1. What is Research?

literature review helps the author learn

- Research is defined as a meticulous and about the history and nature of their
systematic inquiry process designed to topic, and identify research gaps and
explore and unravel specific subjects or problems.
issues with precision. This methodical
approach encompasses the thorough 5. Why related literature is important in
collection, rigorous analysis, and research?
insightful interpretation of information, - Provides the interpretation of existing
aiming to delve deep into the nuances of literature in light of updated
a chosen field of study. developments in the field to help in
establishing the consistency in
2. Discuss its importance to your chosen knowledge and relevancy of existing
field. materials
- Research allows you to pursue your - It helps in calculating the impact of the
interests, to learn something new, to latest information in the field by
hone your problem-solving skills and to mapping their progress of knowledge.
challenge yourself in new ways. (Ans. - It brings out the dialects of
may vary.) contradictions between various
thoughts within the field to establish
3. Enumerate five characteristics of a good facts
research problem. - The research gaps scrutinized initially
Many authors of research books put forth are further explored to establish the
the following as some of the characteristics latest facts of theories to add value to
of a good research problem: the field
- A good research problem should be - Indicates the current research place in
specific. The variables are clearly stated, the schema of a particular field
and the relationship is properly cited. - Provides information for relevancy and
- It should be measurable. It can be coherency to check the research
measured accurately by research - Apart from elucidating the continuance
instruments. of knowledge, it also points out areas
- It is achievable. The data are achievable that require further investigation and
using correct statistical techniques to thus aid as a starting point of any
come up with reliable findings future research
- It is realistic. The results are empirical - Justifies the research and sets up the
and not manipulated. The researcher research question
respects and upholds the integrity of the - Sets up a theoretical framework
evidence comprising the concepts and theories of
- It is time-bound. Time frame is essential the research upon which its success can
to realize or complete the study at a set be judged
time. - Helps to adopt a more appropriate
methodology for the research by
Other Answers: examining the strengths and
- A good research problem must be timely weaknesses of existing research in the
and up-to-date. same field.
- It must be researchable through a
scientific methodology. 6. Differentiate conceptual literature from
- It must be innovative or is a probable research literature.
step to produce novel solutions. - Conceptual literature Conceptual
- Its solution must be relevant and literature is an approach that involves
beneficial to a good number of people. studying and evaluating information
- It should be interesting and challenging that is already available on a certain
to solve especially to the researcher and topic.
to the area of specialization to which he - The research literature offers others'
belongs. thoughts and work in fields related to
- It has enough related findings to help the one being studied, whereas
the researcher in making a "conceptual literature" refers to a
comprehensive exploration. researcher's own judgments about the
- Its solution is significant to community size and structure of an issue.
or local and national development.
7. What are a concept and a variable?
4. What is review of related literature as a - Concepts are general or abstract ideas
process and as a result of the process that express the social and/or economic
- A literature review involves researching, phenomena to be studied. They are the
reading, analyzing, evaluating, and subjects of inquiry and analysis that are
summarizing scholarly literature of interest to users.
(typically journals and articles) about a - A variable consists of two components, a
specific topic. The results of a literature statistical unit and a property.
review may be an entire report or article
OR may be part of a article, thesis,
dissertation, or grant proposal. A
8. Differentiate conceptual definition from instead to obtain objective information,
operational definition. such as determining the best time to
- A conceptual definition tells you what undergo a specific medical procedure.
the concept means, while an operational
definition only tells you how to measure How are the approaches of quantitative
it. A conceptual definition tells what and qualitative research different?
your constructs are by explaining how
they are related to other constructs. - In qualitative studies, data is usually
This explanation and all of the gathered in the field from smaller
constructs it refers to are abstract. On sample sizes, which means researchers
the other hand, your operational might personally visit participants in
definitions describe the variables you their own homes or other environments.
will use as indicators for your Once the research is completed, the
constructs and the procedures you will researcher must evaluate and make
use to observe or measure the variables. sense of the data in its context, looking
for trends or patterns from which new
9. Why there is a need to define constructs theories, concepts, narratives, or
operationally? hypotheses can be generated.
