CCTV INSTALLATION PRACTICAL

HANDBOOK

BY

BENJAMIN AWUMEY

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WHAT IS CCTV CAMERA?
CCTV (Closed-circuit television), is a system that allows you to keep an eye on
what is going on around and within your premises (office space or your home).
Cameras and monitors are used to view events live, recorders archive footage for
later reference.
The purpose of security cameras is to capture footage, especially in any
vulnerable or high-crime places in and around your building.

In CCTV camera installations, we have both the Analog and the IP

(internet Protocol) types. This manual will help us to see how both of
them are installed in different ways.

PROS AND CONS OF CCTV CAMERAS

PROS
 Heightened monitoring: the main purpose of a CCTV system is you have
the ability to view everything that happens in an area. It helps to aid an
investigation.
 Keeps records: if something strange or interesting happened at your area
under security cameras you will always have a record of what happens.
 Reduces crime: it creates awareness to people within the area or criminals.
It also makes passer-by to careful of what to do and what not to do under
camera supervision.

CONS
 Make people feel uncomfortable and breach privacy
 Vulnerable
 Unable to stop crime

So first of all we are going to start with the Analog types of camera installations.

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TYPES OF CAMERAS AND THEIR PURPOSE
CCTV cameras come in different shapes, sizes, styles, configurations and are
designed to meet different purposes. These include:
1. Dome/indoor camera: these cameras are named after their shape and are
typically used for indoor security systems. They are widely used in retail
spaces, homes and even office spaces.

DOME CAMERA

2. Bullet/outdoor camera: bullet cameras have a long and tapered

cylindrical- like design. They are mostly used for outdoors, especially in areas
where long viewing is necessary. They can also be used for indoors especially
backyard and parking lots. They are made with water proof and casing.

BULLET CAMERA

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3. C-mount

C-MOUNT CAMERA

PTZ CAMERA

4. Pan Tilt Zoom (PTZ) camera

PTZ cameras are the ones that rotate manually or

automatically. They are very large in size and can be
used to monitor a wide range of area.

5. Network /IP camera

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6. High definition (HD) camera
7. Infrared /Night Vision camera
8. Day and night CCTV camera
9. Wireless camera
For camera installation the two types of video signal display are the analog and
digital type of camera. Our main focus will be on resolution and pixels of a
camera.

WHAT IS NEEDED/COMPONENTS TO ACCOMPLISH CCTV INSTALLATIONS

(Analog)
1. Camera (analog)
2. DVR (digital video recorder)
3. Hard drive
4. Display screen (LCD, desktop or LEDs)
5. Power source….. (Connectors and adapters with splitters)
6. Video boosters or video Balun
7. VGA or HDMI cable
8. Router and Ethernet cable for live view
9. Finally all your necessary tools
10. BNC (British naval connectors)

ANALOG CAMERA
Analog CCTV cameras are hard wired to surveillance DVRs and monitors using
coax cable such as the RG-59 and probably new technology, it is also possible to
use the network cable or UTP. The DVR which stands for digital video recorder
converts the analog signals to digital, compresses it, and then stores it on a hard
drive. Before you buy a come a camera you have to decide on the pixel.
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What then is the pixel and resolution of a camera?
In a simple language resolution, it is the recording quality from CCTV cameras.
1080p, or full HD resolution, records images that measure 1920 × 1080p pixels;
720p HD images measures 1280 × 720p pixels. The “p” in 720p and 1080p stands
for “progressive scan,” which helps minimize blur caused by movement.
What about the pixel?
The pixel simply in a sense should be “picture element”. It is the basic unit of
Programmable color on a computer display.

WHAT IS THE DVR?

DVR stands for Digital Video Recorder. It is a device that converts analog signals
from a CCTV camera to digital format, stores information on a hard drive and also
sends live video transmission to other devices on the network. Technically this
DVRs comes in 720p and 1080p.
NOTE: 720p camera is compatible with 720p DVR
1080p camera is compatible with 1080p DVR
1080p camera is not compatible with 720p DVR

HARD DRIVE, DISPLAY SCREEN AND POWER SOURCE

The more cameras you install the bigger the space of the hard drive. At least 4
cameras, 500GB or 1TB is drive advisable is enough for at least 2MP cameras.
Either you go in for a desktop or a flat screen with HDMI or VGA slots and other
slots that will support the image on the screen.
The source of power that goes to the security cameras is DC (direct current) and
not AC (alternating current). This is the reason why we use an adapter to convert
the AC to DC.

