QUARTER
PHYSICAL
SCIENCE
Grade 12
LESSON 2
Examples of
Astronomical
Phenomena Before the
Advent of Telescopes
Objectives:
1. Explain what is astronomy.
2. Enumerate the examples of
astronomical phenomena.
3. Describe the phases of the moon.
4. Differentiate lunar and solar
eclipses.
What I
know!!
Lunar eclipses can occur only during a
_________.
a. first quarter moon
B. b. full moon
c. new moon
d. third quarter moon
What is the other name for the star Polaris?
a. Andromeda
C. b. Antares
c. North Star
d. South Star
Which of the following is the brightest planet?
a. Earth
D b. Mars
c. Mercury
. d. Venus
It refers to the science of the universe outside
of our planet.
a. Astrology
B. b. Astronomy
c. Geography
d. Geology
In which direction does the Sun rise?
a. East
A. b. North
c. South
d. West
EXAMPLES OF
ASTRONOMICA
L PHENOMENA
BEFORE THE
ADVENT OF
TELESCOPES
Astronomical
Phenomena
Facts and events that happens
in the heavenly bodies.
1. rising and setting of the Sun in
the east and the west, respectively,
2. point where the Sun rises and
Even before the sets in the horizon varies in a
advent of the
year,
telescopes,
ancient 3. phases of the moon,
astronomers 4. lunar eclipse,
were able to
observe the 5. solar eclipse,
following: 6. daily and annual motion of the
stars, and
7. planets Mercury, Venus, Mars,
Jupiter, and Saturn.
1. RISING AND SETTING OF THE SUN
❑ Babylonian and
Egyptian civilizations
used a primitive version
of a sundial, called
gnomon, in
systematically observing
the motion of the sun.
❑ By looking at the shadows that the gnomon
casts, they were able to observe that the sun rises in
the eastern part of the sky, reaches its highest point
in midday, and sets in the western part of the sky.
❑ Earth's orbit around the Sun is
slightly elliptical. This means
that the Sun travels across the
sky at slightly different speeds
from day to day depending
upon where Earth is in its orbit.
2.
PHASES
OF THE
MOON
PHASES OF THE
MOON
• The New Moon
• -is when the Sun and
Moon are aligned, with the
Sun and Earth on opposite
sides of the Moon. At New
Moon, the Sun, the Moon,
and Earth are in alignment.
PHASES OF THE MOON
Waxing Crescent and
Waxing Gibbous Waxing Crescent
- the moon is waxing
when the sunlit portion is
getting larger.
Waxing Gibbous
PHASES OF THE
MOON
First Quarter
- Half the side of the moon
facing the earth appears
illuminated. It rises about
noon, reaches its high point
for the day at sundown, and
sets near midnight.
PHASES OF THE MOON
Full Moon
- The whole side of
the moon is now
illuminated to viewers
from the earth.
PHASES OF THE MOON
Waning Crescent and
Waning Gibbous Waning Gibbous
- The moon is waning
when the lit is getting
smaller.
Waning Crescent
PHASES OF THE
MOON
Third Quarter or Last Quarter
- is a Half Moon. The Third
Quarter Moon is when the opposite
half of the Moon is illuminated
compared to the First Quarter. Which
half you see lit up depends on where
you are on Earth.
-The Third Quarter Moon is the last
of the four primary Moon phases.
3. ECLIPSES
There are two types of eclipses:
❑ lunar eclipse and
❑ solar eclipse.
-an eclipse in which the moon appears darkened as it passes into
the earth's shadow.
Solar
Eclipse
- occurs when the moon gets between Earth and the
sun, and the moon casts a shadow over Earth..
Lunar Eclipse Solar Eclipse
Moon passes Both
Sun’s light is
through the blocked by the
Earth’s Moon.
shadow.
Happens during Happens during
Occur when
a Full Moon. one space a New moon.
object
Occurs about moves
Lunar into
Eclipse Occurs about
twice every one the shadow
(1) year. of another twice every
three (3) years
Lasts for
about for an Lasts for a few
hour. minutes.
4. DAILY AND ANNUAL MOTION OF
THE STARS
The movement of different celestial bodies
can be described as:
❖ diurnal motion;
❖annual motion;
❖ and precession of the equinoxes.
DIURNAL MOTION
- is the apparent
movement of stars and other
celestial bodies around the
earth as a direct effect of the
earth’s rotation on its own
axis.
PRECESSION OF THE
EQUINOXES
❑ As the sun revolves around the
ecliptic, it intersects the celestial
equator twice during a year at two
points.
❑ These points are called the
equinoxes: vernal and autumnal.
PRECESSION OF THE EQUINOXES
❑ During an equinox, the length of daytime is almost equal
to the length of nighttime.
⮚Vernal or spring equinox - March 21
⮚Autumnal equinox- September 22
❑ The gravitational force of the sun and the moon on Earth
causes the cyclic precession or “wobbling” of the Earth’s
axis of rotation.