- To work with your constructs, you must
establish a connection between them - Quantitative research is typically carried
and the concrete reality in which you out via tools (such as questionnaires)
live. This process is called instead of by people (such as a
operationalization. Your operational researcher asking interview questions).
definitions describe the variables you Another significant difference is that, in
will use as indicators and the qualitative studies, researchers must
procedures you will use to observe or interpret the data to build hypotheses.
measure them. You need an operational In a quantitative analysis, the
definition because you can't measure researcher sets out to test a hypothesis.
anything without one, no matter how
good your conceptual definition might 11. Comparison matrix of research
be. methods,
- Operationalization is essential in social
sciences and research to make variables
or constructs clear, measurable, and
replicable.

10. Discuss fully the differences

between quantitative and qualitative
research.
- Qualitative research differs from
quantitative research in its objectives,
techniques, and design. Qualitative
research aims to gain insights into
phenomena, groups, or experiences that
cannot be objectively measured or 12. What is sampling?
quantified using mathematics. Instead - When doing a research study, we should
of seeking to uncover precise answers or consider the sample to be representative
statistics in a controlled environment to the target population, as much as
like quantitative research, qualitative possible, with the least possible error
research is more exploratory, drawing and without substitution or
upon data sources such as incompleteness. The process of selecting
photographs, journal entries, video a sample population from the target
footage, and interviews. population is called the “sampling
- Quantitative research tackles questions method”.
from different angles compared to - Sampling can be defined as the process
qualitative research. Instead of probing through which individuals or sampling
for subjective meaning by asking units are selected from the sample
exploratory “how?” and “why?” frame.
questions, quantitative research
provides precise causal explanations 13. What is population?
that can be measured and - The research population, also known as
communicated mathematically. While the target population, refers to the
qualitative researchers might visit entire group or set of individuals,
subjects in their homes or otherwise in objects, or events that possess specific
the field, quantitative research is characteristics and are of interest to the
usually conducted in a controlled researcher. It represents the larger
environment. Instead of gaining insight population from which a sample is
or understanding into a subjective, drawn.
context-dependent issue, as is the case
with qualitative research, the goal is
14. What is sample? 17. Difference between structured
- A sample is a subset of individuals from observation and unstructured
a larger population. Sampling means observation.
selecting the group that you will - Structured observation - the researcher
actually collect data from in your systematically classifies the behavior
research. Samples are used to make they observe into distinct categories.
inferences about populations. - Unstructured observation - the observer
simply records what they see and
15. What are the steps in sampling? experience in whatever way they can.
- Identify the population of interest (Target
population): 18. Difference between interview
schedule and questionnaire.
Target population refers to the group of - In Questionnaires, responses are filled
individuals or objects to which by the respondents. In interview
researchers are interested in schedule method, responses are filled by
generalizing their findings. the enumerators themselves. In the
A well-defined population reduces the Questionnaire method, there is no scope
likelihood of undesirable individuals or for bias or the answers getting
objects. A sample is taken from the influenced by the interviewer's thought
target population. process as the answers are filled by the
respondents themselves.
- Select a sampling frame:
19. Difference between Participatory
The sampling frame is the group of research and participant observation.
individuals or objects from which the - Participant observation and
researcher will draw the sample. participatory research are both methods
It is the actual list of all units in a target of data collection in social research.
population from which the sample is However, they differ in the level of
taken. involvement of the researcher in the
study setting and the extent to which
- Specify the sampling technique : they are perceived as participants.
- Participant observation involves the
Sampling can be done by two researcher immersing themselves in the
techniques: probability (random study setting as a participant and
selection) or non-probability (non- observing the behavior and activities of
random) technique. others. The researcher takes on a
Now, if the sampling frame is passive role, observing and taking notes
approximately the same as the target without actively participating in the
population, random selection may be events being studied.
used to select samples - Participatory research, on the other
hand, is a more active form of
- Determine the sample size: observation where the researcher
becomes a full participant in the study
The sample size is defined as the setting and engages in the activities of
number of units in the sample. Sample the people being studied. In this
size determination depends on many method, the researcher not only
factors such as time, cost, and facility. observes but also participates in the
events and activities taking place. This
- Execute the sampling plan: can lead to a deeper understanding of
the culture and behaviors being studied,
Once population, sampling frame, but also raises ethical concerns about
sampling technique, and sample size the researcher's role and potential
are identified, the researcher can use all impact on the study setting.
that information to execute the
sampling plan and collect the data 20. What is the general rule in direct
required for the research. quotation?
