History & Culture English Final

Build Your Own Success Story!
UNIT – 1 (PRELIMS)
HISTORY, CULTURE AND LITERATURE
OF MADHYA PRADESH
PLOT NO. 43, S-1 & S-3, 2nd FLOOR, R.R. ARCADE, (BEHIND G K PALACE), ZONE-II, M.P. NAGAR, BHOPAL : 7223901339
Plot No.111-117, 1st floor, Veda Building,Bhawar Kuan Square, Indore (M.P) : 9893739446, 7725837474 1
Index
S.No. Topic Page No.

1. Major Events & Major Dynasties in history of 3 – 25
Madhya Pradesh
2. Contribution of Madhya Pradesh in Freedom 26 - 64
Movement
3. Major arts and Sculpture of Madhya Pradesh 65 – 81
4. Major Tribes & Dialects of Madhya Pradesh 82 - 94
5. Major Festivals, Folk Music, Folk arts & Folk 95 – 116
Literature of M.P.
6. Important Literator of Madhya Pradesh and 117 - 123
their literature
7. Religious and Tourist places of Madhya Pradesh 124 - 144
8. Important Tribal Personalities of Madhya 145- 148
Pradesh
MAJOR EVENTS AND MAJOR DYNASTIES

IN HISTORY OF MADHYA PRADESH
Madhya Pradesh's history can be broadly categorized into following distinct phases:
 Pre History of Madhya Pradesh
History of Madhya Pradesh dates back to the prehistoric times when the life on planet Earth was still
in its nascent phase. Pre History is the time phase of human life when the people, for their survival,
mainly used stone tools for hunting. This phase is categorised as:
The Prehistory period is further classified into three ages–
(i) Stone Age – It is marked by usage of tools made up of stones and other primitive substances.
(ii) Bronze Age – It marks the beginning of the copper and subsequently bronze metal. It
alternatively called the Chalcolithic period and the beginning of the Metal Age.
(iii) Iron Age – It marks the beginning of the use of iron which completely transformed the process
of development of civilization.
 Stone Age:
Major Sites: The important Stone Age sites are Eran, Grahi-Morela, Kundam, Jatkaraq, Bhulue,
Busiga, Munai, Artuji, Jabalpur, Damoh, Nandgaon, Hata and Hoshangabad.
This age is further categorizes as:
Paleolithic Age
Stone Age
Neolithic Age Mesolithic Age
a) Paleolithic Age:
• Prominent tools include hand axes with and without handle along with cleavers and choppers.
• The society was based on hunter-gatherers which gradually developed in and around the Narmada
Valley.
• Important Paleolithic sites of this period: Bhimbetka, Hathnora, Belan Valley, Jogdaha, Jaora, Raisen
etc.
• The significant number of Hand Axes made of quartzite has been excavated from Deori, Sukchai,
Nala Budhana, Ken Valley, Barkhas, Sangrampur and Damoh districts situated in the north of Betwa
and Narmada Valleys.
• Besides this, the remains of animal bones have been found from Narmada valley extending from
Amarkantak to Hoshangabad district of MP.
• The archaeologist, Dr. Arun Sonakia had discovered a human skull termed as the Narmada human
from hathnora, Sehore district.
• In terms of stone tools in Madhya Pradesh the oldest remains have been recovered from Bhutra
situated near Narsinghpur.
• Apart from this, Dr. H D Sankalia and Supekar have found as many as 860 stone tools from
Mahadev-Pipariya in the district of Hoshangabad.
b) Mesolithic Age:
• It is a transition period between the paleolithic period and Neolithic period. This period was marked
by the development of small-sized stone tools known as the microliths.
• The important Mesolithic sites in Madhya Pradesh include Adamgarh, Chaturbhujnath and
Bhimbetka.
• The first sign of animal domestication has been found from Adamgarh. In addition to it, there is an
evidence of a dog buried with a human from the same place.
• The archaeologist A. C. L. Carlleyle has excavated a number of microliths from the Vindhyan region
in the year 1867.
c) Neolithic Age:
• People began to use the polished stone tools made of quartz and jasper with sharp edges of hand axes
and saws.
• People of Neolithic period built circular and rectangular houses as they began to adapt to the
sedentary life.
• These human settlements have been excavated from Bhedaghat, Tilwara Ghat and Lameta Ghat in
Jabalpur near the Narmada River.
• The important Neolithic site of Madhya Pradesh in kunjun which is situated in Sidhi district.
• Sites: Jabalpur, Sagar, Eran, Damoh etc.
• Evidences of agriculture, animal husbandry, pottery making and use of fire are found in this region.
 Chalcolithic Age:
 The remains of Chacolithic period have been excavated from Navdatoli, Nagda, Kayatha, Avara,
Dangwara, Eran and Besnagar.
 A number of tools, potsherds, weapons and utensils made of metal (copper, tin and bronze) have
been unearthed from these Chalcolithic sites.
 A hand axe formed out of an alloy of tin and copper was found at Jabalpur in 1869.
 Similarly, as many as 424 copper equipments and 102 silver ornaments have been discovered from
the region situated near Dongaria at Balaghat.
 Evidence of bull statues is found in Malwa region, which makes it clear that bull was a symbol of
religious sect in this period, while the development stage of copper culture is seen in Eran region.
Malwa culture of chalcolithic period

• It is characterised by the use of Copper and Bronze tools along with the ornaments of these metals.
• Pottery: Red and Black colours (Red and black pottery) with varied floral and grometric designs
engraved or painted on them.
• Important sites of Malwa culture: Navdatoli, Maheshwar, Nagda, Earn, Kayatha, Manoti and
Inamgaon.
• Dr. H D Sankalia surveyed and studied the archaeological sites of Malwa culture while archaeologist
V S Wakankar had discovered Kayatha in 1964.
• The site kayatha is situated 25 km away from river Kali Sindh, a tributary of Chambal River flowing
through Ujjain.
Archaeological Surveyor of MP
Region Surveyor
 Narmada Valley R.B. Joshi, Dr. H.D. Sankalia, A.P. Khatri, Subbaran,
 Son Valley Nisar Ahmad
 Rewa-Satna G.R. Sharma
 Chambal Valley A.P. Khatri, S.K. Shrivastav Prof. Vakankar
 Gwalior B.B. Lal
ANCIENT HISTORY OF M.P.

 Manu Vaivastava:
 Lord Surya was married to Vishwakarma's daughter Sandhya. Sandhya gave birth to two sons
named Vaivastav Manu and Yamraj and a daughter named Yamuna.
 Vedic Age:
There is an indirect reference of the Vindhyan mountain range in Kaushitaki Upanishad. Similarly,
the Satapatha Brahman and later Vedic literature mentions the word revottram which is recognised as
the Rewa River by the historians.
 Aryans: The Aryans first arrived in India in Panchnad region, but they knew about the Narmada
Valley and its territory.Under the leadership of Maharishi Agastya, a group of Aryans crossed
Vindhyachal region to sattle in M.P.
 Kurush Dynasty: This dynasty was established in the name of Kurush, son of Manu. Kurush
dynasty ruled over Karush region presently known as Baghelkhand.
 Chandra Dynasty: Vaivastava Manu‟s daughter Ila was married to Som (Chandra). This led to
eastablishment of Chndra dynasty. His son Purva expanded his empire in the present-day
Bundelkhand region of Madhya Pradesh.
 The great Sanskrit poet Kalidas has mentioned King Purva and Indra's Apsara Urvashi in his play
Vikramovarshiya.
 Ikshawaku dynasty: This dynasty was established in the name of Ikshwaku, son of Manu. He
ruled over Dandkarnya. The king Muchukand of this dynasty established Mandhata Nagri
(Omkareshwar) on the bank of Narmada River in the name of his ancestor Naresh Mandhata.
 Epic Age:
 During Ramayana period, Madhya Pradesh was covered with dense forests known as
Dandkarnya and Mahakantra (now Chhattisgarh). The king Madhu who was the comtemprory
ruler of king Dashrath reigned over this region. According to Anushruti literature, Lord Rama
spent most of the period of his exile in this region only.
 In Mahabharat Mahishmati, Ujjain, Kuntalpur and Virat Puri have been described as the
major cities of Madhya Pradesh.
 Mahajanpada Period:
 Around 600 BC there were 16
Avanti Chedi
Mahajanpadas out of which Avanti
The northern
Capital:
and Chedi were located in Madhya part: Capital-
Suktimati
Ujjaini
Pradesh.
The southern
part: Capitl-
Mahishmati
1. Avanti Mahajanapada:
 The kingdom of Avanti was divided into two parts (i) Northern Avanti with its capital at Ujjayini
and (ii) Southern Avanti with its capital at Mahishmati. The river Vetravati (Betwa) Flowed
between these two regions.
 The grandson of Kartavirya Sahastrarjun of Haihaya dynasty of Mahishmati and the son of Taljanj
was „Avanti‟.
 The texts of Jivaka mentions Vididha, Gonanad (present day Duraha), Ujjain and Mahishmati.
 The other important cities of Avanti kingdom such as Kuraghar and Sudarshan are mentioned in
the Buddhist and Jaina texts.
 According to the Buddhist text Deepvansh, King Achutyagmai founded the city of Ujjaini.
2. Chedi Mahajanpada:
 It was an ancient Kingdom which fell roughly in the Bundelkhand division of Madhya Pradesh.
 According to Mahabharata, the Chedi Kingdom was ruled by Shishu Pala.
Ancient Janpad New Name
Avanti Ujjain
Vatsa Gwalior
Chedi Khajuraho
Anoop Nimarh (Khandwa, Khargon)
Dasharna Vidisha
Tunndikar Damoh
Nalpur Narvar (Shivpuri)
 Mauryan Dynasty :
 Chandragupta was the founder of Mauryan dynasty.
 Ashoka appointed as the governor of Avanti Rashtra.
 Ashoka married to Mahadevi, the princess of Vidisha district. (According to Mahvansha)
 Ashoka set up a pillar inscription at Sanchi to promote Buddhism.
 Ashoka set up several Stupas like Sanchi, Vidisha, Bhojpur, Bharhut, etc.
 Four Ashoken edicts are found from Madhya Pradesh i.e. Rupnath (Jabalpur) Gurjara (Datia),
Saro-Maro (Shahdol) and Panguraria (Sehore).
 Ashoka's name in Gurjara minor edicts is Ashok Devanampriya Priyadarshan.
 Ashoka had sent Mahadev Sthavir to the western Madhya Pradesh and Malwa for Dhamma
propagation.
 During later Mauryan period, Avanti was regarded as the City of Knowledge.
 Shunga Dynasty:
 Shunga rulers were originally Brahmins of Ujjaini.
 According to Malavikagnimitram, Pushyamitra Shunga appointed his son Agnimitra as the
governor of Vidisha.
 Capital: Vidisha
 Pushyamitra Shunga destructed the Sanchi Stupa during his rule.
 An Indo-Greek king Antialcidas of Taxshila sent his agent, Heliodorus to the court of
Bhagbhadra, fifth ruler of Shunga dynasty.
 Heliodorus built GarudaPillar in Vidisha district during the rule of Bhagabhadra.
 According to the text Malvikagnimitram by Kalidasa, the son of Pushyamitra Shunga named
Agnimitra had ruled over the kingdom of Vidisha as the ambassador of his father.
 Sources have been found of Stupa built during Shunga dynasty in Bharhut. This pillar is dedicated
to Lord Vishnu at Vidisha. The pillar is presently known as the Khamb baba.
 The credit of reconstruction of Buddhist Barbut Stupa situated at Uchchehra (14 km away from
Satna) is also given to the Shungas, besides it, the addition of enclosing walls and entrance to the
Sanchi Stupa was also done by the Shungas.
 Indo-Greek Ruler:
 The most famous Indo-Greek ruler was Menander. The succesor of Demetrius, Milinda
(Menander) attacked on Madhya Pradesh as his coins in Balaghat district reflect this fact.
 The Roman coins belonging to the same period have been discovered from Avra region of
Mandsaur district of MP.
 Sakas:
 The Karmadakas of Western Kshatrapas established their strong hold under the ruler Chashtana
and his grandson Rudradaman.
 As per the Junagadh inscription, Rudradaman established his rule over the eastern and western
Malwa and the region around Mahishmati after defeating Satakarni twice.
 The Karmadakas ruled over Kathiawar and Ujjain (capital) under the kingship of Chashtana
whose coins have been excavated from Ujjain and Shivpuri.
 Apart from this, the coins of the Sakas have been recovered from Shivpuri, Sanchi, Sheoni and
Besnagar
 The epigraphs of Mahamshatrapa Rudradaman have been found at Kherkhedi (Shajapur).
 The inscriptions of Sridharavarman have been excavated from Eran and Kanakhera near Sanchi.
 Sakas captured almost all Indusplain and created a "Ksatrap system" of rule over there.
 These were two linages of Kshatrapas of western India:
1. Kshahrat dynast
2. Kadarmak dynasty
 Ksharahat Dynasty :
 The most powerful ruler of this dynasty was Nehpan. He was a contemporary of Satavahana king
Gautamiputra Satkarni.
 The Nasikinscription shows that Gautamiputra Satakarni took away East-Malwa and Avanti
(West-Malwa) from Nehpan.
 The Junagadh edict (150 AD) of Rudradaman I shows that he had won the regions of his father
(East Malwa) and Avanti (West Malwa) by defeating Gautamiputra Satakarni and his successors.
 Kardhamak Dynasty :
 The most important Kshatraps was the Ujjaini, Kshatrap system of Ujjain founded by either
Yashomitik or Chasten. This Dynasty was known as the kardhamak dynasty.
 The greatest amongst all Shakas kings was the Rudradaman (150 A.D.).
 Rudrasen or Rudrasingh III was the last king of not only Ujjain but for the all Shakas. Rudrasen
killed by Chandragupt Vikramaditya and thus the new era in Ujjaini began under the Gupta-rule.
 Kushans :
 Kanishka (78 AD-101AD) conquered some parts of Malwa region from the Western Kshatrapas.
Out of 757 Shaka coins discovered at Shahdol (MP), 324 coins are related to Kanishka I.
 The coin depicting Kushana king, Vima Kadphises has been found at Vidisha. The coins bearing
the picture of Kanishka have been discovered at Shahdol Jhajapuri and Harda.
 A copper coin of Vasudeva I has been recovered at Tewar, Jabalpur. However, there has been no
reference of the continued rule of Vasudeva I's successors in Madhya Pradesh.
 Among all the material remains of the Kushanas found so far, the Sanchi inscription of Kanishka
and two statues excavated from Bhedaghat of Jabalpur are the most prominent ones.
 Satavahana Dynasty:
 The Satvahana ruler Simuka established his control over Vidisha after defeating its ruler Kanva.
 Satakarni I, the great grandson of Simuka extended his reign from western Malwa to Anoopa
(Narmada Valley).
 The Poona and Nasik inscriptions of Gautami Balashri (mother of Satakarni 1) mention about the
victory of the Satavahanas over Anoop (Nimar), Akar (eastern Malwa) and Avanti (western
Malwa).
 The Satavahana king Satakarni conquered the Eastern Malwa as inscribed on pillar inscription at
Sanchi.
 The greatest Satavahana king Gautamiputra Satakarni defeated Shaka ruler of Ujjaini. Later on he
issued various coins in Ujjain, Tewar, Tripuri, etc.