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INSTALLATION OF ANALOG CCTV CAMERA
Component and material needed:
As I said earlier on we need cameras, DVR display screen, hard drive, power
connectors, power adapters, splitters, and video Balun or BNC connectors, VGA or
HDMI cable, coaxial cable or network cable (UTP).
LET’S BEGIN WITH HOW THE UTP OR NETWORK CABLE (Cat5 OR Cat6) IS USED TO
INSTALL CCTV CAMERA
When installing analog camera with UTP, we use video Balun.
The video balun is responsible for images to be display on the screen.
The UTP cable is a 4pair (8 cables in total) cable with solid colors and branded
colors. You can choose to make use of the 8 cables or only 6 of them. You will
know more about the network cable when you enroll in the networking class.

NETWORK CABLE

Power connectors: this connectors are small in size and with positive (+) and
negative (-) terminal. We have both the female (F) and male (M) connectors.
Note: always the male connectors are connected to the cameras and the female
connects to the splitter.

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Already made camera cable
4way splitter and adapter

The first image above shows an already made cables for analog cameras. As I said
earlier on that the male power connector goes to the camera and the female side goes
to the splitter (second image).

Female power connector

Male power connector

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HOW IS THE CONNECTION DONE TO THE POWER CONNECTORS AND BALUN?
As I said earlier on that you can use all the 4pair or 3pair of the network cable. Is
either you connect 3 cables to each terminal or 2 cable of the power connector,
meaning 2 for positive and 2 for negative or 3 each. And doing this depends on
your own color coding. Just peel and twist the cables of your choice.
Note: any color code you terminate at one end of the cable, same should be done
at the other end. If you fail to fulfill this you won’t get the result.
This is because if for instance you are installing only one camera, you need two
(2) power connectors and two (2) video balun

POWER AND VIDEO BALUN CONNECTION VIDEO BALUN

For the Balun connection, it also has both negative and positive terminal. Only a
pair (2 cables) of cable is required to be connected to the Balun. Each terminal
takes only one (1) cable. Whatever color you use at one end of the cable with
video balun, the same should be done at the other end with another video
balun. This means that we two video balun for one camera installation, same for
the power connectors as well. So it means that if you are installing 5 cameras,
you will need 10 video balun, 10 power connectors which 5 will be male and the
other 5 will be female.

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DVR
For the DVR, we have them from 4channel……. × 2 and it continuous like that.
Meaning from 4 to 8, 16, and 32 and ….64+
Before connecting the installation to the power source, first insert the hard
drive (HDD) in the DVR. Connect your VGA or HDMI cable to the display
screen and the mouse to the DVR. Check all your connection very well before
you power.
Below is a picture that shows clearly how the installation is done

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The above image shows how the network cable is used for the video balun once
again. In the image you can see that only 2 cables are used for the video and 4
cables for the power. For the power you can choose to use all the remaining 6
cables or you only 4. There is no permanent color code for this installation. You
choose the preferred you want to use. Whatever color used at one end of the cable,
same should be used at the other end as well as do the terminal connections as
well.

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COAXIAL CABLE (RG-59)

RG-59 (radio guide- 59) is a special type of cable for camera installation. It is also
called the twin cable or Siamese cable because both power and coaxial are
attached. When using the coaxial cable we make use of the BNC (British naval
connectors) instead of the video balun. Below is a picture of a Siamese cable or RG-
59 cable.

SIAMESE CABLE BNC

Probably some of you have connected your TV antennas in the house

before, that the similar way to do that here as well. A picture below shows
how the connection can be done.

After the BNC connection you do connection to the power side as well with your
power connectors. Is as simple as that.

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 SETTING AND CONFIGURATION OF DVR

Setting and configuration of a DVR differ when it comes to interfaces on each

company’s DVR or brand. But all you need to know is to follow the same
procedures. After you put on your DVR, you’ll get all you need in the MENU
option to set up your DVR. Below is a picture how to configure your DVR. This is
for “HIK vision” which is the most sold camera in the market.
 First you go to the menu

 secondly click HDD button to open the Hard Disk Drive configuration

You need to format the Hard Drive before you continue, otherwise it won’t record.
After that select Init (initiate) to clear all data.