- You'll often use direct quotes in the
16. Why is a random sampling a middle of a paragraph. Use double
technique? quotation marks at the beginning and
- Random sampling is a part of the end of the quote, use the exact words
sampling technique in which each from the original text and show your
sample has an equal probability of being source or your work being could be
chosen. A sample chosen randomly is considered as plagiarism.
meant to be an unbiased representation - A direct quotation is when you take
of the total population. another person's words and place them
in your own document. These must
always be placed inside quotation
marks and given appropriate attribution
(MLA, APA, Chicago, etc).
21. Enumerate and discuss three source, such as the author's name, title
exceptions to the general rule of direct of the work, publication date, and other
quotations. relevant details. Both systems work
- Paraphrasing: Instead of directly together to ensure that proper credit is
quoting someone, you can paraphrase given to the original sources and that
their words by putting their ideas into readers can easily locate and verify the
your own words. This is often done to information used in the research.
simplify complex language or to better
integrate the information into your own 24. What is the difference between
writing. plagiarism and copyright violation?
- Summarizing: Summarizing involves - Plagiarism and copyright violation are
condensing the main points of both forms of intellectual property
someone's statement or text without infringement, but they differ in their
using their exact words. This is useful nature and legal implications.
when you want to provide a brief Plagiarism refers to the act of using
overview of a longer passage or when someone else's work, ideas, or words
you want to emphasize key points. without proper attribution or
- Reporting speech: When reporting what permission, presenting them as one's
someone said in a more informal own. It is an ethical issue that involves
setting, such as in a news article or a dishonesty and lack of academic
conversation, you may not need to use integrity.
direct quotations. Instead, you can - On the other hand, copyright violation
simply convey the information in your occurs when someone uses copyrighted
own words while still accurately material without authorization from the
representing the speaker's message. copyright holder, infringing on the
- These exceptions allow for more exclusive rights granted to the creator
flexibility in how you incorporate others' under copyright law. Copyright
words and ideas into your writing while infringement is a legal issue that can
still maintaining accuracy and clarity. result in legal action, fines, or other
penalties.
22. What is documentation? - In summary, plagiarism is more about
- Documentation in research refers to the academic dishonesty and improper
process of recording and citing all attribution of ideas, while copyright
sources of information used in a study violation involves the unauthorized use
or project. This includes documenting of protected material and can have legal
where data, facts, ideas, and quotations consequences. It is important to avoid
were obtained from to give credit to the both plagiarism and copyright
original sources and to allow others to infringement by properly citing sources
verify the information. and obtaining permission to use
- Proper documentation is essential in copyrighted material when necessary.
research to maintain academic integrity,
avoid plagiarism, and provide 25. Lexy borrowed a statement from a
transparency in the research process. It copyrighted material whose author died
typically involves creating a bibliography 100 years ago. But she failed to
or reference list that lists all the sources document or recognize the source of
consulted, following a specific citation quoted statement. What offense did Lexy
style such as APA, MLA, or Chicago. commit? What are the consequences of
- By documenting sources accurately, such act?
researchers can build on existing - In this scenario, Lexy has committed
knowledge, acknowledge the the offense of plagiarism by failing to
contributions of others, and ensure the properly document or recognize the
credibility and reliability of their work. source of the quoted statement, even
though the author of the copyrighted
23. What are the two systems of material has been deceased for 100
documentation? years. Plagiarism is the act of using
- The two main systems of documentation someone else's work, ideas, or words
in research are in-text citations and without proper attribution, regardless of
bibliographies or reference lists. In-text the copyright status of the material.
citations are used within the body of the - The consequences of plagiarism can
research paper to indicate where vary depending on the severity of the
specific information or ideas were offense and the policies of the
sourced from. These citations typically institution or organization involved. In
include the author's last name and the academic settings, plagiarism can result
publication year of the source. in penalties such as failing grades,
- On the other hand, bibliographies or academic probation, or even expulsion.
reference lists are included at the end of In professional and legal contexts,
the research paper and provide a plagiarism can damage one's reputation,
detailed list of all the sources cited in lead to legal action, and result in
the paper. These lists include full financial penalties.
bibliographic information for each
- It is important for individuals to always
properly cite and attribute sources, even
if the material is in the public domain or
the author is deceased. Proper
documentation and recognition of
sources not only demonstrate academic
integrity but also respect the intellectual
property rights of others.