªi Dcvwa? 58. ÔeªReywjÕi cÖeZ©K/¯ªóv †K?
K ivq¸YvKi L KweKÉnvi K PÐx`vm L we`¨vcwZ
M KweK¼b N KweiÄb P M AvjvIj N iex›`ªbv_ VvKyi Q
45. Ôivq¸YvKiÕ Kvi Dcvwa? 59. ÔeªReywjÕ‡Z †Kvb Kwe c`vewj iPbv K‡ib?
K gvjvai emy L gyKz›ìvg K PÐx`vm L Ávb`vm
M fviZP›`ª N gq~ifÆ R M we`¨vcwZ N †Mvwe›``vm R
46. ga¨hy‡M evsjv mvwn‡Zï †kÖô Kwe †K? 60. k„½vi im‡K êòe c`vewj‡Z Kx im e‡j?
K nwi `Ë L fviZP›`ª K fveim L gayiim
M gyKz›ìvg N PÐx`vm Q M †cÖgim N jxjvim Q
47. ÔÔAbœ`vg½jÕ Kve¨ †K iPbv K‡ib? 61. Ôg½jKv‡e¨Õi iPwqZv bb-
K Kvbvnwi `Ë L weRq ¸ß K fviZP›`ª L eo–-PÐx`vm
M CkîP›`ª ¸ß N fviZP›`ª ivq¸YvKi S M gyKz›ìvg PµeZ©x N weRq ¸ß Q
48. Ôgvbwmsn fevb›` DcvL¨vbÕ Kvi iPbv? 62. Ôg½jKve¨Õ mg~‡ni welqe¯‘ g~jZ-
K Kvbvnwi `Ë L weRq ¸ß K †jvKm½xZ L ga¨hy‡Mi mgvR eë¯’vi eY©bv
M gyKz›ìvg N fviZP›`ª S M ag© welqK AvL¨vb N cxi cuvPvjx R
49. Ôeoi wcwiwZ evwji evua! ÿ‡Y nv‡Z `wo, ÿ‡YK Pvu`Õ- PiY `ywU 63. g½jKve¨ iPbvi g~‡j D‡jøwLZ KviY Kx?
Kvi iPbv? K ivRv‡`k cÖvwß
K AvjvIj L fviZP›`ª ivq¸YvKi L ¯^‡cœ †èx KZ©„K Av‡`k jvf
M iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi N †kL dRjyj Kwig Q M ivRv I mfvm‡ì g‡bviÄb Kiv
50. evigvm¨v Kv‡K e‡j? N ivRKwei `vwqZ¡ cvjb Q
K bvwqKvi evigv‡mi myL-`yt‡Li eY©bv 64. Ôgbmvg½jÕ Kv‡eï Avw`Kwe †K?
L †è‡èxi c~Rv cÖPv‡ii Kvwnwb K weRq `Ë L gqyi fÆ
M bvqK-bvwqKvi †cÖ‡gi avivevwnK web¨vm M gvwbK `Ë N Kvbv nwi`Ë S
N evigv‡mi Pvlvev‡ì weeiY P 65. ÔgbmvweRqÕ Kv‡eï iPwqZv †K?
51. Ôfvuoy`ËÕ PwiÎwU cvIqv hvq †Kvb MÖ‡š’? K wecÖ`vm wcwcjvB L †KZKv`vm †ÿgvb›`
K gbmvg½j Kve¨ L Abœ`vg½j Kve¨ M weRq ¸ß N bvivqY‡è P
M PÐxg½j Kve¨ N ag©g½j Kve¨ R 66. ÒPÐxg½jÓ K‡eï Avw` Kwe †K?
52. wecÖ`vm wcwcjvB iwPZ Kv‡eï bvg Kx? K gyKz›ìvg L wØR gvae
K gbmvg½j L gbmvweRq M gvwbK`Ë N Kvbvnwi `Ë R
M Pvu` mI`vM‡ii Kvwnwb N gbmv cÖkw¯Í Q 67. KweK¼b gyKz›ìvg PµeZ©x Kvi Aby‡iv‡a ÔPÐxg½jÕ Kve¨ iPbv
53. AvivKvb ivRmfvi mvwnwZ¨K wQ‡jbÑ K‡ib?
K kvn gyn¤§` mMxi L ˆmq` nvgRv K ivRv K…òP‡›`ªi L P›`ª myagvi
M Kwe Rq‡è N AvjvIj S M Rwg`vi iNybv_ iv‡qi N gvMb VvKz‡ii R
54. ga¨hy‡Mi evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ †Kvb ag©cÖPviK Gi cÖfve Acwimxg? 68. Kvj‡KZz Ges dzjøiv evsjv mvwn‡Zï †Kvb Kv‡eï PwiÎ?
K kÖx‰PZb¨‡è L kÖxK…ò K Abœ`vg½j L ag©g½j
M Avw`bv_ N g‡bvni `vk P M PÐxg½j N gbmvg½j R
55. ˆPZb¨‡è wQ‡jbÑ 69. KweK¼b Kvi Dcvwa?
K êòe a‡g©i cÖPviK L c`vewji iPwqZv K we`¨vcwZ L Ávb`vm
M eªReywj fvlvi cÖeZ©K N m½xZÁ P M gyKz›ìvg PµeZ©x N eskx`vm R