 GautamiputraSatkarani is mentioned in the inscription of the South Gate of Sanchi. He was the
mightiest king of the Satavahana dynasty.
 The coins issued by Satvahana king Sirisata have been discovered at Ujjain, Dewas, Hoshangabad
(Jamunia) and Jabalpur (Bhedaghat, Tewar, Tripuri). Similarly, the coins bearing the name of
Vashishthi Putra Pulwami (Satavahana King) have been found at Bhilsa and Dewas.
 Coins of last Satvahana king Yajna Sri Satakarni have also been received from Besnagar, Tevar
and Dewas. Besides it, the lead coins issued by Satvahana rulers have been recovered from
Tripuri.
 Abhira Dynasty:
 The Abhiras succeeded the Satvahanas in the Western Deccan region. They established an
independent kingdom at Khandesh (Burhanpur). According to the Nashik inscription (250 AD).
Ishwar Sena founded the kingdom of Abhiras.
 They extended their area of influence over Anoopa and Malwa regions which were earlier parts of
the Satvahana kingdom. However, the Abhiras accepted the sovereignty of the Vakatakas in these
regions.
 Vakataka Dynasty:
 The Vakataka dynasty was founded by Vindhyashakti in Vidisha district. Later on Vakatakas
shifted to the Southern part of Narmada River, with capital at Vatsagulma.
 Pravarasena I (275-340 AD) who the son of Vindhyashakti, performed the Ashwamedha Yajna.
During his reign, the territorial extent of the Vakatakas extended from Bundelkhand in the north
to Hyderabad in the south.
 The present day Jabalpur and Balaghat regions were part of the kingdom of Rudrasena I, the son
of Gautamiputra Sarakarni, with his capital at Nagpur. He married his son Rudrasena II to
Prabhavati, the doughter of Chandragupta Maurya.
 Pravarsena II, the son of Prabhavati shifted his capital to Pravarapura. His inscriptions have been
found at Sheoni, Chhindwara and Balaghat.
 Narendra Sena, the son of Pravarsena II, had to face a series of attacks by the Nalas of Bastar. The
epigraphs of Prithvi Sena II (son of Narendra Sena) have been found at Balaghat.
 The inscription of Prithvi Sen II, the last ruler of the Vakataka dynasty, has been received from
Balaghat district.
GUPTA DYNASTY
 Samudragupta:
 According to Earn (Sagar district) inscription, the city Eran was ruled by Samudragupta.
 According to Prayag inscription (composed by Harisena), Samudragupta on his expedition
towards South, passed through dense forests of Madhya Pradesh and then conquered some rulers
ruling inside the forest.
 Some coins were discovered from Vidisha district bearing the name Kanch (other name of
Samudragupta).
 The Allahabad Pillar Edict of Samudragupta, reveal that he has been a major contributor to the
history of Madhya Pradesh.
 Chandragupta-II:
 The greatest Gupta king "Chandragupta-II" is assumed to be the famous and popular Ujjaini king
"Vikramaditya",
 He ruined out shakas (Ujjain) completely from India and owned the title as "Shakari".
 First he made Vidisha his place of residence and after western Malwa conquests, he settled in
Ujjain.
Other Facts:
 Evidences of Gupta painting are found from Bagh caves (Dhar). Paintings of Bagh caves are
compared with paintings of Ajanta Caves.
 Mandsaur inscription provides information about Kumargupta.
 From Indore, a copper inscription was recovered depicting the fact that Skandagupta made grant-
in-aid to a guild of oil manufacturers in Madhya Pradesh.
 The Eran inscription gave information about Bhanugupta."Eran" mention the first authentic
Evidence of "SATI".
 Huns
 During Gupta period, a dangerous tribe of China, Huns attacked Madhya Pradesh but was
defeated by Skandagupta.
 They again attacked under the leadership of Toramana.
 Varah Idol inscription (Sagar) depicts the presence of Torman in M.P. Here a coin carrying his
title of "Maharajadhiraj" also collected.
 Mihirkul, son to Torman, also attacked on Malwa, where the Mokhari king, Yashoverman
defends the state successfully. Gwalior inscription shows a long presence of Mihirkul in the state.
 Aulikar Dynasty
 Jayavarman was the founder of Aulikar dynasty and established his rule in Mandsaur.
 One of the king of Aulikar dynasty, Bandhuvarman constructed Sun temple, according to Dashpur
(Mandsaur) inscription.
 The famous ruler of this lineage was Yashodharaman.
 At the time of Yashodharaman, the Huanas led by Torman and Mihirkul had invaded Malwa,
Sagar and Eran.
 According to the Mandsaur inscription, Yashodharaman had rewarded himself with the titles of
Jinendra, Naradhipati, Rajadhiraja, Parmeshwar, etc.
 The Aulikara inscriptions have been found at Rajgarh, Narsinghpur, Bhanpura and Bhopal.
 The Mandsaur inscription of silk rearing guild mentions that Kumaragupta I was the first monarch
to conquer the western Malwa.
 Kumaragupta I did not assimilate western Malwa in his empire instead he let his feudatory
Bandhuvarman, to govern this region.
 Amidst the political instability caused by the frequent invasions of the Hunas as well as
Vakatakas, Yashodharman declared himself as the independent ruler of Malwa in 530 AD.
 Naga Dynasty:
 The Nagas dynasty came into prominence following the decline of the Kushanas.
 The dynasty rule of the Nagas was established initially over the Vidisha region from where it
extended to Padmavati (Gwalior) and Mathura regions.
 The coins issued by Ganapati and Bhima, the rulers of Naga dynasty, have been found at
Padmavati. Similarly, the copper coins of the Nagas have been found at Besnagar.
 Naga rulers extended their empire in Pavaya (Padmavati-presently Gwalior) by replacing last
Kushan ruler of Madhya Pradesh. Sanskrit playwright Bhavabhuti describes Padmavati in
Malatimadhava.
 Parivrajak Dynasty
 The copper plate inscription (482 AD-483 AD) excavated from Baghelkhand (Khoh village)
mentions about the Parivrajaka Maharajas as the descendants of imperial Parivrajaka Rajashree
Susharmana. Their capital was located at Nagod, MP.
 The Khoh inscription also mentions the name of Maharaja Hastin as Gupt-nrip-raja-bhukto which
suggests that he was the feudatory of Buddhputra. Besides it, the entire genealogy of Parivrajakas
has been given in the Betul inscription.
 Around six copper plate inscriptions related to Parivrajaka king Hastin (475 AD- 517 AD) and his
son Sakshobha (518 AD- 528 AD) have been found. The king Sakshobha ruled over Dabhal
(Jabalpur) and 18 tribal kingdoms.
 The first king of this dynasty was Devadhya.
 Uchchhakalpa Dynasty
 The Uchchhakalpas were contemporary of Parivrajakas ruling over neighboring areas of
Parivrajaka Kingdom. Their capital was based in Uchchhakalpa (Uchherah, Satna).
 The region of Bhumara (14 km away from Uchherah, where an inscription is found) was the
border between the kingdoms of Parivrajakas and Uchchhakalpas.
 The seven copper inscriptions of Uchchhakalpas mention the name of their kings - Audhya Deva,
Kumara Deva, Jaynath and Sarvanath.
 According to the Bhumara stone inscription. The king Sarvanatha was the contemporary of
Maharaja Hastin. The Jaynath inscription mentions the predecessors of Sarvanatha as Ogha Deva,
Kumara Deva, Jayswamin and Vyaghraraj.
 Vardhan Dyansty (Pushyabhuti Dynasty)
 Harshvardhanakilled Malwa king Devgupta for taking the revenge of assassination of his brother
Rajyavardhan. He also captured some part of Malwa region.
 Harshavardhan was defeated by Pulkeshin-II at the Southern side of Narmada according to

Alholeinscription and Chinese traveller HiuenTsang's illustrations.
 Pandav Dynasty of Maikal
 Modern Amarkantak was known by the name of Maikal during ancient period.
 The initial ruler of this dynasty, Jaibal, Bharatbal and Vatsraj were the feudal of Gupta.
 Maukhari dynasty
 The founder of Maukhari dynasty was Harivarma.
 The Maukhari dynasty gained prominence after the decline of the Guptas in Western Uttar
Pradesh in 6th century AD. The Maukharis were based in Kanyakubja (Kannauj). A copper
inscription of Maharajadhiraja Sarwavarmana has been found at the Fort of Asirgarh in Nimar
district of MP.
 The Bhojadeva inscription mentions the charity done by the king Shree Sarwavarma which
suggests the sovereignty of the Maukharis over the Kalinjar region (Bundelkhand).
 The frequent attacks of the Kalachuris and Chalukyas weakened the position of the Maukharis.
Consequently, the Maukharis became the feudatories of Vardhwan Kings of Parvarti Gupta
dynasty based in Thaneshwar.
 A copper seal inscription of Sarva Varman of the fort of Asirgarh in the east Nimar district was
found, which suggests that Maukhari Empire was extending up to the East-Nimar.
 Shail Dynasty:
 Copper inscription of Balaghat district gave the information about rulers of Shail dynasty who
reigned in Mahakoshal region during 8th Century.
 The fouder of this dynasty was Shreevardhan.
 Rashtrakuta Dynasty
 The Rashtrakutas frequently entered into Madhya Pradesh to check the power of Palas and
Pratiharas. Following this movement, they settled their branch in Betul territory.
 A few gold coins dating back to the times of Kirtivarman Chandela have been recovered. He tried
to revive the glory of Chandela kingdom with the help of his Chief Minister Gopala.
 Dantidurga (733 AD-758 AD) brought the eastern Madhya Pradesh and middle Malwa under his
control.
 Govind III was a Rashtrakuta ruler who defeated Nagabhatt and organised a court ceremony in
Ujjain.
 Indra III married to Princess Bejwa of Kalchuri’s of Tripuri. This information is mentioned in
Edict of Indragarh (Mandsaur).
 Gurjar- Pratihara Dyanasty
 In the 8th century AD. Gurjar Pratihar dynasty was eastablished in Ujjain.
 Nagbhatta was the first ruler of this lineage, also known as Harish Chandra.
 He was defended successfully against Arabs. Gwalior inscription provide information about him.
 According to an Arabian traveller, Suleman, Mihira Bhoj was the strongest ruler of North India.
Gwalior inscriptions gave information about Mihira Bhoj.
 In the Daulatpur inscription, Mihir bhoj has been conferred with the title of Prabhas and in
Gwalior inscription, Adivarah title is used.
 Among all the inscriptions of Mihir Bhoj, Gwalior inscription is the most notable, which is in the
form of commendation.
 Parmar Dynasty
 Upendra or Krishan Raja was the first ruler of this Dynasty.
 He was appointed as ruler by Rashtrakuta king Govind-III.
 Siyak Iwas the founder of this Dynasty and established capitals at Ujjain and Dhar.
 The first independent king of the Parmar dynasty was Siyak II, who established the independent
state of Malwa.
 His son, Vakpati Munj, was a majestic king of this dynasty.
 He defeated the Kalchuri ruler Yuvraj II and captured Tripuri.
 He took the titles of – Utpalraj, Amoghvarsh, Srivallabh, Prithvivallabh, Vakpatiraj etc.
 He had constructed the Munj Lake in Dhar and also built beautiful temples at Maheshwar, Ujjain,
Omkareshwar and Dharmapuri.
 Sindhuraj, father of Raja Bhoj and younger brother of Munj ruled for short period of time.
 Raja Bhoj was the famous ruler of this dynasty. He transferred capital fron Ujjain to Dhara
Nagri.
 He constructed Bhojpal Nagar andBhoj Tal in Bhopal, a temple of Lord Shiva in Bhojpur (the
largest Shiv Ling of MP and known as Somnath of MP), a Kalika temple and Saraswati Sadan
(Bhoj Shala) in Dhar.
 Rajabhoj was defeated by Chandel Ruler Vidhyadharduring his Bundelkhand expedition.
 He held the title of Navsahasak, Which means New Vikramaditya.
 Bhoj was a great warrior as well as an eminent scholar. Bhoj wrote almost 23 books on different
subjects.Some of these are Samrangsutra (Architechture), Ayurveda Sarvasva (Medical Science),
Yuktikalptaru (law), Shringarrupakam and Shrinagar Manjri (Romancism), Shabdanushason
(Grammar), Sutravarti (Yog discipline) Panjal yog (Critique), Saraswati kanthhabharan, Udant
Martand.He was also known asKaviraj.
 11 inscriptions of Bhoj have been received from Ujjain, Dapalpur, Dhar, Bhojpur and Mahandi.
 Successors of Bhoj, was Jayasingh.
 The last ruler was Mahalak Dev who ruled over Malwa during 1305 AD.
 He was defeated by Allauddin khilji’s commander Ain-ul-mulk. This way the Parmar dynasty
came to an end and Muslim rule was eastablished over Malwa.
 Kalchuri Dynasty
In Madhya Pradesh, Kalachuri dynasty has two branches i.e. Mahishmati and Tripuri.
1. Kalchuri of Mahishmati:
 Kalchuri rulers established the Kalachuri Samvat in 248 AD.
 The three most important rulers of Mahishmati kingdom were: Krishna Raja (c. 550 AD - 575
AD) and his son Shankargana (c. 575 AD- 600 AD) and his grandson Buddharaja (600 AD).
 The original founder of this dynasty was Krishnaraja; His silver coins have been found at Nasik,
Amravati, Betul and Jabalpur.
 The Ujjain grant inscription of Shankargana (son of Krishnaraja) is one of the earliest epigraphic
records in the ancient history. Another record of land grant by Buddharaja was issued from
Badnera to Vidisha.
2. Kalchuri of Tripuri:
 Vamraja established the Kalachuri dynasty at Dahala-Mandala with its capital as Tripuri
(Jabalpur). Their territorial control extended from Gomti River to Naramada River.
 The real founder of this clan was Kokalla I
 Yuvraj Dev wasthe famous ruler who attacked over Ujjaini to conquered Malwa and was known
as „Ujjaini Bhujang‟.
 The famous poet his court Raj Shekharwrote Kavya Vimansa and Vidhyasal Bhanjika.
 The Gangeyadeva defeated by the Parmar king Raja Bhoj.
 Karndeva was known as Hindu Napoleon due to his military achievement. He built Tripur Sundari
Temple near Jabalpur.
 Chousath Yogini Temple (Bhedaghat), Guri Shankar Temple, Viadhyanath Temple, Virateshvar
Temple (Amarkantak) etc built by Kalchuri king. Kalchuri Kings were the follower of Shaivism.
 Chandel Dynasty
 Initially Chandels were the feudal (Samant) under Pratihars.
 Nanuka founded the Chandel dynasty and eastablished capital at Khajuraho.
 Harshdev was the first important king of the Chandel dynasty.
 Yashovarman or LaxmanVerman was a prominent king of Chandela dynasty. The inscription of
Khajuraho mentions detailed conquests of Yashovarman from Himalaya to Malwa and from
Kashmir to Bengal.
 Yashovarman took away Kalinjar from the Pratihars and defeated the Pratihar king Devpal.
 Yashovarman built a huge Vishnu temple in Khajuraho. This temple is also known as the
Chaturbhuj Temple and a statue of Vaikunth was established by Yashovarman, which he
received from the Pratihar ruler Devpal.