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  After that set the time and date. Set the date properly otherwise you
might not see your videos recorded. Click the configuration to do that.
Make sure you check the time zone your country is using.




 Let see how we can configure the cameras. Open the camera menu.

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If you are using Hikvision camera the default technology is HD-TVI, for Samsung
cameras the default technology is AHD, other low-resolution cameras are CVBS.
Let go to the OSD (On Screen Display) configuration. This part helps you to name
the particular camera e.g. backyard or car park.

Hikvision DVR recording setup

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Click the record button to open the recording setup screen.
Here you can select continuous or motion. When it’s on motion it will only record
when there is movement. This could also save space on the hard derive than
when it is set on motion. But I prefer continuous.

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Remember to setup the camera motion as you saw in the previous step,
otherwise the camera won’t be recorded.
You can see when the camera is being recorded by the icon that is displayed on
the screen.

Hikvision DVR Playback

If your DVR is correctly setup you will be able to have a good playback. Just right
click the screen and choose “playback”.

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 In the playback menu, you can choose the camera, date
and time you want to playback. You can see the colors indicating continuous or
event recording.

HOW TO ACCESS HIKVISION DVR FROM MOBILE (STEP BY STEP)

Before you will be able to achieve this, your DVR has to be connect to a strong
internet with an Ethernet cable from the DVR to the router.

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The steps are easy to follow. Just download the iVMS- 4500 app on your phone
from your App store or you download HiK-connect. Create an account with app
and finally add the DVR by pointing the mobile camera to DVR QR code.

 Install the app on your mobile phone

iVMS- 4500 is a video surveillance software

 Open the iVMS-4500 app and click on the left menu and then click on the
button HiK-Connect. If it is your first time you are using the app you to
create an account. See the picture below

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 Follow the steps as shown above and do the
necessary steps like codes that will be sent to your mail on phone to
accomplish the registration.

Click the + sign to add your DVR to the app.

The app opens the camera to scan the QR code or it can be done manually
by putting in the serial number and the verification. The serial number is on
the box of the DVR.
After entering the verification code, the App shows DVR connected. Just
click the “Live view” button to see the image from the DVR.

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 DVR LOCAL CONNECTION AND CONFIGURATION
There will diagram and pictures for you to understand the concept clearly.
1. Connect the cables
I. Use a UTP (network cable cat5e or cat6) to connect the DVR to the router.

NETWORK CABLE FROM ANY LAN PORT OF THE ROUTER GOES TO THE DVR

Test the local connection to the DVR

The diagram below shows an example of the IP addresses used by the three
devices, they are because they are on the same network.

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Before configuring the remote access make sure you can have access to the DVR
using your computer or laptop using a web browser such as internet explorer,
Google chrome or Firefox but internet explorer is better.
In your computer just open the web browser and type the IP address of the DVR
and hit on the ENTER key and the username and password you created.
Usually, in the first time you are trying to access the DVR via a web browser, a
message asking to install a plugin pops up. Just click to accept and install.

After entering the correct username and password, you will be able to see your
cameras via Web Browser which means the local installation is OK.

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The next step is to make sure the DVR has all the correct network information for
the remote access configuration, this can be checked in the network menu.
Click on the DVR menu “configuration” and “network”.

In the network basic settings menu and check the following:

- The IPV4 DVR IP address (according to your network range).
- The IPV4 subnet Mask (usually will be the same as your computer).

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 - The IPV4 Default Gateway (that’s the router IP).
- The DNS Server (you can use 4.2.2.2 and 8.8.8.8)
Note: if you check the DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) box, the DVR
will receive all the information from the router, just make sure the information is
correct and uncheck the DHCP box.
Configuration of the DVR port
The DVR uses ports to communicate with the web browser, computer software
and mobile App. (They are virtual and physical ports). This information is available
in the network menu under the Basic settings and Port.