70. ÒAbœ`vg½jÓ Kve¨ †Kvb hy‡Mi? 84. kÖxK…òKxZ©b Kve¨ †K Avwe®‹vi K‡ib?
K cÖvPxb hyM L ga¨hyM K emšÍiÄb ivq L nicÖmv` kv¯¿x
M AÜKvi hyM N AvaywbK hyM Q M ivRv iv‡R›`ªjvj wgÎ N we`¨vcwZ P
71. ÒKvwjKvg½jÓ Kv‡eï g~j DcRxe¨ welq Kx? 85. kÖxK…òKxZ©‡bi Kvwnwb cÖavb KÕwU PwiÎ‡K †K›`ª K‡i M‡o D‡V‡Q?
K cÖYqKvwnbx L ag©Kvwnbx K 2wU L 3wU
M Kwjhy‡Mi Kvwnbx N mbvZb Kwnbx P M 4wU N 5wU Q
72. ÔKvwjKvg½‡jiÕ Ab¨ bvg Kx? 86. Ôevmjx -evïjx Pi‡Y PÐx`vm GB Mvb MvB‡jbÕ-GLv‡b ÔevmjxÕ †K?
K my›ìx we`¨v L we`¨vmy›ì K ivav L K…ò
M we`¨v‡èx N KvwjKvmy›ì Q M wekvjvÿx †èx N PÐx Dcvmv †èZv R
73. †kÖô gv‡bi Ôwe`¨vmy›ìÕ Kv‡eï iPwqZv †K? 87. kÖxK…òKxZ©b Kve¨wU m¤úvw`Z nq-
K mvwewi` Lvb L fviZP›`ª ivq K e½xq mvwnZ¨ cwil` †_‡K L kÖxivgcyi wgkb †_‡K
M gyKz›ìvg N Ávb`vm Q M ivgK„ò wgkb †_‡K N Rvbv m¤¢e nqwb P
74. ivgvB cwÐ‡Zi Ôk~b¨cyivYÕ MÖ‡š’ †Kvb `yB a‡g©i wgkÖY N‡U‡Q? 88. kv³ c`vewji Rb¨ weL¨vZ-
K gymjgvb I wn›`y L wn›`y I †eŠ× K ivgwbwa ¸ß L `vkiw_ ivq
M gymjgvb I †eŠ× N wn›`y I wLª÷vb Q M G¨v›Uwb wdwiw½ N ivgcÖmv` †mb S
75. njvqya wgkÖ iwPZ Ô†mK ï‡fv`qvÕ †Kvb fvlvq iwPZ? 89. †Kvb hyM‡K cÖvK ˆPZb¨hyM wn‡m‡e AwfwnZ Kiv nq?
K evsjv L wnw›` K Î‡qv`k-PZz`©k kZvãx‡K
M ms¯‹…Z N cvwj R L PZz`©k-cÂ`k kZvãx‡K
76. ÔP¤úyKve¨Õ Kx? M cÂ`k kZvãx‡K
K GK ai‡bi MxwZKve¨ L bv_ mvwn‡Zï Aci bvg N cÂ`k-‡lvok kZvãx‡K Q
M M`¨Kve¨ N M`¨c`¨ wgwkÖZ Kve¨ S 90. Rq‡`‡ei ÔMxZ‡Mvwe›`Õ iwPZ nq †Kvb kvm‡bi mgq?
77. eoy PÐx`v‡mi Rb¥¯’vb †KvbwU? K cvj kvmb L †mb kvmb
K exif~g †Rjvi bvbyi MÖvg L exif~g †Rjvi KuvwKj¨v MÖvg M myjZvbx kvmb N gyNj kvmb Q
M euvKzov †Rjvi bvbyi MÖvgN euvKzov †Rjvi KuvwKj¨v MÖvg P 91. Ôevsjvi êòe fvevcbœ gymjgvb KweÕ MÖš’wUi iPwqZv †K?
78. W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvni g‡Z kÖxK…òKxZ©b Kv‡eï iPbvKvj KZ? K †`‡e›`ªbv_ VvKzi L KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg
K 1300 wLª. L 1350 wLª. M hZx›`ª‡gvnb fÆvPvh© N iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi R
M 1400 wLª. N 1450 wLª. R 92. êòe mvwnZ¨ †KvbwUi Ici wfwË K‡i cÖwZwôZ?
79. kÖxK…òKxZ©b Kve¨ KZ mv‡j Avwe®‹…Z nq? K ˆPZb¨ Rxebx L ivavK…‡òi †cÖgjxjv
K 1907 mv‡j L 1908 mv‡j M †eŠ×ag© N eªvþag© Q
M 1909 mv‡j N 1916 mv‡j R 93. eªReywj fvlv †Kvb fvlvØ‡qi wgkÖY?
80. eo– PÐx`v‡mi cÖK…Z bvg Kx? K ˆgw_wj I evsjv L ˆgw_wj I wnw›`
K PÐx`vm L eoy M AbšÍ N wbgvB R M evsjv I wnw›` N evsjv I ms¯‹…Z P
81. ÔkÖxK…òKxZ©bÕ Kv‡eï GKLvwb cuyw_‡Z Gi cÖK…Z †h c‡ivÿ nw`m 94. wZbwU k, l, m- Gi g‡a¨ eªReywj fvlvq †KvbwU eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q?
cvIqv hvq, †mwU Kx? Kk Ll
K kÖxK…òjxjv L kÖxK…òm›`f© Mm N GKwUI bq R
M kÖxK…òfMeZ N kÖx‡MvKj Q 95. ÔKxwZ©jZvÕ MÖš’wUi iPwqZv †K?
82. ÔkÖxK…òKxZ©bÕ Kv‡eï 13wU L‡Ði g‡a¨ GKgvÎ †Kvb L‡Ði †k‡l K eo– PÐx`vm L we`¨vcwZ
ÔLÐÕ kã †hvM Kiv nqwb? M Ávb`vm N PÐx`vm Q
K cÖ_g L mßg 96. ÔG fiv evì gvn fvì k~b¨ gw›ì †gvi|Õ- †K wj‡L‡Qb?
M GKv`k N Î‡qv`k S K PÐx`vm L we`¨vcwZ
83. ÔAvKzj kixi †gvi †eKzj gb| evkxi ke‡ù †gvi AvDjvB‡jvu ivÜb M iex›`ªbv_ N KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg Q
\Õ- †Kvb Kwei iPbv? 97. †Mvwe›``vm KZ¸‡jv c` iPbv K‡i‡Qb?
K we`¨vcwZ L eoy PÐx`vm K cÖvq cuvPkZ L cÖvq QqkZ
M Ávb`vm N c`vewji PÐx`vm Q M cÖvq mvZkZ N cÖvq AvUkZ R