 King Dhangdev the successor of Yashovarman got the territory independent of Pratihar. He was
the actual ruler of Chandel dynesty.He took the title of „Maharajadhiraj’. He built most of the
temples at Khajuraho especially Parshvnath and Vishvanath temples.
 Vidhyadhar Chandel successfully defended his state against Mahmud Ghazni. He killed the
Pratihara ruler 'Rajyapal'.
 He built Kandariya Mahadev temple.
 Paramardi Dev was the last ruler of Chandel dynasty His capital was Mahoba. He was the
contemporary of Prithviraj Chouhan. The brother-in-law to Parmardi Dev Alha and Udal were
great warriors of his time. Jagnik was the court poet who wrote folk literature Parmal Raso and
Alh Khand. He was defeated by Qutb-ud-din Aibak and captured his territory.
 The last able ruler of Chandelas Hammiravarman (1288-1330 AD). The Charkhari inscription
mentions Hammiravarman as Kalinjarpati (the ruler of Kalinjar). The Sati inscription of Ajaygarh
describes him as the ruler of Chandelas.
 Allauddin Khliji brought an end to the rule of Chandela dynasty at the end of the 13th century.
 The last ruler of this dynasty was Kirat Singh Chadel. Her daughter Durgaavati was married to
Dalpat Shah (Son of Gondwana king Sangram Shah).
 Kachchpaghat Dynasty
 The rule of the Kachchpaghat dynasty was established in northern Madhya Pradesh.
 Their original place was Gopanchal (Gwalior).
 The Kachchpaghat Dynasty was located in region which covers the territories of Gwalior,
Morena, Bhind, Shivpuri, Guna, Ashokanagar and Datia districts of Madhya Pradesh.
 The Kachchpaghat Dynasty ruled from three different regions:
Branches of Kachchpaghat Dynasty
Kachchpaghat
Kachchpaghat Kachchpaghat
Dynasty of
Dynasty of Gwalior Dynasty of Narvar
Dupkund (Sheopur)
Founder: Founder: Sumitra

Founder:
Vajra ( son of Vajra
Yuvraj
Daman Daman)
 Vajra Daman conquered Gwalior fort from Dhang Dev in about 977 AD. Gwalior was made the
capital of Kachchapghat Dynasty.
 Thereafter, his dynasty ruled the Gwalior region till the early years of the 12th Century.
 Padmapal the king of Kachchapghat Dynasty started building Vishnu temple in Gwalior Fort
but the construction was completed by Mahipal. This temple locally famous as Temple of Sans
Bahu but the original name was Sahstrabahu Temple.
 Mahipal also built KankanmathTemple in Sihoniya (Morena)
 Tomar Dynasty
 The Tomar dynasty was founded by VeerSinghDevin the northern part of Madhya Pradesh in
1388 AD and its center was Gwalior.
 He was great scholor of Sanskrit and Ayurveda. He wrote two novels: Veersihavlokan and
Durgabhakti Tarangani.
 He built the Chaturbhuj Temple, Laxminarayan Temple, Jeet Mahal, Jat or Jeet pillar, and Mander
Fort.
 In the court of Veer Singh Dev, musician Damodar Bhatt recieved the royal patonage who wrote a
book Sangeet Darpan.
 Sultan of DehliMubarak Shah attacked Gwalior twice during the reign of Dugendra Singh.
 Sultan Hoshang Shah of Malwa attacked Gwalior twice but later Dugendra Singh defeated
Hoshang Shah and recovered his looted property.
 He was having alliance with Zain-ul-Abidin (known as Akbar of Kashmir) and Rana Kumbha
the ruler of Mewar.
 During Kirtipal's reign, Bahlol Lodhi invaded Gwalior.
 Raja Mansingh Tomar (1486 AD) the son of Kalyanmal was the most Majestic king of the
dynasty.
 Gwalior was first attacked by SikandarLodhi in 1560, when Mansingh Tomar made a treaty
with Sikandar Lodhi. In 1505, Sikandar Lodhi again attacked Gwalior. In this attack, the Bundela
ruler of Orchha Veer Singh Judev assisted Mansingh Tomar.
 Mrignayani was the 9th queen of Raja Mansingh whobelonged to Gurjar Cast. King Mansingh
had built the Gujari Mahal in Gwalior for Queen Mrignayani. Mrignayani was a skilled
musician and taught music to the music emperor Tansen.
 The Maan Temple and Gujri Palace built by king Mansingh during his reign are great example of
the then architecture.
 He wrote Maan Kotuhal (a book on music). He is considered the inventor of the Dhrupad singing
style of music.
 In 1517 AD, Ibrahim Lodi invaded Gwalior and won the Gwalior fort. King Mansingh was
killed in this war.
 Man Singh's son Vikramaditya Tomar was the last ruler of the dynasty.
 Bundela Dynasty:
 Bundela Dynasty emerged in the 14thcentury who ruled over Bundelkhand region. Bundelkhand
was earlier known as Jejakbhukti.
 In 1531, Rudra Pratap Bundela made Orchha (located at the bank of the river Betwa) his capital
and became the first king of Orchha. The old name of Orchha was Gangapuri. Due to religious
significance it is also known as Ayodhya of Bundelkhand.
 The foundation of Orchha Fort was laid by Rudra Pratap but the construction was completed by
Veersingh Judev Bundela.
 Bhartichandra Bundela built Raj Temple and Rani Mahall in Orchha.
 Madhukar Shah's wife Kunwariganesh brought the idol of Lord Shri Ramlala from Ayodhya
and established Ramraja Sarkar in Orchha.
 Acharya Keshavdas was patronised in the court of Madhukar Shah.
 Veersingh Dev gave birth to new Bundeli architectural style.
 He laid foundation of 52 buildings at same time in December 1618. These buildings include –
Satkhanda Palace of Datia, Keshorao Temple of Mathura, Forts of Karera and Jhansi, Fort of
Dhamoni, Jahangir Palace of Orchha, etc.
 Veer Singh Dev killedAbul Fazl to please his friend Jahangir. He built Jahangir Mahal in
Orchha in the honour of Mughal Empror Jahangir.
 The next ruler of Bundela state was Jujhar Singh who led a revolt against Shahjahan.
 Champat Rai was a dominant ruler in Bundela state. He was a good friend of Aurangzeb but later
became a rebellion due to Aurangzeb's non-secular policy.
 Chhatrasal was the most famous ruler of Bundela dynasty. He revolted against Aurangzeb. He
occupied Panna in 1675 and declared it as his capital.
 During his long period of revolt he captured a large tract of land between Chitrakoot and Panna on
the East and Gwalior on the West.
 Aurangzeb executed a peaceful treaty with Chhatrasal and conferred on him with the title 'Raja'.
Thus, Chhatrasal was regarded as the founder of independent Bundela state with Orchha as its
capital.
 He was having alliance with Sawai Jaisingh and Marathas.
 In 1729, the Subedar Bangash of the Mughal ruler, Mohammad Shah, attacked Bundelkhand, at
that time the Maratha ruler Bajirao I assisted Raja Chhatrasal and conquered.
 Kavi Bhushan was patronized in the court of Chhatrsal.
 Maharaja Chhatrsal died in 1731AD.
 Hridyashah Bundela of this dynasty made Gangasagar reservoir near Garha.
 The Bundela dynasty came to an end with the capture of Orchha by the Mughals under the
leadership of Aurangzeb.
 Baghel Dynasty and Mughals
 The Baghel state (present day Rewa) territory was earlier named as Bhatha. Bagheli basically
originated from Gujarat and they migrated to the territory at the time of Allauddin Khilji‟s
attacked over Gujarat.
 Vyaghra Dev was the first Solanki ruler established his capital in Bandhavgarh (Umaria).
 Veerbhan, the ruler of this dynasty helped Humayun in the Battle of Chausa, 1539 AD.
 Raja Ramchandra Singh was the most powerful ruler of Baghel dynasty. He had control over
Kalinjar fort.
 Tansen, the great musician was from the court of Ramchandra.
 Vikrmaditya the grandson of Ramchandra shifted capital from Bandhavgarh to Rewa.
 Amarsingh built Fort of Amarpatan in Satana.
 Raja Bhavsingh built Rani Talav in Rewa.
 Vishwanath singh composed the first play of Hindi 'Anand Raghunandan'.
 Raja Rghupratp Singh of Bundela Dynasty assisted Brtish in revolt of 1857 against Rani Avnti
Bai of Rangarh.
 Gulabsingh in 1925 eastablished Rewa Darbar College (Ranmat Singh College) eastablished in
Rewa.
 The last ruler of Bhatha Pradesh (Vindhya Pradesh) was Martanda Singh. He merged with the
Indian Union in 1947. He was the the Member of Parliament after the independence.
 Gond Dynasty
 It was located in the south eastern part of Madhya Pradesh in 15thCentury.
 Yadavrao founded the Gond Dynasty in Garhmandla.
 Sangram Shah has been the greatest ruler of the Gond dynasty.
 He conquered 52 forts and took the title „Bavangnadhipati’.
 He sat his capital at Singorgarh (Dist. Damoh).
 He wrote a novel ‘Rasratnamala’.
 After the death of Sangram Saha, his son Dalpat Shah sat on the throne.
 Dalpat Shah died accidentally after which his widow wife Durgavati (princess of Chandel
Dynesty of Mahoba), took over the throne of the state.
 Akbar's Mughal Subedar Asaf Khan invaded the state, facing the invasion Duragavati fought
heroically; finally Rani Durgawati committed suicide by her dagger to protect her self-esteem.
 After this, Akbar included Gond state in his empire.
 After the Akbar‟s Gondwana victory Hriday Sah, Narendra Shah etc. ruled over Gondwana.
 Madan Shah built Madan Palace at Jabalpur which is called as Rani Durgavati Palace.
 Narendra Shah built the Bagheli Palace at Mandala.
Madhya Pradesh during Delhi Sultanat
 Invasion of Muhammad of Ghor (1195-1206 AD)
 In 1195-96 AD, Muhammad Ghori attacked Lohang Dev of Gwalior. He defeated Lohang Dev
and captured Gwalior.
 Till 1206 AD, Gwalior, Kalinjar and Malwa region of Madhya Pradesh came under the
Muhammad of Ghor.
 Qutb-ud-din Aibak defeated the last ruler of Chandela dynasty, Parimal Dev and captured
Kalinjar fort.
 In 1228 AD, the famous ruler of Slave dynasty, Iltutmish conquered the Mandu, Gwalior, Malwa
and also captured Mahakaleshwar temple in Ujjain.
 Muslim sultanates of Malwa
 The independent Sultanate of Malwa was founded (1401 AD) by Hussain Khan Gauri, who was
conferred the title of Dilawar Khan by Firoz Tughlak. He was Firoz's Amir.
 He made Dhar his provincial headquarter (capital).
Independent Ruler of Malwa
 Dilwar Khan
 Dilwar Khan founded theindependent Malwa sultanate during 1401 AD. His real name was
Husain.
 He was the founder of Gauri Dynasty.
 Dilawar Khan was an art lover, he was the founder of medieval Muslim architecture in Malwa.
 Dilawar Khan had built two mosques in Dhar and Mandu.
 Hoshangshah Gauri
 After the death of DilwarKhan he was successded by his son AlpKhan who assumed the title of
Hoshangshah. He shifted the capital from Dhar to Madu.
 He built the Mandu Fort. (The old name of Mandu was Shadiyabad). In 1435 AD, he established
Hoshangabad town along the coast of Narmada.
 He was the first Sultan of Malwa to issue pure gold, silver and copper coins.
 After the dealth of Hoshangshah, Mahmud Khilji became the ruler.He built the tomb of
Hoshangshah in Madu. This tomb is also called the Taj Mahal of Madhya Pradesh. He also built
seven storey palaces in Mandu.
 Ghazni Khan (Ruler of Ghazjani) became the Sultan of Malwa in the name of Mohammad Shah
Ghori.
 Malwa under Gujarat: The last ruler of Gauri Dynasty Mahmud Shah II surrender before
Bahadur Shah, the sultan of Gujarat and after this Malwa came in the control of Gujarat.
 Baj Bahdur became the ruler of Malwa in 1555 AD. He built Rani Rupmati Palace for his
queen Rupmati. The tomb of both Baj Bahdur and queen Rupmati is in Sarangpur.
 Foruqui Dynasty in Nimad
 In 15-16th century, the western region of Madhya Pradesh was under the control of the Faruqi
dynasty of Khandesh, area located on the banks of the Tapti River.
 Malik Ahmed Raza Faruqi declared himself the independent ruler of Khandesh.
 Malik Nasir founded Jainabad and Burhanpur on both sides of Tapti River on the advice of his
religious teacher Jainuddin.
 Madhya Pradesh under Mughals
 Babar: Mughal emperor Babar defeated Medini Rai in Chanderi in 1528 AD.
 Babar defeated Gujarat ruler Bahadur Shah in the Battle of Mandsaur and controlled western
Madhya Pradesh.
 Humayun: Humayun stayed at Sarangpur (Gujarat) for a war against Bahadur Shah of Gujarat
as queen of Karnavati of Chittor had invited Humayun to help her against Bahadur Shah. Due to
Humayun's expedition, Bahadur Shah migrated to Mandu. Humayun also came to Mandu
following Bahadur Shah.
 Sher Shah Suri: Sher Shah Suri attacked on Madhya Pradesh and captured Malwa, Raisen and
Gwalior. He also captured the Kalinga Fort.
 Akbar: In 1561-62 AD, Akbar attacked Malwa ruler Baz Bahadur under the leadership of Adam
Khan and Pir Mohammad Khan. In this battle of Saharanpur, Baz Bahadur was vanquished and
Rani Rupmati commited suicide.
 The important victory of Akbar's time was Gondwana. In 1564 AD, under the leadership of Ashaf
Khan, Akbar conquered the state of Gondwana. Chandel Princess Durgavati was killed during
the battle.
Modern Dynasty of Madhya Pradesh
 The Maratha Empire dominated much of Indian subcontinent in 17th and 18th century. Maratha
ruler Bajirao I divided the Maratha empire among five different territories for administrative
convenience i.e. Indore, Gwalior, Dhar, Dewas, (Senior) and dewas (Junior). All these territories
were assigned to a particular Governor. In the state of Madhya Pradesh, there were two such
territories i.e. Indore and Gwalior under Holkar and Scindia, respectively.
 Holkar Dynasty
 Indore was founded in the mid-18th century by Malhar Rao Holkar.
 In 1733, Bajirao Peshwa gave Indore as an award to Malhar Rao Holkar. He made Indore his
capital by bringing the south-west part of Malwa in his control.
 He constructed Rajwada in Indore.

 MaharaniAhilyabai Holkar was married to Khanderao. He was died while fighting with
Surajmal Jat in the battle of Kubheri. After Khanderao passed away in 1754 AD, Rani Ahilyabai
ruled the state.
 She was born in Chowdi village in Maharashtra. She shifted the capital to Maheshwar on the
bank of the river Narmada to the south of Indore.
 She established wells, shelters for travellers, temples for her subjects. She was very popular
among her people due to her welfare activites.
 She died in 1797.
 Tulsabai Holakar shifted the capital from Maheshwar to Indore.
 Yashwant Rao Holkar – II was the last ruler of Holkar dynasty. Holkar was the last Maratha
power defeated by the Britishers in 1818. He signed the instrument of accession to the Indian
Union on 1st January, 1950 and the Holkar state acceded to the union of state.