Each port represents a service available in the DVR and a client such as a computer,
a mobile or a tablet has access to them via those ports. Note that the HTTP port has
been changed from the default value (80) to 8081. The 8081 is just an example to
replace the 80 and is pretty common to change the port that way so the DVR port
does not conflict with the router ports (which are 80 by default).
The RSTP port 554 is a universal and some software receive video streaming from
the DVR by requesting a connection to this port.
The HTTPS port 443 is also a universal standard for secure connection via a web
browser.
The Server port 8000 is used to stream video to stream video to a computer
software or mobile App used by the manufacturer (Hikvision).
Important After you change the HTTP port from 80 to 8081 the web browser will
disconnect, so you need to connect again by informing the new port number, in
the example, you to type http://192.168.1.1:8081 in the web browser.

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DIGITAL/IP CAMERA INSTALLATION
What are digital or IP cameras?
An internet protocol (IP) camera are type of digital cameras that receives, control data
and sends image via the internet. They are commonly used for surveillance. When it
comes to IP cameras, we have those that are PoE enabled and non-PoE. If I make
mention of internet, it doesn’t you need to have data on the network before it works. IP
is just a protocol for transmission of data.

WAYS OF INSTALLING DIGITAL/IP CAMERA

Installation of PoE and non-PoE cameras.

Before installation of this camera, we need some few equipment and accessories. This
Includes:

 IP camera (PoE/non PoE)

 NVR (network video recorder)
 Cat 5e or Cat6 network cabling
 Monitor or a flat screen
 HDD (hard disk drive)
 Network switch
 PoE adapters
 RJ-45 connector

IP CAMERA: We have IP cameras that are PoE compatible and non-PoE.

What is PoE then? PoE stands for Power over Ethernet. It means that devices that are PoE
compatible get their power or electrical signal without powering the device from an
electrical source direct from probably from a PoE switch which commonly noted for that
in networking. So we are going to see key ways of installing this devices.

1. When using PoE (Power over Ethernet) compatible cameras, then it means you have to
go in for PoE switches as well. PoE cameras are easily installed as compared to non-PoE.
But PoE are more expensive as compared to the non-PoE. Poe cameras do not need any
power to power the cameras, but with the aid of the PoE switches gives power to the
camera through the Ethernet.
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A diagram below shows how PoE IP camera and PoE switch is installed with a non-PoE
NVR

In the diagram below you will realize that there is no power being supplied to the camera.
Because of the PoE switch which supplies power to the camera through the Ethernet. Any
device which is PoE compatible can be connected to a PoE switch to supply power.
Examples of such devices include: AP (access point), digital/IP phones and more.

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 SWITCH
NVR (Network Video Recorder)
What are NVR?
NVR is a recording device with RJ-45 ports or a port for recording IP camera footages onto
a Hard Disk Drive. We have NVRs that are PoE compatible and those that are not PoE
compatible. So we are going to see how to connect those as well.

The image below is a PoE NVR with eight (8) RJ 45 ports for the camera and another RJ 45
port for internet connection. Connecting is easy as ABC. You just have to run your network
cable or popularly called the Ethernet cable to where the various camera will be and the
other end to where the NVR will be. Use the RJ 45 and connect to both end of the cable
and connect to their various ports. After all your connection just power the NVR after
insertion of the Hard Drive disk (size of Hard Drive depends on the number of cameras.

A diagram showing how PoE NVR with PoE cameras are installed

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 RJ 45 connector

Ethernet cable

If you want to understand more about IP cameras I will urge you to do a little research
about computer networking which am into that as well.

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POE IP CAMERA INSTALLATION WITH A NON POE SWITCH WITH

2. what about PoE IP camera with a non-PoE switch?

Probably, installation of PoE IP camera with a non-PoE switch means that the NVR is
a non-PoE as well.

The above image is an example of a PoE injector or adapter. When you take a
critical look, you will realize that it has both LAN and POE slots. The POE is
connected to the device like the IP cameras, digital phones, AP which are PoE
compatible whiles the LAN port is connected to the switch or router which is
not a POE switch. So the adapter is being supplied with power from an
electrical socket.

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So the above diagram shows how the PoE adapter is used to install a PoE camera or
devices without a PoE switch

3. Installation of a non-PoE IP camera, with a non-PoE NVR (with one RJ 45 port),

with a non-PoE switch and without PoE adapter.