98. g½jKve¨ m„wói cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ Kx wQj? 106. cªK…Zc‡ÿ g½jKve¨¸‡jv‡K Kq †kÖwY‡Z fvM Kiv hvq?
K gv gbmvi c~Rv Kiv L PÐxc~Rv Kiv K `yB L wZb M Pvi N cuvP R
M a‡g©i g½j mvabv N wewfbœ †è‡èxi c~Rv Kiv S 107. †KvbwU †cŠivwYK g½jKve¨?
99. weRq¸ß †Kvb †Rjvq Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib? K Abœ`vg½j L †MŠixg½j
K gywÝMÄ L ewikvj M `yM©vg½j N wZbwUB S
M dwi`cyi N PÆMÖvg Q 108. †KvbwU †jŠwKK g½jKve¨?

100. wØR eskx`v‡mi Rb¥ †Kv_vq? K gbmvg½j L PÐxg½j
M mvi`vg½j N me¸‡jvB S
K gqgbwmsn L KjKvZvq
M wgw_jvq N wm‡jU P
109. g½jKv‡e¨ cÖavbZ †Kvb Q›` eëüZ n‡q‡Q?
K cqvi Q›` L ¯îe„Ë Q›`
101. Ô†KZKv`vm †ÿgvb›`Õ bv‡gi g~j bvg †KvbwU?
M gy³K Q›` N ˆMwik Q›` P
K †KZKv`vm L †ÿgvb›`
110. gbmvg½‡ji Kwe †K?
M m¤ú~Y© Ask N †Kv‡bvwUB bq Q
K weRq ¸ß L †KZKv`vm †ÿgvb›`
102. mg¯Í ag©g½j Kve¨ KqwU Kvwnwb wb‡q iwPZ?
M wecÖ`vm wcwcjvB N Ic‡ii wZbRbB S
K `ywU L wZbwU M PviwU N cuvPwU P
111. ÔevBkvÕ Kx?
103. fevb›` gRyg`v‡ii c~e©bvg Kx wQj?
K gbmvg½j Kv‡eï GKRb Kwe
K fevb›` L gRyg`vi
L PÐxg½j Kv‡eï GKRb Kwe
M `yM©v`vm N fevb›` gRyg`vi R M gbmvg½j Kv‡eï evBk Rb †QvU-eo Kwe
104. fviZP›`ª ivq¸YvKi beØx‡ci ivRv K…òP‡›`ªi Av‡`‡k †Kvb MÖš’ N PÐxg½j Kv‡eï †QvU-eo evBk Rb Kwe R
iPbv K‡ib? 112. mv‡ci AwaóvÎx †èx gbmvi Aci bvg Kx?
K gbmvg½j L ag©g½j K †ÿgvb›` L †KZKv
M Abœ`vg½j N mvi`vg½j R M cÙveZx NLIM S
105. KweK¼b gyKz›ìvg PµeZ©x Kvi Aby‡iv‡a ÔPÐxg½jÕ Kve¨ iPbv K‡ib? 113. ga¨hy‡Mi cÖ_g Kve¨ †KvbwU?
K ivRv K…òP‡›`ªi L P›`ª myag©vi K k~b¨cyivY L WvKvY©e
M Rwg`vi iNybv_ iv‡qi N gvMb VvKz‡ii R M MxZ †Mvwe›` N kÖxK…òKxZ©b S
1. Ôk~b¨c~iv‡YiÕ iPwqZv- [46Zg wewmGm] 5. g½jhy‡Mi †kl Kwe fviZP›`ª ivq¸YvKi KZ mv‡j g„ZzëiY
K ivgvB cwÛZ L njvq~a wgkÖ K‡ib? [36Zg wewmGm]
M Kvýcv N Kz°zixcv P K 1756 L 1752
2. evsjv mvwn‡Zï BwZnv‡m KuvwKj¨v MÖvg †Kb D‡jøL‡hvM¨? [46Zg wewmGm] M 1760 N 1762 R
K kÖx‰PZb¨‡`‡ei Rb¥¯’vb 6. ga¨hy‡Mi Kwe bb †K? [34 Zg wewmGm]
L eo– PÐx`v‡mi Rb¥¯’vb K Rqb›`x L eo y PÐx`vm
M Ph©vc‡ì cÖvwß¯’vb M †Mvwe›` `vm N Ávb `vm P
N kÖxK…òKxZ©b Kv‡eï cÖvwß¯’vb S 7. evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ ga¨hy‡Mi Ges g½jKv‡eï †kl Kwe †K? [28Zg wewmGm]
3. ÔMxZ‡Mvwe›`Õ Kv‡eï iPwqZv Rq‡è Kvi mfvKwe wQ‡jb? [45Zg K Ck¦iP›`ª ¸ß L fviZP›`ª ivq
wewmGm] M ivg ivg emy N kvn gyn¤§` mMxi Q
K kkv¼‡`‡ei j²Y †m‡bi
L 8. we`¨vcwZ †Kv_vKvi ivRmfvKwe wQ‡jb? [28Zg wewmGm]
M h‡kveg©‡bi N nl©ea©‡bi Q K evsjv L fviZ
4. Kwe h‡kvivR Lvb êòec` iPbv K‡ib †Kvb fvlvq? [45Zg M K‡bŠR N wgw_jv S
wewmGm] 9. fviZP›`ª ivq¸YvKi †Kvb ivRmfvi Kwe? [26Zg wewmGm]
K eªReywj L evsjv K AvivKvb ivRmfv L K…òbMi ivRmfv
M ms¯‹…Z N wnw›` P M ivRv M‡Y‡ki ivRmfv N j²Y‡m‡bi ivRmfv Q