 Scindia Dynasty
 The RanojiScindia was another Maratha governor received the 'Sanad' (Governership) from
Bajiro. Hence the founder of Scindia state in M.P. was Ranoji. The initial capital of Holakar
Dynasty was Ujjain.
 Mahadji Scindia was the greatest Scindia warrior. He took part in war of Panipat-III (1761)
against AhmedShahAbdali.
 After that he defeated LokendraSinghJat of Gwalior captured the fort of Gwalior. Mahadji led
foundation of Gwalior Kingdom.
 The reign of Daulatrao Scindia is known for the Treaty of Basai and the treaty of Surji
Arjungaon. He shifted the capital from Ujjain to Gwalior.
 After Daulatrao, Jankoji Rao, who was the weak ruler, spent most of his time in conflict with
Baija Bai.
 After the death of Jankojirao Scindia, Jayajirao Scindia became the ruler.
 His personal army rebelled against British in 1857 after they received the news of Jhansi.
 When Lakshmi Bai arrived there, he gave his army and treasuryto Lakshmi Bai.
 After the end of the uprising, the British occupied the Gwalior fort.
 During Jayajirao's period, Gwalior gharana developed classical music and construction of Jai
Vilas Palce in 1874(constructed in Italiyan architecture style by Michael Filose), Kamalaraja
Bhawan, Victoria College of Ujjain, etc. took place.
 Maharaj Madhavrao specially encouraged education. Madhavrao Scindia I was awarded the litle
of Sir by the Britishers.
 He started Gwalior Trade Fair.
 While returning from England, Madhavrao Scindia I passed away in Paris on 6 June 1925.
Madhavrao made Shivpuri his summer capital.
 Tomb of Madhavrao Scindia and Sankhyaraje Scindia is in Shivpuri.
 George Jewaji Rao Scindia was the last king of Scindia Empire who acceded the empire to
Government of India. He was appointed as Raj Pramukh on 18th May, 1948 for Central India.
IMPORTANT PRINCELY STATE OF BUNDELKHAND
 Orchha Princely State
 After the decline of Chandels, Orchha was controled by Bundelas.
 Maharaja Vikramjit Singh (1776-1817) wastroubled by the terror and looting of Marathas, in
1783, he removed his capital from Orchha and established it at Tehri, known as Tikamgarh
afterwards 1787.
 Dharampal had defeated the French general of Scindia.
 Dharam Pal Singh had three queens-Garai Queen, Ladai Queen and Harai Queen.
 Garai Queen built Nazarbagh temple in Tikamgarh.
 At the time of the Bundela rebellion, Tej Singh had helped Rao Bakht Singh of Chirgaon, while
the Ladai Queenwas supporting the Britishers.
 Ladai Queen was called Queen Victoria of Orchha.
 Charkhari Dynasty
 Son of Chhatrassal, Jag Raj founded the Charkhari dynasty.
 Vijay Bahadur built the Esanagar Lake and Vijay Sagar.
 Vijay Bahadur made Ranjit Singh's son Ratan Singh his successor
 It was opposed by King Parikshit and forwarded his claim on the Charkhari himself.
 Shahgarh Princely State
 King Chhatrasal divided his state and Shahgarh state was given to his son, Hariday Shah.
 Later due to Prithviraj's revolt, Shahgarh Gadhakota state was formed, having capital at Shahgarh.
 After Prithviraj, his son Hari Singh became king who made his nephew Mardan Singh his
successor.
 In 1809 AD, Raghuji Bhosle invaded Gadhakota, Madan Singh died in this war.
 Madan Singh's son Arjun Singh sought assistance from Scindia of Gwalior.
 Arjun Singh made Shahgarh the Capital of his remaining state.
 After Arjun singh passed away, Bakhatbali became the king of Shahgarh state.
 On the condition of cooperating with the repression of the Bundela rebellion, Charless Freezer,
agent of the Sagar region Governor General, assured to get Bakhtabali the Gadhakota region.
 Governor General Alan Borough invaded Scindia and acquired the Gadhakota area but did not give
it to Bakhtawali, this made Bakhtawali to turn against Britishers.
 In the 1857 revolution, Banpur king Mardan Singh and Bakhtabali together established a joint
force with Rani Lakshmi Bai of Jhansi and fought against the Britisheres.
 On July 6, 1858, Bakhtabali surrendered after a tough struggle.
 Chanderi – Banpur State
 Bharat Singh got the Jagir of Chanderi in 1617 AD by Shah Jahan. Holkar and Scindias occupied
most of the territory of Chanderi.
 Mardan Singh made the aim of acquiring the Chanderi area lost by his ancestors.
 Mardan Singh, on January 24, 1844 captured Bundela Rebel Madhukar Shah and handed it over to
Hamilton.
 In 1844,British attacked Scindia because of his help to Bundela rebels.
 Scindia gave away Chanderi and a lot of other areas to Britishers but Britishers did not give
Chanderi to Mardan Singh. Mardan Singh fought the revolutionary battle of 1857.
 Later, with the help of Bakhtabli, Mardan Singh took over Chanderi.
 Stuartled British Army recaptured Chanderi on 26 May 1858 AD and after the suppression of the
revolution, Mardan Singh surrendered on July 5, 1858 AD.
 Bhopal State
 The Bhopal State was founded by Dost Mohammad Khan, an Afghan soldier in the Mughal
army.
 He established his capital at Jagdishpur, 10 km away from Bhopal and later renamed it as
Islamnagar. During the early 1720s, Khan fortified the city of Bhopal and assumed the title of
Nawab.
 In 1722 he made Bhopal his capital.
 In 1737, Marathas defeated the Mughals and the Nawab of Bhopal in the Battle of Bhopal, and
started collecting tribute from the state.
 In 1818, Nazarudaula the Nawab of Bhopal and Briths signed treaty of Raysen and Bhopal
became a British princely state. The state was finally merged into the Union of India in 1949 as
Bhopal.
 The rule of the Begums: Between 1819 and 1926, Bhopal state was ruled by four women-
Begums-unique in the royalty of those days.
 Qudsia Begum
 In 1819, 18-year-old QudsiaBegum (also known as Gohar Begum) took over the regins after the
assassination of her husband. She was the first female ruler of Bhopal.
 She built the Jama Masjid (mosque) and her beautiful palace the 'Gohar Mahal' (also called Nazar
Bagh) in Bhopal.
 Sikander Jahan Begum
 In 1844, SikanderBegum succeeded her mother as the ruler of Bhopal.
 During the Revolt of 1857, she sided with the British and crushed all those who revolted against
them. She also built the Moti Masjid and Moti Mahal.
 Her reign is also regarded as the golden era of Bhopal state.
 Shah Jahan Begum
 On the death of Sikandara Begum, Shah Jahan Begumbecame the ruler of Bhopal in 1868.
 Shah Jahan Begum was quite passionate about architecture. She constructed Taj-ui Masjid, Taj
Mahal, in Shahjanabad, Noor Masjid and Ali Manzil.
 She built a vast mini-city, called Shahjahanabad after her.
 Kaikhusrau Jahan Begum
 She further advanced the emancipation of women and established a modern municipality in 1903.
 Sultan Kaikhusarau Jahan Begum's son, Nawab HamidullahKhan, ascended the throne in 1926.
He was Chancellor of the Chamber of Princes.
 Assimilation of Bhopal State in India Union (1949)
 Nawab Hammidullah Khan wanted Bhopal to be a separate state.
 The local agitation borke out against the Nawab in December 1948, When Nawab arrested some
prominent leaders (including Shri Shankar Dayal Sharma) demanding merging of state into India
Union.
 Ultimatly Nawab had to sign the agreement of Marger on 1st June 1949. Bhopal State merged into
India Union as 'Part-C' State.
Independence Movement in Madhya Pradesh

Revolt of Appaji Bhonsle (1818): The first revolt against the British in Madhya Pradesh took place
in the Mahakoshal area in 1818 by Appaji Bhonsle.
Cause: British forced the Ruler of Nagpur Appaji Bhonsle to leave Mandla, Betul, Chhindwara and
Narmada-Catchment area. Appa ji Bhonse fought with the British at Multai, Betul with the help of
Arab soldiers.
Result: In which he was defeated but this revolt generated a wave of revolution in Mahakoshal.
Revolt of Kunwar Chain Singh (1824): In 1818, East India Company made a treaty with then
Nawab of Bhopal Nazar Khan and established a cantonment of 1000 soldiers in Sehore.
According to Raisen Treaty, Political rights related to Bhopal, Narsinghgarh, Khilchipur and Rajgarh
princely state were also handed over to the British political agent Maddock, but Raja Kunwar Chain
Singh of Narsinghgarh rejected Maddok‟s intervention in his kingdom.
 The Diwan Annadamaya and Minister Roopram Bohra of Narsinghgarh were allied with the
British. When Kunwar Chain Singh came to know about this, he killed both Diwan Anandmaya
and Minister Roopram Bohra.
 Maddock called Kunwar Chain Singh for a meetingat Berasia near Bhopal and keep following
conditions in front of him.
 The Opium grown in the region should be sold to the British only.
 Kunwar Chain Singh refused to accept both the conditions.
 On June 24, 1824, there was a battle between the British and Kunwar Chain Singh in Sehore. In
which Kunwar Chain Singh and his two trusted companions from Sarangpur Himmat Khan and
Bahadur Khan was died.
 Kunwar Chain Singh is known as Mangal Panday of Madhya Pradesh because he was the first
person of MP who sacrificied his life for attaining Independence.
 Kunwar Chain Singh‟s wife Kunwarani Rajawat built a temple near Parashuram Sagar in his
memory, which is known as Kunwarani ji‟s temple.
Recent Update –
 The Government of MP has started Guard of Honour on the Cenotaph of Kunwar Chain Singh in
Sehore from the year 2015.
Bundela Rebellion (1842)
Background -
The owners of the land in the Sagar-Narmada region were mainly Gond, Lodhi and
descendants of Bundela Rajput. These Thakurs and Zamindars were officers of the Peshwa and as
long as they used to pay the fixed annual revenue, they had their right over the land but later Peshwa
and the rulers of Nagpur handed over this area to the British, which were opposed by Thakurs of
Damoh, Sagar, and Mandla etc.
In 1820 the Sagar-Narmada territory was formed and placed under the control of an agent of the
Governor General of India.
Cause:
1. After attainting the sole rights of Narmada-Sagar region, the British made efforts to increase the
revenue and therefore in 1833-34, the British government appointed Martin Bird to investigate
the revenue in the Sagar and Narmada regions. He liberally recommended that the revenue
should not be reduced for 20 years. According to this recommendation, the government made
revenue compulsory for all the people.
2. By implementing the settlement system in these areas, a large number of big and old Malgujars
were removed from their rights and positions, due to which they were deprived of their property
and land.
3. The land rate was increased by the committee formed under the chairmanship of Martin Bird.
4. Possession and sale of arms without the permission of police was banned.
5. In 1836 Sagar-Narmada region was included in the Civil Court System of the British Indian
Administration.
6. In 1842, the decree of the Civil Court on Bundela Thakur Jawahar Singh Bundela (Chandrapur)
and Madhukar Shah (Narhut) became the immediate cause of the Bundela rebellion.
Major Rebels
Territory/Principal
Rebellion
1. Chandrapur Zamindar Jawahar Singh Bundela
2. Narhut Madhukar Shah and Ganesh Joo
3. Madanpur/Narsinghpur Gond ruler Dhillonshah
4. Chirgaon Bakht Singh / Basant Singh
5. Hirapur King Hriday Shah
6. Garha Thakur Vikramjit
7. Jaitpur King Parikshit
8. Shahgarh Raja Bakht Wali
9. Wanpur Thakur Mardan Singh
10. Girar Deewan Ajit Singh
11. Suatla Thakur Ranjorsingh Bundela
10. Jheejhan Deewan Deshpat Bundela
Beginning of the Rebellion:
 Raja Parikshit of Jaitpur proposed to organize Budhwa Mangal in Bundelkhand, in which the
idea was to inspire all the kings to fight against the British.
 To implement this idea, in 1836, under the patronage of Charkhari Naresh Ratan Singh, the
event of Budhwa Mangal was organized at a place called Supa.
 In this event, invitation was given to the rulers, feudatories and jagirdars of 42 small and big
princely states of the Bundelkhand region.
Events:
1. 1842 Bundela Zamindar Jawahar Singh Bundela of Chandrapur and Zamindar Madhukarshah of
Narhut were issued a decree against them by the court in the name of arrears of revenue, due to
which they both rebelled and killed the officers of police stations and looted many towns.
2. First of all, King Parikshit started rebellion in the Sagar region by sending Madhukarshah and
Ganesh Ju, the vassals of Narhut and Hridayshah, the ruler of Narsinghpur.
3. Dissatisfied landlords and secondary chiefs of Narmada region became their allies and supported
in spreading the rebellion.
4. Malgujars came and met Raja Dhillonshah, the minor head of Madanpur and together they took
over the entire area of Deori and Jawarpatha. This rebellion lasted for a year.
5. Suffering from the atrocities of the head constable in Narhut, Madhukarshah and Ganesh Joo
started a rebellion but Madhukarshah and Ganesh Joo were arrested in Banpur Riyasat and
Madhukarshah was hanged and Ganesh Joo was exiled for life.
6. The flame of rebellion reached Jabalpur in the beginning of 1842. The main rebel here was Raja
Hriday Shah of Hirapur taluka; this taluka was included in Jabalpur district. (At present comes
in Narsinghpur district.)
7. The second rebel of Jabalpur was Thakur Hindupat of Katra, Belkheda. As soon as the rebellion
started, he started raising arms, ammunition, cannons and a large army in his fort, but as soon as
the British received information about this, on 19 September 1842, the Principal Assistant
Commissioner in Jabalpur He surrendered before.
8. Major Sleeman sent a treaty proposal to King Parikshit but he rejected it. As a result, the Battle
of Bilgaon took place between the British and King Parikshit , in which the British were
defeated.
Suppression of Rebellion
1. During the Bundela Rebellion, the Sagar and Malthon areas were liberated from the rebels on 8
may, 1842 by the British agent Fraser of the Sagar region of Bundelkhand.
2. Bundela Rebellion between Kamathi and Sagar region was suppressed by British officers Lt.
Colonel Watson.
3. Hirapur area was captured by Captain Boland with the help of Bhonsle Raja of Nagpur.
4. Hirdesh was arrested due to Bakhtabali, the ruler of Shahgarh, to please British administration.
5. During the Bundela Rebellion, with help of Khet Singh, Jawahar Singh and Raja Parikshit
surrendered before British officer Sleeman.
6. During the Bundela Rebellion, Pancham Singh (Gudha), Madhukarshah (Hirapur) surrendered
before the British officer Captain Hamilton on January 4, 1844 and the British Government
hanged Madhukar Shah at the age of 21 in the city of Sagar.
7. The surrender of Madhukarshah was done with the help of Mardan Singh Banpur.
8. Madhukar Shah‟s brother Ganeshju surrendered himself to Captain Brown after Madhukar Shah
was taken prisoner.