5. PLANETS DISCOVERED BEFORE
THE INVENTION OF TELESCOPE
❑The planets that were discovered before the
invention of the telescope are:
- Mercury -
Jupiter, and
- Venus -
Saturn
Is the smallest,
and the fastest
planet.
It takes 88 earth
days to make one
revolution (1
year).
It is closest planet
to the sun.
(128˚C).
Mercury's elliptical orbit -
47 million kilometers (29
million miles) and as far as
70 million kilometers (43
million miles) from the
sun.
Mercury rotates only three
times for each two revolutions
around the sun, and so
Mercury’s daytime is both
very long and very hot, as
high as 430 degrees Celsius/
nighttime- -170˚C
Venus is the - is the brightest
object in the sky,
second planet and even visible
from the sun. in daylight.
It is called the evening
star during March and
April or a morning star
during September and
October.
Venus has the Venus
distinction of
spinning represents 243
backwards. of our days.
The Earth and Venus
are similar in size, mass,
and composition.
However, Venus has no
ocean.
Mars, the reddish planet, is
the only other known body
whose surface conditions
seemed suitable for life of
some kind.
Mars is a small rocky
body once thought to be
very earth-like.
Mars is far from the sun as
the earth and is not too cold for
human habitation. Mars captures
our fancy as another world,
perhaps one with life. Mars has
two small moons – Phobos, the
inner and Deimos, the outer.
Both are photo-shaped and have
cratered surfaces.
⮚ Jupiter, a huge planet,
is shrouded in thick
clouds that its surface
cannot be seen. Its
volume is about 1,300
times that of earth, but
its mass is only 300 times
as great.
⮚ Jupiter is the
most massive planet
in our solar system,
with four planet-sized
moons and many
smaller moons.
Its famous rings,
though it is much like
Jupiter, characterize
Saturn. The rings – two
bright ones and a fainter
inner one – surround the
planet in the plane of its
equator.
Saturn is one of the
most remarkable
objects in the sky. It is
brighter than all but
two stars and is
second among the
planets in mass and
size. Saturn is twice as
far from us as
Jupiter.
LESSON
3
Modern
Astronomy
Modern Astronomy, defined
by the invention of the
telescope (ca. 1600), and
the introduction of the
heliocentric system.
Objectives
:
1. discuss the notable contributions of some of
the notable astronomers of modern
astronomy;
2. describe the relationship of Brahe and
Kepler to the discovery of planetary motion;
and
3. realize the importance of the laws of
planetary motion.
❖ FIVE NOTED SCIENTISTS IN
MODERN ASTRONOMY
1. Nicolaus Copernicus
2. Tycho Brahe
3. Johannes Kepler
4. Galileo Galilei
5. Isaac Newton
NICOLAUS
COPERNICUS
❑ He was a student of Plato.
❑ was a Polish astronomer known
as the father of modern astronomy.
He was the first modern European
scientist to propose that Earth
and other planets revolve
around the sun, or the
Heliocentric Theory of the
universe.
TYCHO BRAHE
❑ was a Danish astronomer and
nobleman who made accurate
observations of the movement of
celestial bodies.
❑ He was able to determine the
position of 777 fixed stars
accurately because of his different
inventions of astronomical
instruments.
JOHANNES KEPLER
❑ A student and assistant of Brahe.
❑German astronomer who discovered
three major laws of planetary motion,
conventionally designated as follows:
1. The Law of Ellipses
2. The Law of Equal Areas
3. The Law of Harmony
1. THE LAW OF ELLIPSES
❖The law of ellipses
which describes that the
actual path followed by
the planets was elliptical,
not circular, with the Sun
at one focus of the
ellipse.
2. THE LAW OF EQUAL AREAS
❖The law of equal areas states that
when an imaginary line is drawn
from the center of the Sun to the
center of a planet, the line will
sweep out an equal area of space in
equal time intervals.
The law describes how fast a planet moves in its
orbit. A planet moves fastest when it is nearest
the Sun and slowest when it is farthest from the
Sun, and still, the same area is swept out by the
3. THE LAW OF HARMONY
• The law of harmonies, which is the third law, describes that the
square of a planet’s orbital period (T2) is proportional to the
cube of a planet’s average distance from the Sun (R3). It states
that that the ratio of the squares of the periods of two planets is
equal to the ratio of the cubes of the average distances of these
two planets from the Sun or:
T21 = R31
T22 R32
where the subscript 1 indicates planet 1 and subscript 2 indicates planet
2.
GALILEO GALILEI
❑ He was the greatest Italian
scientist of the Renaissance.
Due to the telescope, he was
able to discover and observe
important astronomical facts.
❑pioneered the use of the
telescope for observing the
night sky.
⮚ was credited with the accurate explanation of the data.