10. Ôiƒc jvwM AvwL Sz‡i ï‡b gb †fviÕ Kvi iPbv? [26Zg wewmGm] 22. ÔkÖxK…òKxZ©bÕ-Gi iPwqZv †K? [29Zg wewmGm; wegvb evsjv‡`k
K PÐx`vm L Ávb`vm GqvijvBÝ wjwg‡UW-Gi mnKvix eë¯’vcK (†UªBwb †Rbv‡ij): 2021]
M we`¨vcwZ N †jvPb`vm Q K Ávb`vm L `xb PÐx`vm
11. Puv` mI`vMi evsjv †Kvb Kveävivi PwiÎ? [23Zg wewmGm cixÿv] M eo– PÐx`vm N `xbnxb PÐx`vm R
23. kÖ x K… òKxZ© b Kv‡e¨ eovB Kx ai‡bi PwiÎ? [28Zg wewmGm cixÿv]
K PÐxg½j L gbmvg½j
K kÖx ivavi bbw`bx L ivavK…‡òi †cÖ‡gi `~Zx
M ag©g½j N Abœ`vg½j Q
M kÖx ivavi kvïwo N R‰bK †Mvcevjv Q
12. ÔAvgvi mšÍvb †hb _v‡K `y‡a fv‡ZÕ- GB cÖv_©bvwU K‡i‡Q-
[23Zg wewmGm]
24. Rxebx mvwn‡Zï aviv M‡o I‡V Kv‡K †K›`ª K‡i? [41Zg wewmGm]
K kÖx‰PZb¨‡è L Kvýcv
K fvo z `Ë L Puv` mI`vMi
M we`¨vcwZ N ivgK…ò cignsm‡è P
M Ck¦ix cvUbx N Kz‡ei R
25. êòe c`vejxi m‡½ †Kvb fvlv m¤úwK©Z? [40Zg wewmGm]
13. Ômevi Dc‡i gvbyl mZ¨ Zvnvi Dc‡i bvBÕ- †K e‡j‡Qb? [21Zg wewmGm]
K mvÜ¨vfvlv L Awafvlv
K PÐx`vm L we`¨vcwZ
M eªReywj N ms¯‹…Z fvlv R
M ivgK…ò cignsm N we‡eKvb›` P
26. RxebxKve¨ iPbvi Rb¨ weL¨vZ: [40Zg wewmGm]
14. ÔAvgvi mšÍvb †hb _v‡K `y‡a-fv‡ZÕ-jvBbwU wb‡¤œv³ GKR‡bi
K dwKi Mixeyjøvn L binwi PµeZ©x
Kv‡e¨ cvIqv hvq- [17Zg wewmGm]
M wecÖ`vm wcwcjvB N e„›`veb `vm S
K gyKz›ìvg PµeZ©x L fviZP›`ª ivq
27. c` ev c`vejx ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? [22Zg wewmGm; Rbkw³, Kg©ms¯’vb
M g`b †gvnb ZK©vjsKvi N Kvwgbx ivq Q I cÖwkÿY ey¨‡ivi DcmnKvix cwiPvjK: 05; c~evjx e¨vsK wmwbqi Awdmvi:
15. evsjv mvwn‡Zï cVb-cvV‡bi myweavi Rb¨ evsjv mvwn‡Zï Õ12]
K jvPvox Q‡›` iwPZ c`¨ ev KweZvewj
BwZnvm‡K wZbwU hy‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| ---- evsjv mvwn‡Zï
L c`¨vKv‡i iwPZ †è¯‘wZg~jK iPbv
cÖvPxb hyM| [34Zg wewmGm]
M evDj ev gigx MxwZ
K 450-650 L 650-850
N †eŠ× ev êòexq a‡g©i M~p wel‡qi we‡kl m„wó S
M 650-1200 N 650-1250 R
28. eªReywj ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? [21 Zg wewmGm; Lv`¨ Awa`ß‡ii Dc- Lv`¨
16. evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ AÜKvi hyM ej‡Z− [34Zg wewmGm, Rbkw³, Kg©ms¯’vb cwi`k©K-19.11.21 [K‡›Uªvjvi †Rbv‡ij wW‡dÝ dvBb¨vÝ Kvh©vj‡qi AwWUi:
I cÖwkÿY ey¨‡ivi DcmnKvix cwiPvjK: 18 ; WvK Awa`ß‡ii Dc‡Rjv †cv÷ 19 ;ciivóª gš¿Yvj‡qi mnKvix mvBdvi Kg©KZ©v :17]
gv÷vi -2010] K eªRav‡g Kw_Z fvlv
K 1199−1250 ch©šÍ L 1201−1350 ch©šÍ LGKiKg K…wÎg Kwefvlv
M 1250−1350 ch©šÍ N 1250−1450 ch©šÍ Q M evsjv I wnw›ì †hvMdj
17. Ôk~b¨cyivY Kve¨ Kvi iPbv? [ 32Zg wewmGm, RvZxq msm` mwPevj‡q N ˆgw_wj fvlvi GKwU Dcfvlv Q
mnKvix mwPe : -5] 29. g½jhy‡Mi me©‡kl Kwei bvg Kx? [28Zg wewmGm/mgvR‡mev Awa`ß‡ii
K jyBcv Kvýcv
L cÖ‡ekb Awdmvi: 13]
M †`ŠjZ DwRi evnivg Lv N ivgvB cwÐZ S K weRq ¸ß fviZP›`ª ivq¸YvKi
L
M gyKz›ìvg PµeZx© Kvbvnwi `Ë
N Q
18. ga¨hy‡Mi evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ †Kvb ag©cÖPvi‡Ki cÖfve Acwimxg?
[36Zg wewmGm; Dc‡Rjv gwnjv I wkï welqK Kg©KZ©v: 07] 30. evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ ga¨hy‡Mi †kl Kwe †K? [cÖevmx Kj¨vY I ê‡`wkK
Kg©ms¯’vb gš¿Yvj‡qi Dc-mnKvix cwiPvjK: 17; wewfbœ gš¿Yvj‡qi Dc-
K kÖx‰PZb¨‡è L kÖxK…ò
mnKvix cÖ‡KŠkjx (wmwfj) : 17]
M Avw`bv_ N g‡bvni `vk P
K fviZP›`ª ivq L weRq ¸ß
19. Biv‡bi Kwe nvwd‡Ri mv‡_ cÎvjvc n‡qwQj evsjvi †Kvb M gyKz›ìvg PµeZ©x N Kvbvnwi `Ë P
myjZv‡bi? [†Uwj‡dvb BwÄwbqvi I mnKvix Kw¤úDUvi †cÖvMÖvgvi - 18; 31. g½jKv‡eï Kwe bb †K? [35Zg wewmGm]
evwZjK…Z 24Zg wewmGm] K Kvbvnwi `Ë L gvwbK `Ë
K wMqvm DwÏb AvRg kvn L AvjvDÏxb †nv‡mb kvn M fviZP›`ª N `vïivq S
M dKiæÏxb †gveviK kvn N Bwjqvm kvn P 32. gbmv †èx‡K wb‡q †jLv weRq¸‡ßi g½jKv‡eï bvg Kx? [43Zg
20. ÔimyjweRqÕ Kv‡eï iPwqZv †K? [¯îvó gš¿Yvj‡qi Aaxb mv‡K©j wewmGm]
G¨vWRy‡U›U: 2015] K gbmvg½j L gbmvweRq
K Ave`yj nvwKg L †kL Puv`
M cÙcyivY N cÙveZx R
M gxi gynv¤§` kdx N ˆRbyÏxb S 33. Ô‡eûjv jwL›ìÕ Kvwnbx cvIqv hvq †Kvb Kv‡e¨?[¯^v¯’¨ I cwievi Kj¨vY
21. MVbixwZ‡Z ÔkÖxK…òKxZ©bÕ Kve¨ g~jZÑ [38Zg wewmGm] gš¿Yvj‡qj ¯^v¯’¨ cÖ‡KŠkj Awa`ß‡ii Gw÷‡gUi (cyi)2019]
K c`vewj L avgvwj KAbœ`vg½j Kv‡e¨ L gbmvg½j Kv‡e¨
M †cÖgMxwZ N bvUMxwZ S M KvjxKvg½j Kv‡e¨ N mvi`vg½j Kv‡e¨ Q