In this case the client doesn’t have the PoE devices to work out this particular
project. But there is still a way out.
Anytime you buy a non-PoE IP camera, it comes with its own adapter.
After you run your network cables. In networking on the RJ 45 connector, the
power pins are 7 and 8 whiles the data pins are 1&2, 3&6 (video). In this case pin
4&5 will be used with the 7&8 for power.

Fig 2.1
The image above will give you clear understanding of what am referring to. After
you run the network cable for your installation, you will split the cable into two
one for the RJ 45 connection which connects to the camera for your video, and the
other 4 remaining cable will be for power.
Let’s see how the adapter will be of help to us this time around.

12 dc adapter of the camera.

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This cable is long enough to do the connection. Let’s do the connection. I will cut
this cable into two, one side at the camera and the other side at the main power
supply. So in fig 2.1 above you connect the adapter you cut without the adapter
and connect it to the network cable for power and do the same at the other end of
the cable as well.

So the image above should depict the connection am referring to. As I said earlier
at that the beginning of this paragraph that, the male power connector goes to the
camera, so you have to do the same here if you are cutting the adapter.

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So the diagram above shows the connection using the adapter with network cable.
In this case we are not considering the splitter in between the cable. This is
because I couldn’t get the actual picture. In this case we assume the splitter is not
included, just assume is only a network cable.

VIDEO LOSS TROUBLESHOOTING FOR DVRs/NVRs

This guide will help you to troubleshoot any DVR video loss or any fault that may
occur. So take this serious you will miss a lot.
1. VIDEO LOSS: There are two types of video loss. There can be a video loss on
the display screen or a video loss due the cameras not working or unable to be
seen on the display screen. The focus will be on the video loss on the camera.
Check power supply. Obviously without power the cameras will not
work. So checking power should be the first step.
Check camera IRs (infrared)

Try to determine if the cameras are receiving power.

- Cup your hands around the front of the camera.
- Place your eye up to your hands and look for the slight red glow
that indicates IRs are powering up. If you don’t see a red glow,
that indicates cameras may not be receiving power. That should
be the focus of your initial troubleshooting efforts.

Check power supply in use.

- You should check first that your camera supply are properly
connected to a wall socket or PoE switch or whatever is
powering the cameras. Then make sure that your power
is connected to your splitter for input into the camera cables.(
that’s if is an analog camera)
Check power splitters if applicable.
- Ensure that you can trace a power line all the way from the
power supply, through a splitter and into each of your camera
cables.

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 CHECK PHYSICAL CONNECTIONS

Check cables into recorder.

- Check that each camera cable is connected to camera channel
input of the DVR or NVR.
- Check that the connectors are fully locked, and that the
connectors are fully locked, and that the connectors themselves
feel tight.
Check cables into camera.
Check signal type

ADVANCED TROUBLESHOOTIING
If you have tried all of the above and still unable to resolve the issue, then it
is possible that there is a faulty component or device that is causing the
issue.
ISOLATION TEST

Disconnect cameras.
You should remove all camera cables from the rear of the recorder. Make
sure the connectors are completely separated and not touching anything
metallic (including other cable connectors).
Disconnect power supply.
Next, disconnect all the power connections from the camera cables. In
particular disconnect all splitters from the end of the power supply cables.
We do this to leave the minimum required component online for testing
purposes.
Connect one camera only. Next you will connect only one camera cable to
the port of the DVR and try each splitter slots one by one to see where the
actual problem is.
Interpreting the results.
If all the cameras fail to work on the same port, change power supplies and
set the power supply that did not work as suspect. If they still fail to work
after you have changed through all power supplies, then proceed to Port
Test.
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 Cable Test
If we have identified one or two camera that fail on the isolation test, the
next step is to verify the cable is working.
Cross check the camera and cable
Next, you should disconnect the camera from this cable. Then, reconnect
one of the cameras that did not fail the isolation Test. So we will use a
camera that is working to test the cable.
If you connect up a different camera and the camera fails to show an
image, then the cable is suspect.

Port Test
Connect one known working camera to ports where cameras were not
working.
The results from this test are fairly straightforward. If there are any port on
the recorder that always fail to produce an image, then that port is likely to
have spoil and the DVR could also be a suspect as well also.

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 THE END
I URGE THE READER OF THIS MANUAL TO DO MORE
RESEARCH ATTACHED. THANK YOU

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