Major Battles took place between Raja Parikshit and the British
Battle Result
 Battle of Bilgaon  Defeat of the British
 Battle of Panwadi  Defeat of the British
 The Battle of Baghora/Bagoura  Defeat of Raja Parikshit
Results –
1. Agent Sleeman of Bundela state was a commissioner of Sagar and Narmada region place of C.
Frazer.
2. To remove the defects of the Civil Justice System, separate officers named Civil Judge Session
Judge were appointed.
3. The Bundela Rebellion was suppressed but fire ofdiscontent came to the fore in the form of the
Revolt of 1857.
4. There were many Talukdars, Zamindars and Jagirdars who participated in the Bundela Rebellion
of 1842. They also participated in Great Revolt of 1857.
The Great Revolt of 1857 in Madhya Pradesh
The background of the Great Revolt of 1857 MP was created by the Bundela Rebellion 1842.
Ultimately this Rebellion was suppressed but this dissatisfaction emerged at a rapid pace 1857, in
which Regional rulers Zamindars, Labourers, Soldiers and Public, expressed their dissatisfaction
openly against the British.
Freedom Struggle of 1857 in Sagar-Narmada Region
Revolt in Sagar: Under the leadership of the subedar of the 42nd Native Infantry at Sagar, Sheikh
Ramzan raised the flag of revolution on 1 July, in which some soldiers of the 3rd Regiment cavalry of
the Bengal Army, along with some soldiers of the 31st Bengal Native Army and 42nd B.N.I supported
him.
Revolt in Jabalpur: Under the leadership of Raja Shankar Shah and Raghunath Shah of the Gond
dynasty the rebels revolted in Jabalpur. Shivnath Singh (Magarguha), Devisingh, Umrao Singh
(Bargi) and Jagatsingh (Barkhedi) were involved in planning the revolt. When the News of the events
happening in Kanpur, Lucknow and Delhi reached them, they decided to attack the cantonment, but
before the attack, the information was received by the Deputy commissioner captain Clarke through
Seth Khushipal Chandra of Jabalpur and the Deputy Commissioner Captain Clarke attacked ruler
Shankar Shah‟s house on 14 September, 1857, and searching his house, the British found many such
papers which were related to anti British activities, then ruler Shankar Shah and his son Raghunath
Shah and some other persons were captured and imprisoned.
The soldiers tried a lot to free prisoners but they were unsuccessful. On 18 September, 1857
they were prosecuted by British for treason against foreign rule and he was gunned down by a cannon
due to this incident, 52nd Regiment at Jabalpur revolted against British and agitated many people in
area around Jabalpur.
Revolt in Ramgarh (Mandla): After the death of Raja Laxman Singh of Ramgarh, his successor was
Vikramjit Singh who was mentally unwell. Therefore, the British government disqualified the ruler
and took the administration in their own hands and appointed Tehsildar there and recommended
annual stipend for maintenance, which was opposed by Rani Avantibai and expelled the Tehsildar
appointed by the British in Ramgarh and took over the state and administration in her own hands.
On August 26, 1857, the commissioner of Jabalpur got the news of this revolt. Then he ordered the
queen to meet the Deputy Commissioner of Mandla within three days. The queen refused to comply
with this order and fortified Ramgarh fort and formed an anti-British Triangle with Lodhi Thakur
Vijay Singh Shahpur and Baghel Thakur Garul Singh of Sohagpur.
When Lord Waddington, the then commissioner of Mandla, sent an army to suppress the princely
state of Ramgarh, the Zamindars, Labourers, Talukadars and Gond youths fought against theBritish
army in Kheri under the leadership of Rani Avantibai, in which Waddington was defeated and fled.
From December, 1857 to February, 1858, Mandla was captured by the rebels.
On April 1, 1858 CE, the Army of Deputy Commissioner Waddington, Lieutenant Warton and Verne
attacked Ramgarh from both sides, presenting her military diplomacy; the Queen thought it
appropriate to fight with English army outside the Ramgarh fort and left for forest of Deohargarh.
Waddington reached the war field of Deohargarh with army of Rewa and fought against the Queen
but on 20 march, 1858 CE, seeing the possible defeat in the war with English Commander Warton;
Queen Avantibai sacrificied her life by stabbing herself.
Revolt in Damoh: Under the leadership of Kishore Singh and Zorawar Singh when the news of the
revolt from Sagar reached Damoh, the 42nd Infantry revolted. The British took refuge in the Damoh
jail due to the fear of the army‟s rebellion. The rebellion of revolutionaries in Damoh was led by
Kishore Singh, the brother of Zamindar of Dindoria, in which Zorawar Singh supported him. The
insurgents set fire to all the records and dak bungalow. The rebels of damoh were given every
possible helped by Gond ruler Shankar Shah and Raghunath Shah of Jabalpur. Rebel Sardar
Raghunathrao of Kishanganj.
Revolt in Shahgarh and Banpur: Revolt in Shahgarh took place under the leadership of Shahgarh
Raja Bakhtwali/Bakhtawali and under Mardan Singh in Banpur.
In beginning, Bakhtawali was with the British and therefore Bakhtawali helped britishers to arrest
Hridayshah/Hirdeshah, main leader of Bundela rebellion of 1842, and handed it over to the British
with hope that they would help him to regain his lost territory of Gadhakota from Scindia, but this did
not happen, so he revolted against British in 1857.
On the night of 3 July, 1857, Bakhtawali attacked Panchamgarh and established his check post here
after conquering it. On 14 July, 1857, Bakhtawali attacked Gadhakota but he was unable to capture it
along with his fellow revolutionaries. On 22 July, under the leadership of Bodhan Daua Gadhakota
was attacked again and was captured. Bakhtawali surrendered in the office of Superintendent of
Shahgarh on 6 July, 1858.
Raja Mardan Singh of Banpur revolted and captured Lalitpur and took all Europeans captive.
Combined army of Raja Bakhtawali of Shahgarh and Raja Mardan Singh of Banpur attacked
Chanderi and hosted his flag on fort. After this their combined forces also took possession of
Talbehat.
Deadly Triangle: A Triangle was prepared for the Rebellion against the British between Rani
Lakshmibai of Jhansi, Raja Mardan Singh of Banpur and Raja Bakhtawali of Shahgarh, which was
called the Dangerous triangle.
Revolt in Rahatgarh: Under the leadership of Nawab Fazil Mohammad Khan and Adil Mohammad
Khan. Rahatgarh was considered as the Gateway to Sagar and the responsibility of protecting the fort
of Rahatgarh was on the Military Cantonment of Sagar. This fort was very important for British from
the military point of view.
On 26 July the rebels captured Rahatgarh Police station and on 28 July the Nawab brothers attacked
and captured Rahatgarh fort. Now the fort of Rahatgarh became the main center of the
revolutionaries. To counter it, the begum of Bhopal made efforts to free Rahatgarh fort from the
Nawab brothers, but she was unsuccessful.
Revolt in Vijayraghogarh: following the death of Raja Shankar Shah and Raghunath Shah the king
of Vijayraghogarh, Raja Sarju Prasad Singh led the revolt by gathering the nearby zamindars. They
killed a Tehsildar captured postal horses, blocked the roads and groups of armed men attacked the
important areas of Jabalpur-Mirzapur.
The British attacked the fort of Vijayraghogarh after getting military help from the rulers of Rewa
and Nagod. This attack was fiercely fought by the commander Rambol and Badanchacha of
Vijayraghogarh and attained martyrdom. After this, Nayani, the wife of General Rambol, took over
the operation of the war, but she was also killed, after this the British took control of the fort.
Raja Sarju Prasad Singh went underground with his son and wife, but was arrested by the British in
Jabalpur in 1864 CE with the help of some betrayers. They were sent to Cellular Jail as punishment in
the Charge of rebellion.
Revolt in Hoshangabad: Thakur Daulat Singh and Pandit Baba Sahab led revolt of 1857 in
Hoshangabad. The center of their activitiy was Harda and Nemawar. Daulat Singh captured Satwas
and hosted flag. In Nemawar, Pandit Baba Sahab Challenged the British but Deputy Commissioner of
Hoshangabad suppressed their revolt and both were hanged.
Revolt in Narsinghpur: Under the leadership of Meharban Singh, On 10 October, 1857, the people
revolted here due to a rebellious Gajadhar Tiwari being shot down at Narsinghpur Parade Ground
with cannon. Meharban Singh, son of Raja Hirdesh Lodhi of village Hirapur in Narsinghpur district
led revolt. Deputy Commissioner Captain Ternan, Captain Bully and 28th Madras Regiment
participated in this revolt, in which Meharban Singh was defeated and fled from there.
Revolt in Betul: Under the leadership of Shivdin and Ramdin Patel, people revolted against the
British in Betul, after which both were arrested. The revolt of 1857 in Betul gained momentum when
Tatya Tope, a major revolutionary of this revolt, arrived.
Revolt in Balaghat: The revolt of 1857 in Balaghat was led by Chimna patel, the Jagirdaar of
Kamtha. This revolt was suppressed by Captain Gardan, Lieutenant Thuillier and Indian Officer
Anand Rao.
Freedom Struggle of 1857 in Malwa
Revolt in Indore and Mhow: Under the leadership of Saadat Khan, Bhagirath Silawat in Indore and
under Murad Ali Khan in Mhow.
Major Rebels – Saadat Khan, Maulvi Abdul Samad, Vanshgopal, Arsrao Singh, Bhagirath Silawat,
Nawab Waris Mohammad Khan.
1 July 1857, Holkar‟s troops under the leadership of Saadat Khan and Bhagirath Silawat attacked the
Indore residency. The English historianTaylor, in his book “A Companion to the Indian Mutiny of
1857-58”, mentions about it that there was a conflict between the English army and the Holkar army
in front of the residency bunglow. In which the British were defeated and 20 British were killed
revolt broke out in Indore city and many citizens looted the British cantonment. The English army
was led by Colonel Travers.
Inspired by the soldiers of Indore, Mhow army also revolted on the night of 1 july and they killed 3
British officers. The rebels at Mhow were led by Murad Ali Khan and marched towards Indore with
the aim of plundering the government treasury.
Revolt in Amjhera: Under the leadership of Raja Bakhtawar Singh, Thakur Bhawani Singh, Gulab
Rai.
In the Princely state of Amjhera, the rebels were led by Raja Bakhtawar Singh. On 2 July, 1857, he
sent his forces under the leadership of Diwan Gulab Rai to attack the British political agent of
Bhopawar cantonment and Thakur Bhavani Singh reached Bhopawar with cannons and looted the
government offices and agency house.
On 11 November, 1857 Raja Bakhtawar Singh was taken prisoner due to the betrayal his own
companions in the forest. He brought to Mhow and after a false proceeding, he was hanged at Indore,
on February 1858. The Diwan of Amjhera Gulab Rai, Thakur Bhavani Singh, Thakur Mandlooi
Mohanlal Kaamdar were sentenced to death.
Nimar Revolt: Under the leadership of Khwaja (Khajya) Nayak, Bhima Nayak and Tantya Bhil
The flag of Revolt in Nimar was raised by the Bhil-Bhilala Tribes. Their leaders were Khwaja
(Khajya) Nayak and Bhima Nayak, Khwaja Nayak started revolt by looting British treasury on the
main route. An Army of Soldiers and Vilayatis took up arms against British and Mandleshwar.
Bhil-Bhilala tribes revolted against the British in Sendhwa and Barwani under leadership of Bhima
Nayak. Khwaja Nayak along with his 4000 followers joined Tatya Tope, which includes Bhima
Nayak, Later Bhima Nayak was caught andarrested and scentenced to life imprisonment and sent to
Andaman and Nicobar.
Tantya Bhil was caught by British with the help of some local people and hanged in Jabalpur. The
local people still know him as Tantiya Dada orTantiya Baba, Tantiya Mama.
Revolt in Neemuch: Under the leadership of Military Group of NIMUCH (North India Mounted
Artillery and Cavalry Headquarters).
Soldiers Revolted on 28 may in Neemuch cantonment. But British suppressed this revolt of 72 nd
Native Indian regiment and 7th regiment of Gwalior contingent. On the night of June 3,1857 CE, the
infantry and cavalry soldiers in Neemuch cantonment, together with Bahadur Khan of Rohilkhand,
set fire to the bungalows of Neemuch cantonment and capture it.
Revolt in Khachrod- Mandsaur: Under the leadership of Mughal Prince Humayun.
The Mughal Prince Humayun, along with rebel soldiers of Scindia, Mewati and Vijay established his
independent power in Mandsaur in august 1857 and named himself Firoz Shah. Firozshah expanded
his area of influence sending toops to the surrounding Princely states and he defeated the British army
at Jiran. On November 23, 1857, a battle took between Firozshah army and the British Army. As a
result the rebels had do withdraw from Mandsaur.
Revolt in Mahidpur: Under the leadership of Thakur Hira Singh
On November 8, 1857 CE the spark of Revolt erupted in the Malwa Congtigent Cantonment of
Mahidpur and Thakur Hira Singh attacked Mahidpur Cantonment with the help of Vilayatis,
Mewatis, Sondhiyas, Gurjars, Soldiers and Local citizens. The battle of Guradiya was fought between
British and Thakur Hira Singh. Thakur Hira Singh got martyred.
Freedom Struggle of 1857 in Gwalior Region
Gwalior is an important region of central India, it was a very large princely state, and many
regions of British India were adjoined to the border of this princely state. The background of the
freedom struggle of 1857 in the Gwalior region was created through the revolt in Jhansi on 6 June,
1857. 12 June, 1857, when the news of the Rani control over Jhansi reached Gwalior. 14 June, 1857,
a revolt broke out in the Morar Cantonment at 9 pm and the rebels cut the line between Gwalior and
Shivpuri. They also damaged the main connecting road Agra-Bombayand captured the cantonment.
Seeing the situation of the rebellion, political agent McPherson along with some British reached
palace of Maharaja Jayajirao, where he was given security and later sent to Agra. In the meantime,
Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi arrived to acquire Gwalior the rebels joined her and Chimnaji cooperated
here. 2 June, 1858, Revolutionaries took control of entire Gwalior, Nana Sahab was made Peshwa
and Rao Sahab was made Viceroy. Tatya Tope was made Sahab commander of entire army.
Freedom Struggle of 1857 in Bhopal
Nawab Sikandar Jahan Beghum was the ruler in Bhopal during the revolt of 1857. Nawab
Sikandar Jahan Beghum was a faithful female ruler under the British umpire, at that time William
Frederick Aidan was the political agent in Bhopal. Under whose direction Nawab Sikandar Jahan
Begum used to determine the policy for the governance. The political agent had a huge army of his
own the center of this army was Sehore. The army was commanded by a British commander. But its
expenses were to be borne by Beghum Sikandar Jahan, the Nawab of Bhopal.
Revolt in Bhopal: Under the leadership of Fazil Mohammad Khan, Adil Mohammad Khan,
Walishah, Mahavir and Ramjulal.
In the revolt of 1857, the general publicand military groups of Bhopal also stoop up against the
British and the revolt had erupted in the nearby Military Cantonments.
Cause:
 Treasury of Bhopal battalion of sehore was getting empty. That‟s why the soldiers stopped g
etting their salaries. As a result of which the fire of revolt broke out among the soldiers.
 Nawab Sikandar Jahan Beghum established police posts at each mile for the protection of British
families.
 Two officers of Bhopal contingent, Risaldar wali shah and Mahavir Kotha, started revolt on 6
August 1857 by raising two flags „Nishane Mehmadi‟ and „NIshane Mahaviri‟ and thus Mahavir
and Wali Shah led revolt in Bhopal.