34. ga¨hy‡Mi cÖ_g Kwe †K? [c.g.(mnKvix mvBdvi Kg©KZv©)Õ22] 46. evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ ga¨hy‡Mi Avw` wb`k©b †KvbwU? [eš¿ Awa`ß‡ii Rywbqi
K PÛx`vm L we`¨vcwZ BÝUªv±i 2020;wgWIqvBd Awa`ß‡ii wgWIqvBd: 17]
M ‡`ŠjZ KvRx N eo– PÛx`vm S K Ph©vc` L kÖxK…òKxZ©b
M †kK ï‡fv`qv N k~b¨cyivY Q
35. ÔkÖxK…òKxZ©bÕ ‡Kvb hy‡Mi evsjv mvwn‡Zï wb`k©b?[c.c.A. (cwievi
Kj¨vY cwi`wk©Kv)Õ23] 47. kÖxK…òKxZ©b Kv‡eï g~j Kvwnwb Kx? [`y‡h©vM eë¯’vcbv ey¨‡ivi mnKvix
cwiPvjK -01]
KcÖvPxb hyM L ga¨hyM
K †è‡èxi e›`bv L gvbe e›`bv
M AvaywbK hyM N cÖv‰MwZnvwmK hyM Q
M ivav I K…‡òi †cÖg N †èx PÐx Kvwnwb R
36. ‰eòe c`vewji m‡½ †Kvb fvlv m¤úwK©Z? [‡cv.‡R.D. (ivRkvnx)
48. ˆPZb¨ Rxebx Kv‡eï †kªô Kwe †K? [Kviv ZË¡veavqK- 2013]
(D”Pgvb mnKvix)Õ22]
K K…ò`vm KweivR L Rqvb›`
K mÜ¨vfvlv L Awafvlv
M e„›`veb `vm N Kwe KY©cyi civgvb›` †mb P
M eªReywj N ms¯‹…Z fvlv R
49. êòe c`vejxi g~j welqe¯‘ Kx? [mnKvix wkÿK cixÿv-12]
37. ÔmB †Kg‡b awie wnqv, Avgvi eayqv Avb evwo hvq Avgvi AvwObv
K ivav I K…‡òi †cÖgjxjv
w`qvÕ- G Agi Dw³i iPwqZv- [K.A.‡R. (wmwbqi A¨vKvD›Um K¬vK©)Õ22]
L kvnRvnvb I ggZv‡Ri †cÖgjxjv
K fviZP›`ª L jyBcv
M dinv` I wkwii †cÖgjxjv
M ivgvB cwÛZ N PÐx`vm S
N iwngv I iƒcev‡bi †cÖgjxjv P
38. g½jKv‡eï †kl Kwe- [we.g.(e¨w³MZ Kg©KZv©)Õ22] 50. evsjv Ges ˆgw_jx fvlvi mgš^‡q †h fvlvi m„wó n‡q‡Q, Zvi bvg
K wØR eskx`vm L P›`ªveZx Kx? [Rbkw³, Kg©ms¯’vb I cÖwkÿY ey¨‡ivi Dc-cwiPvjK :07]
M fviZP›`ª ivq¸YvKi N Kvbvnwi `Ë R K gvMax L Amwgqv
39. Ôdzjøivi evigvm¨vÕ †Kvb g½jKv‡eï AšÍM©Z? [ciivóª gš¿bvj‡qi M eªReywj N RMvwLPzwo R
e¨w³MZ Kg©KZv©)Õ22] 51. êòe c`vejx cÖ_g msKjb K‡ib †K? [Rbkw³, Kg©ms¯’vb I cÖwkÿY
K gbmvg½j L PÐxg½j ey¨‡ivi DcmnKvix cwiPvjK : 01; Kviv ZË¡veavqK : 06]
M Abœ`vg½j N ag©g½j Q K AvDj g‡bvni `vm L Ávb`vm
40. Ôfvo–`ËÕ †Kvb Kv‡eï PwiÎ? [Z.m.g.A. ev.‡U. (Dc-mnKvix cÖ‡KŠkjx/ M PÐx`vm N we`¨vcwZ P
÷zwWI hš¿we`)Õ23] 52. ÔeªReywjÕi cÖeZ©K/¯ªóv †K? [Rb¯^v¯’¨ cÖ‡KŠkjx Awa`ß‡ii Gw÷‡gUi -
K PÐxg½j Kv‡eï Kvj‡KZz DcvL¨vb 2018]
L Abœ`vg½j Kv‡eï gvbwmsn fveb›` DcvL¨vb K PÐx`vm L we`¨vcwZ
M gbmvg½j AvjvIj
M N iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi Q
N ag©g½j P 53.Ôg½jKve¨Õ-G ag©xq Avivabv g~L¨ n‡jI Gi Ab¨Zg mvaviY
41. ÔPÐxg½jÕ Kv‡eï Dcvm¨ ÔPÐxÕ Kvi ¯¿x? [c.c.A. (cwievi Kj¨vY ‰ewkó¨ n‡jv- ?[Bangladesh Bank Officer (General) 2019]
cwi`wk©Kv)Õ23] Ke¨w³i gyw³ L mvgvwRK wg_w¯Œqv
KRMbœv_ L weòz M A‡šÍëvmx gvbyl N †kÖwYØ›Ø Q
McªRvcwZ N wke S 54. g½jKv‡e¨ †Kvb `yB †èZvi cÖvavb¨ †ewk? [Social Development
42. ÔKweK¼bÕ Kvi Dcvwa? [wcGmwm (wmwbqi ÷vd bvm©)Õ23] Foundation Data Entry Operator:12; gva¨wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix
wkÿK : 11]
K gyKz›ìvg PµeZx© L gvjvai
K wkevqb I ag©©VvKzi L gbmv I wkeg½j
M ivgcÖmv` †mb N gvwbK`Ë P
M PÐx I wkevqb N gbmv I PÐx S
43. evsjv mvwn‡Zï cÖ_g bvMwiK Kwe †K? [K.‡R.A¨v. (AwWUi)Õ22]
55. g½jKv‡e¨ †Kvb †èxi Kvwnwb Av‡Q? [City Bank Ltd. (MTO):
K fviZP›`ª ivq L binwi PµeZx©
2019; wewfbœ gš¿Yvj‡qi mnKvix †cÖvMÖvgvi : 2017]
M weRq¸ß N gyKz›ìvg P K jÿx›ì †èx L cÙveZx †èx
44. evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ ga¨hy‡Mi †kÖô Kwe †K? [c.c.A. (mnKvix cwievi M gbmv †èx N †eûjv I Puv`my›ì R
cwiKíbv Kg©KZv©)Õ22] 56. ÔPÐxg½jÕ Kv‡eï iPwqZv †K? [wkÿv gš¿Yvj‡qi wkÿv cÖ‡KŠkj
K Rq‡è L we`¨vcwZ Awa`ß‡ii mnKvix cÖ‡KŠkjx (cyi): 2019]
M weRqMyß N fviZP›`ª S KfviZP›`ª ivq ¸YvKi L gyKz›`yivg PµeZ©x
45. ga¨hy‡Mi cÖ_g Kwe †K? [cÖevmx Kj¨vY I ê‡`wkK Kg©ms¯’vb gš¿Yvj‡qi M weRq ¸ß N Nbivg PµeZ©x Q
DcmnKvix cwiPvjK: 18; Kg©ms¯’vb e¨vsK Awdmvi: 07] 57. ag©g½j Kv‡eï Kvwnwb †KvbwU? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK wkÿK cixÿv- 2014]
K PÐx`vm L we`¨vcwZ K ivRv nwikP‡›`ªi Kvwnwb L jvD‡m‡bi Kvwnwb
M †`ŠjZ KvRx N eo– PÐx`vm S M ag©cv‡ji Kvwnwb NKIL S