Sipahi Bahadur Sarkar: The Sikh army of Bhopal was continuously helping the British. As a
result of which the revolutionaries‟ Mahavir and Walishah started killing the Sikhs. They
organized the revolutionary army and laid the foundation of a new regime in sehore against the
British which was named „Sipahi Bahadur‟.
 Fazil Mohammad Khan and Adil Mohammad Khan were leading the revolt in eastern region
Raisen (Ambapani) of the revolt in eastern region Raisen (Ambapani) of Bhopal Princely state.
On 8 July, 1857, Fazil Mohammad Khan and Adil Mohammad Khan first attacking the officer‟s
bungalows near the cantonment of Sehore and then snatched the guns. Frightened by Fazil
Mohammad Khan and Adil Mohammad Khan. Political Agent of Sehore cantonment, Major
Richard, along with his 20 English companions, escaped from Sehore.
Fazil Mohammad Khan planned to attack Garhi Ambapani and attacked Ambapani and captured it.
After this success, Adil Mohammad Khan and Fazil Mohammad Khan planned toattack the plateau
region. On September 29, 1857, during attack on plateau region both fought with army of Haider
Nawab, in which Nawab was defeated and arrested and police station was established there. Sikandar
Jahan Beghum sent an army to suppress the rebels.
Battle of Bamhori: On 7 October, 1857, a battle took place between Army of Fazil Mohammad
Khan and Sikandar Jahan Beghum at Rajgarh near Bamhori. Bhikam Singh, Zamindar of Fazil
Mohammd Khan was arrested and many horses and military equipments were confiscated.
Siege of Ambapani: The Nawab sent the soldiers to handle the front in Gairatganj, Beghumganj and
Bamhori. From these three fronts, there is a complete siege of Garhi Ambapani and it was imposibble
to get out of this encirclement. Begum sent an army under the leadership of Bakshi Mukhbat Khan to
attack ambapani. After escaping from siege of Garhi Ambapani, Fazil Mohammad and Adil
Mohammad captured Rahatgarh fort under Sagar district.
24 June, 1858, Gen Huge Rose reached Rahatgarh. The British and Nawabs army arrested the rebel
leader Fazil Mohammad and hanged him. Adil Mohammad Khan escaped and met Tatya Tope and he
helped Rani Lakshmibai in Jhansi. Thus, Adil Mohammad Khan continued thestruggle against the
British.
Revolt in Berasia: The revolt taking place in Bhopal also had an effect on Berasia and here Shujaat
Khan and his companions fought and captured Berasia. In order to free Berasia from the Rebels,
Beghum sent an army troop from Bhopal, when this army reached Berasia, 90 percent of its Soldiers
met with Sujaat Khan.
Freedom Struggleof 1857 of Baghelkhand
The revolt in baghelkhand region was pioneered under the leadership of Lal Shyamshah,
Thakur Ranmat Singh and Dhir Singh etc. At the time of revolt of 1857, rule of Rewa state was
Maharaja Raghuraj Singh Judev, whose dual policy towards the revolt seems to be loyal to the British
and there was an inner Sympathy for the Revolt.
Revolt in Sohagpur: Under the leadership of Garul Singh and his brother Bharat Singh.
In Sohagpur Taluk of Baghelkhand, Thakur Duniyapati singh‟s son Garul singh and his youngest
brother Bharat singh revolted against the British. To fight these rebels, Waddington attacked
sohagpur with soldiers but he was defeated. The British sought help from Raja Raghuraj singh of
Rewa. As a result the ruler sent his army under the leadership of Siphai Singh Daua to attack
sohagpur. On Persuassion of Thakur Dhir Singh and Kishore Singh, Garul Singh surrendered and
Bharat singh along with his companions went towards Jogigarh Mountain. Thus, revolt ended.
Revolt in Kothi Jagir: Under the leadership of Thakur Ranmat Singh.
Thakur Ranmat singh of kothi Jagir of Baghelkhand was a great revolutionary of the revolt of 1857.
He was posted as a captain in the Naugaon cantonment. When he was ordered to arrest Bakhtawali
and Mardan singh, he refused and rebel activities in Bundelkhand, Baghelkhand, but in the Greed of
getting the reward Hira Singh of Rewa state got Ranmat Singh caught in august, 1859 and Thakur
Ranmat singh was hanged.
Freedom struggle of 1857 in Bundelkhand

Revolt in Chhatarpur Region: Under the leadership of Deshpat Bundela
Deshpat Bundela played in an important role in revolt of 1857 in the princely state of Chhatarpur. He
refused to pay the revenue to the British government. Deshpat Bundela helped Tatya Tope during the
Charkhari attack in December 1857.
Revolt in Datia Region: Under the leadership of Daulat Singh Kachhwaha and Barjor Singh
Daulat Singh Kachhwaha and Bilaya (Konch) Barjor Singh revolted in eastern part of Datia state.
Daulat singh, Barjor singh and their companions together attacked konch and acquired it. After some
time British force again acquired Konch barjor Singh fled to Mau Mahoni the situation was such that
British force could not remove these rebels from east of the Kali Sindh River. On 6 April, 1859,
Daulat Singh and Barjor Singh had an encounter with the forces of the British army in the forest of
Mau Mahoni. From there, these rebels had to trereat and they fled and entered the border of Gwalior
state.
Revolt in Seondha Region: Under the leadership of Khalak Singh Daua.
The Kildar (Governor of Fort) of fort of Datia Princely state was Khalak Singh Daua. Khalak Singh
Daua was not satisfied with the appointment of the political superintendent of Datia state and he came
against the British Rule, Barjor Singh and Daulat Singh, and he became involved revolutionary
activities.
Revolt in Naugaon: On 5 June, 1857, the soldiers of 12th B.N.I. are 14th irregular Cavalry Artillery
soldiers revolted at Naugaon.
Reasons for the Failure of the Revolt of 1857
Many reasons were responsible for the failure of this great uprising.
1. One of the reasons for the failure of the revolt was the lack of capable and All-India Leadership.
Bahadur Shah Zafar was very old with the age of 82 years.
2. Nana Saheb, Tatya Tope, Mardan Singh, Ali Bahadur though were capable but their leadership
was limited to the local level. Therefore, the nature of the revolt could not be All India.
3. There was a lack of unity among the rebels. Apart from this there were some leaders among them
who were not willing to work under others.
4. The lack of unity among the Revolutionaries became the reasons for the failure.This revolution
could not spread to whole region.
5. The rulers of many states supported the British in suppressing the revolt, Lord Cannning had also
said – „If Scindia had also joined the revolt, I would have had to tie the bed tomorrow itself.
6. Some rulers of Bundelkhand, Baghelkhand and Malwa of Madhya Pradesh helped the British.
Among them the names of the rulers of Rewa, Bijawar, Gorihar, Lugasi, Panna, Charkhari, Indore
and Gwalior can be taken prominently. Sikandar Jahan Begum of Bhopal, Ladai Sarkar of
Tikamgarh also supported the British in suppressing the revolt.
7. The spies were also responsible to a large extent for the failure of the revolt of 1857, such as
Jagatraj‟s information got Deshpat Bundela caught, Mansingh of Narwar got Tatya Tope
captured. Nathe Khan, the Diwan of Ladai Sarkar, gave important information related to
Bundelkhand to Hugh Rose in Indore.
8. Where the British were equipped with all kinds of resources, the rebels lacked with resources.
9. The intelligence and information system of the British was very strong.
10. At the time of the revolt, the company had cpable persons like Lawlrence Brothers, Nicholson,
James Outram, Henry Havelock, Hamilton, Stuat, Hugh Rose, Erskine and Durrand, who made
the revolt of 1857 a failure with great understanding promptness and bravery.
Consequences of the Revolt of 1857
The following consequences emerged from the Revolt of 1857.
1. After the revolt of 1857, the company made treaties with the native rulers of central India and
brought them under the company‟s government. This entire region was made the Central India
Agency under the British residency.
2. Expansion of Military cantonments in the year 1857 at Indore, Gwalior, Dhar, Dewas, Rewa,
Orchha, Barwani etc were included under the jurisdiction of Central India Agency.
3. Sagar-Narmada Region was a part of the North-West Province at the time of the revolt, which was
formed in 1861 by the formation of Central Province.
4. The rulers who supported the British in suppressing the revolt were rewarded.
5. The Right of Adoption was given to the rulers of the Princely states.
Prominent Leaders of MP in the Great Uprising of 1857
1. Jannayak Tantya Bhil: Tantya Bhil, who is called the „Jannayak Robinhood‟ and the „Pride of
Nimar‟ was born in 1842 in village Viri of West Nimar. In the revolt of 1857, rebellion against the
British started. Through Guerrilla warfare, he campaigned against the British for 15 consecutive
years in the second half of the 19th century. In 1888-89, he was arrested and tried for Treason
(insurgent), under which he was hanged on 4 December, 1889.
2. Tatya Tope: Tatya Tope led the armies on behalf of Peshwa Nana Saheb in the Revolt of 1857.
His real name was Ramchandra pandurang. Tatya established a new revolutionary state by
adopting the Ganimi Kava method (Guerrilla warefare), whose main centers were made Kalpi and
Jalalabad. Along with Rani lakshmibai of Jhansi, he had an important contribution in capturing
Gwalior. Finally, with the help of Raja Mansingh ofNarwar, the British arrested Tatya Tope on 7
April, 1859 and he was hanged on 18 April, 1859 at Shivpuri.
3. Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi: Rani Lakshmibai, the great freedom fighter of the revolt of 1857,
was born in Varanasi. She was married to Maharaja Gangadhar Rao of Jhansi. After death of
Maharaja Gangadhar, Governor General Lord Dalhousie refused to accept Damodar
(Lakshmibai‟s adopted son) as successor of Gangadhar, against which queen revolted and on 7
June 1857, Queen again captured Jhansi and ruled peacefully for 10 months. March, 1858, when
queen was defeated by Hugh Rose, she came to Kalpi and then went to Gwalior with the help of
Tatya Tope and captured Gwalior. On 18 June, 1858, Veerangana Rani Lakshmibai was martyred
while fighting with the British.
4. Raja Shankar Shah: Shankar Shah, the last ruler of the Gond dynasty of Garha Mandla, led the
rebels in the revolt of 1857 in Jabalpur. Deputy Commissioner Clark attacked residence of ruler
Shankar shah on September 1857. He was sentenced to death for offense of Treaty and on 18
September, 1857, was blown up with cannos at the agency House in Jabalpur. The work done in
the revolt of 1857 by Shankar Shah was mentioned by W.C. Arkine in Narrative of Events
attending the outbreak of Disturbances and the Restoration of Authority in the sagar and Narmada
territories in 1857-58.
5. Saadat Khan: Saadat Khan revolted against the British Army with one of his detachments (Small
faction of an army) in the Revolt of 1857. He was a brave and truste soldier of Holkar ruler.
Saadat Khan led the Revolt in Malwa and attacked the residency of Colonel Durrand and he was
hanged on 1 October 1874. Saadat Khan was one of the revolutionaries of 1857.
6. Bhima Nayak: He was born in the year 1840 in Panch Mohali village of princely state of western
Nimar. He led the tribals in Sendhwa (Barwani). His working region was from the Princely state
of Barwani to Khandesh Region (Present day Maharashtra). 2 April, 1868, he was arrested while
sleeping in the dense forest of Satpura and kept n Port Blair and Nicobar, Bhima Nayak died on
29 December 1976 in Port Blair.
7. Khajya Nayak: He was born in a Bhil family in Sangli village of Nimar. Khajya Nayak was a
watchman of the British. After his death in 1833, the post of watchman was received by son
Khajya. He led the Revolt of 1857 in the NImar region by forming an army of Bhils with Bhima
Khajya. On April, 11, 1858 , there was a battle between the British and Bhil army is Ambapani
village situated between Barwani and Silawad. In which Khajya Nayak and his son Daulat singh
was martyred.
8. Jhalkari Bai: Jhalkari Bai fought with the British army with her exceptional skill, peerless
bravery and indomitable enthusiasm. Jhalkari Bai got the post of commander in the Durga Dal,
the women wing of Lakshmibai.
9. Bodhan Doua: The chief Advisor and Military commandar of Shahgarh ruler Bakhtwali.
Shahgarh ruler Bakhtwali sent an army under the leadership of Bodhan Doua with the aim of
capturing Garhakota and Rehli. He is known as Tatya Tope of Sagar.
British Officers associated with the revolt of 1857
Colonel Eli Colonel Eli arrested the leader of the Bundela rebellion. Raja Hirdesh Shah of
Hirapur. On 22 September 1842, with the help of traitor king of Shahgarh.
Colonel Hyde Maharaja Raghuraj Singh Ju Deo of Rewa state expressed his desire to give
2000 soldiers of his army to British government to keep peace in Baghelkhand
during revolt of 1857.
Colonel Hayde took the command of this army in his hand and stops the rebels.
Captain Captain Waddington had attacked Sohagpur with the aim of suppressing the
Waddington Thakurs in Sohagpur region of Rewa state.
Captain Waddington, along with Lieutnant Warton and Vern, opened a front
against Rani Avantibai of Ramgarh.
Brigadier Sege During th freedom struggle of 1857, he was commander of British army in Sagar
region.
Anticipating a revolt, Brigadier Sege decided to fortify and protect the old fort
of Sagar.
Captain On 1April 1858, Lieutenant Warton, commander of Madhya British Army,
Warden/Lieute attacked Ramgarh from two sides and conquered Ramgarh fort.
nant Warton
Lord Seeing the possible threat of revolt in Gwalior during the freedom struggle of
MacPherson 1857, Political Agent Macpherson decided to give the charge of Gwalior
cantonment and Armory to Jayajirao Scindia.
On the recommendations of Lord Macpherson, Jayajirao Scindia kept his Army
away from the revolt of 1857.
Lord Macpherson was safely sent to Agra by Thakur baldev Singh, a friend of
the British and the Raja of Dhopal.
Indian National Congress in M.P.
 In 1885, the Indian National Congress was established and political consciousness was awakened
in every nook and corner of the country and it became a leading political organization.
 The congress committee meeting was attended by Bapurao, Dada Kinkhede, Gangadhr Chitnis,
Gopal Hari Bhide and Abdul Aziz from Madhya Bharat.
 In the year 1891, the seventh session of the „Indian National Congress‟ was held in Nagpur under
the chairmanship of P. Anand Charlu it was decided to organize Ganesh Utsav and Shivaji Utsav
at many places in Central Provinces and Malwa.
 In the Lahore session of 1893 Dr. Gaur of MP separation of the Department of Justice and the
Department of Administration.
 In 1904 the session of the Indian National Congress held in Bombay, he criticized the English
education system.
 With the efforts of Dadasaheb khaparde, the Central Provinces and Berar Provinceial Association
was established in 1905. The first conference of this organization was held in Nagpur on 22nd
April, 1905 under the chairmanship of Dadasaheb Khaparde.
 In 1906, the provincial session of congress was held in Jabalpur. In this, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla,
Dr. Raghuvendra Rao, Dr. Harishngh Gaur etc. took active participation in this.
Swadesi Movement in Madhya Pradesh
 Lord Curzon partitioned Bengal on 16 Oct, 1905. Swadeshi and boycott movements were
launched to make the protest against the partion of Bengal in 1905 more effective and the wave of
this movement also sprad in Madhya Pradesh.
 Jabalpur was made center of this movement in MP as a result of which Shri Kailashchandra Dutt
opened an indigenous store here and burning of foreign clothes were organized and schools of
national education were opened.
 The leaders of the Swadeshi movement were Ashwini Kumar Dutt, Dadasaheb Khaparde and Dr.
Munje who visited MP.
 The Youth of Gwalior were also affected by the Swadesi movement and in 1908 they organized
the Swadeshi Exhibition in Morar, a suburb of Gwalior. This exhibition attracted large number of
public. The people involved in this exhibition were prosecuted under terrorist activites. (Among
them were Dr. Hari Ramchandra Diwekar, Desai brothers and Dr. Khirwadkar etc.
 In Mandla-Dindori, during swadeshi movement, a new enthusiasm was infused among young of
this region, formed organization of youths in 1904 under leadership of Umesh Dutt Pathak Started
a movement against forced labour and due to these efforts Government had to stop practice of
forced labor.
Home Rule League in Madhya Pradesh
 Lokmanya Tilak made Home Rule movement popular by visiting various cities. As a result, Home
Rule committees were formed all over the country. On 23 April 1916, Tilak established the Home
Rule league branch in Jabalpur, which was headed by lawyer Nathuram Modi.
 Branch of Home Rule League established in Katni by Nathuram Modi by visiting there and N.
Hanumantha Rao was elected as Minister of Katni branch.
 In the year 1916, the Home Rule league was established in Sagar, which promoted the activies of
national awakening. Here the morning procession carried out by people by singing national
anthem. They collect foreign clothes and burn them.
 The Home Rule League branch was established in Hoshangabad district in 1917.
Rowlatt Act (1919): On April 6, 1919, Gandhi started a Satyagraha against the Rowlatt Act and
due to this incident a wave of anger spread in the whole country. In the Mahakaushal region of
Madhya Pradesh about 35 lawyers gave up their law practice in protest against this act
prominentlhy Nathuram Modi, Laxman singh Chauhan and Shivprasad Verma of Jabalpur.
NON-COOPERATION MOVEMENT
Gandhi started the non-cooperation movement on August, 1, 1920, in which the people of Madhya
Pradesh actively participated. In the programs of this movement, important works like prohibition of
liquor, Tilka Swaraj fund, renunciation of foreign clothes and Government educational institutions,
establishment of national educational institutions, establishment of small industries. Lawyers, who
went to go to court, entered the courts wearing Gandhi Cap. The district committes disobeyed the
Government instructions and hosted the national flag on the buildings. During this movement
uprecendented examples of Communal harmony were seen.
In the 35th Congress session held in Nagpur in December 1920, C.R. Das presented a resolution
related to the non-coperation movement and it was passed. Its president was Chakravarti
Vijayaraghavachariar. This session was the largest among all othersession of the Congress till then.
The prominent persons from Madhya Pradesh who participated in this conference were Pandit
Vishnudutt Shukla, Sundarlal Tapasvi, Makhanlal Chaturvedi, Beohar Raghuveer singh, Thakur
Laxman singh Chauhan, Subhadra Kumari Chauhan, Seth Govind das, Pandit Dwarka Prasad Mishra,
Kashi Prasad Panday, Suraj Prasad Sharma, Babu Venkataraman, Kallu Lal Kandele, Chaudhary
Dalchand Rai etc. Pandit Vishnudutt Shukla (Sihora) announced to give up title of Rai Bahadur given
by the British to him.
Non- cooperation movement in Mahakaushal Region
The greatest impact of the non-cooperation movement was in the Mahakaushal region because party
workers participated in Congress session held at Nagpur in 1920.
Jabalpur: In the Mahakaushal region, the greatest impact of the Non-cooperation movement was
Jabalpur district. Gandhi made a historic tour of the country in 1921 for communal harmony and this
tour started from Chhindwara and on 5 March, 1921, Gandhi reached Jabalpur with Kasturba Gandhi
and the Ali brothers (Shaukat Ali and Mohammad Ali). Here Gandhi stayed in the house of Shri
Shyam Sundar Bhargava, a rich honorable citizen of the city.
He addressed a meeting in Jabalpur‟s Gol Gazar, in which he talked about burning of foreign clothes,
Khadi promotion, boycott of Government educational institutions, emancipation of untouchables,
Hindu-Muslim unity, in the form of non-cooperation movement, and at the same time Gandhi
addressed the untouchables and called them „Harijan‟. Pandit Sunderlal Tapasvi was the President of
Mahakoshal Congress at this time. Tilak Swarajya Fund, Gandhi got about twenty thousand rupees in
this meeting.
Non-cooperation movement in Jabalpur district was led by Kesari Seth Govind das whose political
teacher was Pt. Vishnudutt Shukla. Th First National School „Hitkarani‟ in Jabalpur and „Tilak‟
National Schools were established in Katni and ladda Seth provided Godowns for running school in
which Thakur Bhiyalal Singh and Sheikh Chammar became teachers. The students left the
Government school and went to study in National Schools.
Seoni: In the year 1921, Mahatma Gandhi addressed a huge general assembly in Seoni. Gandhi‟s
ideas had a great impact on the people and they decided to adopt programmes of boycott of foreign
goods, Swadeshi etc. Mahatma Gandhi was arrested and as a result of this arrest, there was a strong
reaction among the people of Seoni districtand in opposition, there was a strike organized in the
entire district schools were closed processions were taken out.
Chhindwara: On 6 Aprril, 1921, a huge meeting wasorganized under the leadership of Gandhi in
Chhindwara in this gathering of Gandhi in Chhindwara. In this gathering, Gandhi appealed for
donations for the Tilak Swarajya fund in which women participated enthusiastically and got a large
amount of money and jewelleries.
Dindori: Many Malguzars of Dindori participated in the Non-cooperation movement. They sold
away their malguzaris and supported the movement. Gandhu Gond led the revolutionary activity by
selling his malguzaris and also looted the Government treasury at Dindori.
Non-Cooperation Movement to Malwa Region
Malwa already witnessed a series of Political activities although the public awakening here started
with areligiou atmosphere from 1896 people started celebrating Ganpati festival in Indore. In 1905,
PT. Arjun Lal Sethi propagated nationalism. In 1907, theworkers of Gyan Prakash mandal, used to
organize religious festivals. In which nationalist themes were highlighted. Later under Non
cooperation movement Malwa saw another high level of activities.
Indore: Mahatma Gandhi‟s first visit to Indore took place in 1918, when he presided over the Hindi
Sahitya Sammelan at there. The political activities in Indore were implemented under the provincial
congress committee-Ajmer (Original name – Ajmer Marwar Rajasthan Central India, Congress
Committee). It was under the direction of this committee that the non-cooperation movement was
started in Indore. The people of Indore collected Rs. 21000 in Tilak Swaraj fund.
On June 1920, the congress branch was established in Indore Residency area, whose president was
Arjun lal Sethi. This led to the promotion of foreign boycott Swadeshi Promotion. Khadi Promotion
during the Non-cooperation movement. Indore state PrajaMandal/Praja Parishad was formed in 1920.
Prominent Revolutionaries – Arjun Lal Sethi, Master Lalchand, Syed Mohammad, Anandi Lal
Malviya, Kashidevi etc.
Khargone: National activities had started with establishment of the Swadeshi incentive fund in
Khargone in the beginning of 19th century and as a result of Gandhi‟s call for Swadeshi, movement of
foreign boycott also intensified here. During the Non-cooperation movement, Babulal Joshi
boycotted Government schools and established National Schools.
Ratlam: The Initiation of the Non-cooperation movement in Ratlam started with the inspiration of
Saraj (Gwananand). Here also burning of forward clothes was organized. In the year 1921, when the
Prince of wales came to Ratlam there were protests and raising slogans by the citizesn and the
students.
After this incident, Mohammad Umar Khan, Master Lalchand, Syed Mohammad etc. were arrested
by the British soldiers and they were sentenced to three years by trial overnight and they were also
expelled from the princely started of Ratlam.
Jaora (Jawra): In 1920, under the Non-coopertion movement in Jaora, Ghisulal Sisodiya opposed
the Jaora Mandi Committee tax, as a result of which he was expelled from state. In protest against
this there was a three-day strike organized in Jaora. Under the Non-cooperation movement, Khadi
weaving center and Khadi Selling center were established in Jaora in the year 1922 to promote the
Swadeshi (Indegenous) spirit.
Hoshangabad: In the 1920-21 in Hoshangabad, Sewa Samiti was formed for the Non-Cooperation
movement. In the 1922, a meeting of MP Hindi committee was held in Hoshangabad, in which it was
decided to collect Rs. 1.50 lakh for Tilak Swarajya fund. At the same time, Shri Bhagwati Prasad
Tiwari established Balak Mandal in Harda.
Non-cooperation Movement in Bundelkhand
After the establishment of the Home Rule League in Sagar, the political activities became
more active and in 1920 people organized and protested against the rule for the first time. This
movement was known as Ratona Satyagrah.
Chhatarpur: During the Non-cooperation Movement, Alibandhu, the leader of the khilafat
movement, organized a meeting in 1921 at a place called Mahoba near Chhatarpur. In this meeting,
Ramshay Tiwari and other workers of Chhatarpur were arrested for raising slogans. From 1923-28
the work of emancipation of untiouchables etc, was carried out by Arya Samaj in Chhatarpur princely
state of Bundelkhand.
Bundelkhand: In the post-war period Revolutionary effort of Pandit Parmanand Joshi were revived
in the form of Hindustan Republic Association under the leadelrship of Ramprasad Bismil, Late
Shachindranath Sanyal and Yogesh Chandra Chatterjee etc. Jhansi was also included in this
revolutionary organization.
In 1923, Shahchindranath Bakshi was appointed by „Hindustan Republic Association‟ to organize the
Jhansi branch. Shachindranath Bakshi contacted Master Rudranarayan singh in Jhansi, who had
opened an arena (Akhara) for the youth of Jhansi, which provided revolutionaries like Sarveshree
Sadashivraj, Vishwanath Gangadhar, Vaishampayan and Bhagwandas Mahor to the revolutionary
party.
Ratona Satyagraha/Kasaikhana (Salughter house) Movement: A 20 –year lease was given to
open a slaughter house at a place called Ratona near Sagar, where there was a provision for
slaughtering animals. People gathered and agitated to get this slaughter house closed in which Bhai
Abdul Gani, Govind Lokras, Swami Krishnanand, Master Baldev Prasad etc. played important roles.
Non-cooperation movement in Gwalior Princely State
During the Non-cooperation movement, people in the Gwalior princely state gave up
Government titles and honorary posts, abandoned British Government meetings, courts and other
official and non-Government meetings, courts and other official and non-government festivals,
boycott of schools and colleges, boycott of foreign goods and Swadeshi was promoted.
In 1913 for National consciousness, Saraswati library was established by B.S. Pathik. The
Ujjain region of Gwalior state was an important refuge center of freedom fighters and political
activists not only from Gwalior but also of all the princely states of central India. In 1917, the Ujjain
Public Assembly was established in Ujjain and its office was built in the Khadi Bhandar located in
Patni Bazar and Triyambak Damodar, Amba Prasad Tiwari and Krishnarao Datt were its facilitators.
After some time, the Ujjain Sarvajanik Sabha was converted into the Gwalior state public assembly
and became a pillar of political movement running in the Gwalior Princely state.
Shajapur: Shajapur was a part of Gwalior princely state and youths like Kishore Bhai Trivedi, Pratap
Bhai Raghunandan Sharma, Ramchandra Dhoble, Nandkishore Bhatt, Mayashankar Sugandhai, and
Rajnarayan Bhatt promoted this movement. Motiram Deshmukh, influenced by Gandhi, left the
government job and went to jail for participating in the Jungle Satyagraha.
Shivpuri: During this movement, Pandit Gopal Krishna Pauranik established a National Institutional
named Adarsh Vidyalaya in village Bhatnavar. Its objective was to build national character among
the students.
Mandsaur and Neemuch: The Non-cooperation movement in Neemuch was propagated by Seth
Nathulal Chauradia, Moolchand Agrawal and Champa Devi Yadav and the workers of Neemuch
started this movement under the guidance of Ajmer Congress Committee. The women of Neemuch
also participating enthusiastically in this movement, in which Champadevi yadav, Janki Devi
Agarwal and Kamla Bai Yadav are notable.
Non-cooperation movement in Baghelkhand
In Baghelkhand, the work of political awakening with started by the local and regional
organizations. But due to the Non-cooperation movement started by Mahatma Gandhi, the anti-
British activities in Rewa, Sidhi, Anuppur etc areas as well as in the whole of Baghelkhand became
more intense.
Rewa: The British increased the tax in the princely state, banned people from giving speeches,
stopped newspapers, the economic and social exploitation of the British was increasing due to which
discontent among the people increased and people enthusiastically participated in the Non-
cooperation movement. Gandhi made a Seven-Point Program of Non-cooperation, which was
adopted by the people of Rewa State.
Prominent Freedom fighters – Brijwasi Lal, Shanti bai, Avdhesh Pratap Singh, Rajbhan Singh
Tiwari.
Non-cooperation Movement in Bhopal

People of Bhopal, Raisen, Sehore, Berasia, Narsinghgarh and Rajgarh were deeply hurt by the
dread of Rowlatt Act and Jallianwala massacre and actively participated in this movement against the
British. During the Non-cooperation movement, Gandhi visited Bhopal in September 1921, in which
Kumara Meera Ben, P.F. Andrews and Mahadev Bhai Desai accompanied him. Boycotted to attend
meeting, court and other government-non-government festivals organized in his honour by
government officials and children were gradualy removed from schools and colleeges aided and
controlled by British rule. British courts were boycotted, soldiers took out rallies for not participating
in the Mesopotamian war, and general public promoted Swadeshi, and Burning of foreign clothes was
organized. Emphasis was puton establishment of Small scale industries.
In the speeches here, Gandhi laid great emphasis on Hindu-Muslim unity and gave the
messeage of removal of untouchability. The people of Bhopal participated openly in this Non-
cooperation program of Gandhi. The people of Bhopal state under the leadership of Faiyaz Hussain,
Najja Dada, Syed Hamid Hussain Rizvi, Shambhudayal etc made their significant contribution in the
nationwide Non-cooperation movement. Bai Amman awakened women by going one place to
another. He conveyed secret information to the freedom fighters during the Non-Cooperation
movement. Therefore her contribution is remarkable.
In 1922, the burning of the foreign felt camp was organized in front of the police station in
sehore. Even in Vidisha, the public participated in these programs. In Rajgarh, Narsinghgarh also,
picketing was held at liquor shops and burning of foreign clothes was organized under Non-
cooperation movement.
In the year 1919, the Congress Committee was established in Sehore Cantonment for Khadi
Promotion and emancipation of untouchables under the direction of Ajmer Marwari Provincial
congress. The inspiration of Natioal consciousness in Sehore was mainly under the leadership of
Swami Atmanand and Swami Ramanand.They organized burning of foreign clothes on the border of
Princely state.
In 1925, in consultation with Govind Shastri in Bhopal, Congress Committee was established
in house of Vitthal Das Baja and Khadi store was established in lower part of the same house.