----
-
1. evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ ivav-K…ò welqK cÖ_g Kvwnwb Kve¨ †KvbwU? 6. †Kvb gymjgvb Kwe êòe c` iPbv K‡ib?
K MxZ‡Mvwe›` L kÖxK…òKxZ©b K †kL dqRyjøvn L ˆmq` AvBbywÏb
M k~b¨cyivY N †mK ï‡fv`qv M AvjvIj N Giv cÖ‡Z¨‡KB
7. Ôgbmvg½jÕ-Gi †jLK †K?
2. wb‡Pi †KvbwU kÖxK…òKxZ©b Kv‡eï PwiÎ bq?
K K…wËevm L gvjvai emy
K ivav L K…ò
M gvwbK `Ë N Kvbv nwi`Ë DËigvjv
M eovB N Ck¦ix cvUbx 8. evsjv mvwn‡Zï cÖ_g bvMwiK Kwe †K? 1 L
3. kÖxK…òKxZ©b Kve¨ KZ mv‡j Avwe®‹…Z nq? K fviZP›`ª L Ck¦iP›`ª¸ß 2 N
K 1907 mv‡j L 1908 mv‡j M `yM©v`vm N fevb›` gRyg`vi 3 M
M 1909 mv‡j N 1916 mv‡j 9. mv‡ci AwaôvÎx †èx gbmvi Aci bvg Kx? 4 L
K †ÿgvb›` L †KZKv
4. K…òfw³ ZË¡iƒc jvf K‡iwQj †Kvb hy‡M? 5 M
M cÙveZx NLIM
K cÖvK ˆPZb¨ hy‡M L ˆPZb¨ hy‡M 6 N
10. ÔKweK¼bÕ Kvi Dcvwa?
M cÖvPxb hy‡M N AvaywbK hy‡M 7 N
K gvjvai emy
5. we`¨vcwZ †Kvb fvlvq c` iPbv Ki‡Zb? 8 K
L gyKz›ìvg PµeZx©
K evsjv L ms¯‹…Z M gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë
9 N
M eªReywj N cvwj N gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq 10 L

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B C S wcÖwjwgbvwi ◼ †jKPvi wkU evsjv fvlv I mvwnZ¨ †jKPvi 2

ga¨hy‡Mi mvwnZ¨ (1201-1800)

“Your Success Benchmark” 19

20 “Your Success Benchmark”

“Your Success Benchmark” 21

22 “Your Success Benchmark”

“Your Success Benchmark” 23

“Your Success Benchmark” 25

mv_©K g½jKv‡e¨i LÐ: MÖš’Kvi MÖš’ PwiÎ

“Your Success Benchmark” 27

3. Abœ`vg½‡ji Kwe fviZP›`ª ivq †kÖôgv‡bi we`¨vmy›`i Kv‡e¨i ag©g½‡ji Kwe

30 “Your Success Benchmark”

K weRq ¸ß L fviZP›`ª ivq¸YvKi

“Your Success Benchmark” 31

14. gyKz›`ivg PµeZx© †Kvb avivi Kwe? 28. we`¨vcwZi Rb¥-

32 “Your Success Benchmark”

“Your Success Benchmark” 33

34 “Your Success Benchmark”

M dwi`cyi N PÆMÖvg Q 108. †KvbwU †jŠwKK g½jKve¨?

“Your Success Benchmark” 35

36 “Your Success Benchmark”

“Your Success Benchmark” 37

38 “Your Success Benchmark”

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