Mahatma Gandhi and Madhya Pradesh
Itinerary Year Location Important Events
First 1918 Indore Arrived in Indore on 28 March, 1918.
Second 1921 Chhindwara Gandhi arrived in Chhindwara on 6 January,
1921.
Third 1921 Seoni, Gandhi arrived in Seoni on 20 March, 1921.
Jabalpur Gandhi came to Jabalpur on 21 March, 1921.
Fourth 1929 Khandwa On May 1929, Gandhi came to Khandwa
Fifth 1929 Bhopal and Sanchi In September 1929, Gandhi visited Bhopal &
Sanchi
Sixth 1933 Balaghat, Betul, From 22 November to 8 December 1933,
Itarsi, Sagar, Damoh, Gandhi visited many cities of the state
Katni, Mandla,
Harda, Khandwa
Seventh 1935 Indore Again arrived in Indore on 20 April 1935.
Eighth 1941 Bhedaghat, Jabalpur In February 1941, visited Jabalpur &
Bhedaghat
Ninth 1942 Jabalpur On 27 april, 1942 again came to jabalpur
Jhanda (Flag) Satyagraha

Even after the suspension of the Non-Cooperation movement and the arrest of Gandhi, people
kept on mobilizing the freedom movement in some way and the result of this mobility is Jhanda
Satyagraha, which occupies a special place in the history of the independence movement of Madhya
Pradesh. It was a movement for the honour of the National flag in a peaceful manner during the Non-
cooperation movement.
After the arrest of Gandhi, the All India Congress Committee constituted a Satyagraha Inquiry
Committee, which was entrusted the responsibility of touring the country investigate and submit its
report. The chairman of this committee was Hakim Ajmal Khan the members were Motilal Nehru,
Rajopalachari, Dr. M.A. Ansari, Vithalbhai Patel and Kasturiranga. Satyagraha Inquiry Committee
arrived Jabalpur in February 1923 on a visit.
According to the proposal of Jabalpur Muncipality President Kanchhedilal, the municipality
decided to give a certificate to honor the members of the inquiry committee and to hoist the national
flag on the town hall of the municipality on this occasion. The government ordered the national flag
not be flown on public buildings, and the town hall was surrounded by police that day. As a result of
neither the members of the Inquiry committee were given the certificate nor were the flag hoisted on
that day.
The congress workers and youths were furious over the failure to hoist the flag at the town
hall. In the evening of the same day, a huge public meeting was organized at Tilak Maidan in which
C. Rajagopalachari and Dr. Rajendra Prasad called upon the citizens of Jabalpur to come forward to
maintain the respect of the national flag.
The president of the Hindi Central Provincial Congress Committee, Pandit Sunderlal
announced a Satyagraha to protect the honour of the national flag and pledged that he would not
accept food, milk and fruits and any material made from them until the desired goal is achieved Due
to this vow, he got the title of „Ascetic‟. In the meeting, the date of March 18 was fixed for the flag
Satyagraha.
 On 18 March 1923, a procession was taken out under the leadership of Pandit Sunderlal, who
marched towards the town hall raising slogans.
 Some youths of the procession also reached town hall and unfurled the tricolor flag. People
involvedincludes Premchand Jain from Damoh and his associates Sitaram Yadav, Paramanand
Jain and Khushalchand Jain. Thus Jabalpur became the first place in country where the National
flag was hoisted.
 This incident made the British Deputy Commissioner of Jabalpur so angry that he ordered the
soldiers to take down the flag immediately. The soldiers not only lowered the flag but crushed it
with their feet.
 Pandit Sunderlal was arrested and sentenced to six months‟ imprisonment.
 Karmveer Published from Jabalpur wrote an editorial on this incident. As a result, weekly Uday
and Dainik Prakash were started publishing from Sagar.
Nagpur Congress Committee now accepted the challenge of Jhanda Satyagraha, Nagpur congress
committee president Jamnalal Bajaj took over the operation of the Jhanda Satyagraha and thus the
center of the struggle was shifted from Jabalpur to Nagpur. Nagpur Congress Committee and
Mahakoshal Congress Committee jointly decided to conduct Jhanda Satyagraha in series from 1st
May. On Bajaj and Bhagwandin marched towards the district court carrying the national flag. He was
stopped. Some of the volunteers who tried to hoist the flag on the building were beaten up and sent to
jail. This Satyagraha lasted for 114 days in which 1265 volunteers from different parts of the Central
Provinces Participated.
Initially women were not allowed to participate in it, but due to efforts of Mrs.
Subhadrakumari Chauhan, women also get permission to participate in Satyagraha, Mrs, Subhadra
Kumari Chauhan was the first woman to be imprisoned in the Jhanda Satyagraha. On the arrest of
Subhadra Kumari Chauhan, C. Rajagopalachari said in a public meeting. „Her heroic act will be heard
and appreciated in every house of India‟‟.
As a result of the expansion of Satyagraha, leaders of the Indian Congress Committee, Dr.
Rajendra Prasad, Vallabbhai Patel, Devdas Gandhi and T. Prakasam were sent to Nagpur to see the
progress of the Movement. Congres President Dr. Ansari directed all the Provincial Congress
Comittees to celebrate all India flag day on June 18, 1923. Thus the Jhanda Satyagraha started from
Jabalpur became an all India mass movement.
On June 18, a large procession was taken out under the leadership of Jawaharlal Nehru,
Purushottam Das Tandon and Makhan Lal Chaturvedi. 275 volunteers were arrested that day. It was
decided to celebrate Flag Day across the country on 18th July, on this day a procession was taken out
with the national flag in every city of the country.
At the end, a procession of 100 volunteers led by Vallabhbhai Patel, Dr. Rajendra Prasad and
Makhanlal Chaturvedi carrying the national flag was taken out in Nagpur, which culminated in Sadar
Bazar. In the evening of the same day, a meeting was held in the town hall in which Vithalbhai Patel
announced the end of Satyagraha and thanked the volunteers.
Causes-
 To inculcate a sense of respect for National Flag.
 To challenge legitimacy of British Government.
 To opposte laws restricting civil liberties.
Consequences
 All the members of Jabalpur muncipaity resigned in protest.
 The Publication of weeklhy newspapers Uday and Dainik Prakash started in Sagar.
 The flag Satyagraha took the form of an all-india mass movement.
Nathuram Modi : He was a famous politician, Lawyer and freedom fighter. He presided over Home
Rule League founded by Lokmanya Tilak on 23 April 1916 (Jabalpur) and established branch of
Home Rule League (Katni). He also quit Law practice in protest against Rowlatt Act.
Seth Govinddas: He was a prominent India‟s freedom fighter, parliamentarian and famous Hindi
litrateur. He was nicknamed Mahakoshal Kesari. He was closely associated with Mahatma Gandhi
and led the Non-cooperation movement in Jabalpur region.
On 6 April 1930, he took part in Salt Satyagraha in Jabalpur along with Pt. Dwarka Prasad Mishra.
He advocated Hindi as the official language of India. He was Memberof Parliament from Jabalpur
Loksabha constituency from 1947 to 1974.
Leeladhar Joshi: An Indian politician and freedom fighter. He was the first Chief Minister of
Madhya Bharat. Inspired by the Non-coopertion movement Shajapur, he left his law practice and
participating in the National Movement. He participated in Civil Disobedience Movement. He was
the member of Parliament from Shajapur Loksabha Constituency in first Loksabha (1952).
Vishnudutt Shukla (Silhora): Politician and freedom fighter in MP. He participated in the 1920
session of the congress held in Nagpur. In support of Non-cooperation movement, he gave up
Honorary Magistrate title given by the British. He resigned from the Membership of Viceroy‟s
council in protest against Jallianwala Bagh Massacare.
Badal Bhoi: A prominent freedom fighter from Chhindwara region of MP. He led the „Rail Roko‟
Movement to save the forest and mineral wealth of the region. Madhya Pradesh Government has
established Badal Bhoi State Tribal Museum in Chhindwara district.
Civil Disobedience Movement
In December 1929, a Resolution of Purna swarajya (complete Independece) was passed in the
Lahore session of the congress, presided over by Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru. On 26 January 1930, it was
announced to celebrate the Independence Day.
In February 1930, the congress working committee gave Mahatma Gandhi the right to start the
Civil Disobedience Movement at the appropriate time. On 12 March, 1930, Mahatma Gandhi with 78
volunteers left the Sabarmati Ashram for Dandi and completed this march in 24 days. On 6 th April,
1930, Gandhi started the Civil Disobedience Movement by Picking up salt at Dandi and broke the
Salt law.
Civil Disobedience Movement in Mahakoshal
On 6 April, 1930, the Civil Disobedience Movement started as soon as Mahatma Gandhi broke
the Salt law at Dandi. As soon as the News of this movement spread in the Mahakoshal region, under
the leadership of Seth Govnid Das and Pt. Dwarka Prasad Mishra, the period of Protest and
demonstration started in the Region. This movement started in two phases in Mahakoshal area. The
first phase is the Salt Satyagraha and the second phase is the Jungle Satyagraha. In the form of these
Satyagrahas, the Civil Disobedience Movement was spread in the entire Mahakoshal area including
Jabalpur, Ghora-Dongri, and Chhindwara.
Prominent Protestors – Seth Govind Das, Ravi Shankar Shukla, Subhadra Kumari Chauhan,
Makhanlal Chaturvedi, Vishnudas Bhargava, Beohar Rajendra Singh, Pt. Maharajdeen Mishra of
Sihora, Kashi Prasad panday etc.
1. Civil Disobedience Movement in Jabalpur

 As soon as the Civil Disobedience Movement started, a huge procession was organized in
Jabalpur under the leadership of Seth Govind Das and Dwarka Prasad Mishra on 6 th April, 1930,
in which they took an oath with the public gathered at the tomb of Rani Durgawati in Barela to
continue this Freedom Struggle until the success is not achieved.
 In this procession, Seth Govind Das of Jabalpur, Pt. Dwarka Prasad Mishra, Pt. Makhanlal
Chaturvedi, Vishnudayal Bhargava, Sarvamal Jain, Pt. Bal Mukund Tripathi were involved with
revolutionaries of respective areas.
 On 8 April, 1930, a huge public meeting was organized, in this meeting, Seth Govind Das broke
salt law by making 10 Grams of Salt, as a result of which the laws was broken by making Salt at
Patan, Katni and Sihora etc. in Jabalpur.
 8 April 1930, huge meeting was organized in Jabalpur in which Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla
participated and on 29 April in Jabalpur Seth Govind Das, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla, Pt. Dwarka
Prasad Mishra, Subhadra Kumari Chouhan, Pt. Makhanlal Chaturvedi, Vishnudayal Bhargava
and T. Krishnaswamy were arrested.
 To suppress this movement, publication of newspapers was banned by government, as result of
Jabalpur was stopped, and due to this people boycotted government schools and colleges in
protest, shopkeepers stopped selling goods to soldiers.
 In 1930, a branch of Naujawan Bharat Sabha (Youth society of India) was opened in Jabalpur,
through which appeals were made to the Police of Kotwali located in Kamaniya Gate and Fawara
Chowk to join in Freedom struggle.
Civil Disobedience Movement in Malwa Region
In 1930 the political activities regarding the Civil Disobedience Movement in Malwa region
started intensifying. This movement was promoted in the entire Malwa region including Indore,
Khandwa, Ratlam and Betul.
Prominent Protestors – Pt. Makhanlal Chaturvedi, Ratan Singh, Fateh Singh, Durgadevi Nigam,
Deepchand Gothi etc.
1. Civil Disobedience Movement in Indore: The city congress committee, in violation of the
Government orders, took out 7 processions simultaneously on 30 July, 1930, due to which the police
arrested the people participating in the procession, in which some persons were sentenced. Local
leader of the residency area R.P. Parsai, who was sentenced for treason in 1929, was releases in 1930
and he again started campaigning against the British rule with his campaigning against the British
rule with his companions and at same time the Degree of Advocate V.S. Sarwate was revoked.
2. Civil Disobedience Movement in Khandwa: During the Civil Disobedience movement in
Khandwa on 11 April 1930, a list of 50 satyagrahis of East Nimar was prepared in chairmanship of
Pt. Makhanlal Chaturvedi which Ramchandra Nagda, Siddhanath Madhav Agarkar, Shankar Dayal
Sharma madhav Agarkar, Shankar Dayal Sharma Makhanlal Chaturvedi etc were included. Salt laws
were broken by these Satyagrahis and prohibited lieterature was read and sold. During the arrested
and sent to Jabalpur jail.
3. Civil Disobedience Movement in Ratlam: During the Civil Disobedience Movement Seva
Mandal was formed in Ratlam in 1929 to increase political consciousness. „Stree Seva Dal‟ for
women was established Ratlam under the chairmanship of Durga Devi. It included Shanta Bai,
Chandra Pratap Dubey etc, who played an important role in national movement and also went to jail.
4. Civil Disobedience Movement in Betul: In Betul district also, during the Civil Disobedience
Movement, salt law violating foreign clothes boycott and liquor prohibition movements were carried
out. During the Jungle Satyagraha in Betul procession of 500 tribals was taken out under the
leadership of Deepchand Gothi. Prominent Satyagrahi Deepchand Gothi was arrested by the British
Government for taking out the procession and he was sentenced to one year rigorous imprisonment,
after this, the Jungle Satyagraha was led by Ganjan Singh Korku. On September 19, a meeting was
organized in „Chikhlad‟ under the meeting, the police opened fire in which many people were
martyred and about 40 people were injured. Ganjan Singh Korku was also arrested and punished.
Several Satyagraha were also conducted on many places of Betul like Sital Dehi, Khar, Nigad,
Jawado etc. Garra Gond was martyred in the firing during Satyagraha in Jawado and Vishnu Singh
was arrested and sentenced to death.
Civil Disobedience Movement in Bundelkhand Region
In front of the Congress, the princely people expressed their aspiration to form a national
organization, under which the „Desi Rajya Lok Parishad‟ was formed in 1927. This organization got
the full support of the Congress and the princely states of the Central India Agency (the princely
states of Bundelkhand) and other princely states were also fully influenced by the activities of both
the national organizations. Anti-Tax movements started in native states of Bundelkhand, which were
suppressed by rulers of princely states or by agents of British state.
1. Civil Disobedience Movement in Chhatarpur:. In August 1930, people of Laundi tehsil and
north-wst Rajnagar tehsil participated in the meeting held on the banks of river Urmil, who were
expressing their determination to reduce the unbearable taxes imposed by princely state. When the
meeting was being held, the Najim and the Superintendent of Chhatarpur State also reached there
with Army, but due the end of the proceddings of the meeting, a major tragedy of repression was
averted. In November 1930, Ganesha Harijan of Laundi Tehsil died while being beaten up by the rule
of Chhatarpur princely state in an attempt to suppress the movement.
Charanpaduka Massacre
On January 14, 1931, on the occasion of Makar Sankranti, a huge meeting was organized under the
chairmanship of Sarju Daua on the banks of the Urmil River at a place called Charanpaduka. As a
result, as placed called Charanpaduka. As a result, as soon as the news of the meeting was received, a
crowd gathered in Charan Paduka.
The proceedings of the meeting were going on at the same time the political agent fischer of
Bundelkhand reached there along with police soldiers and surrounded the meeting place from all
sides and ordered to vacate the stage but the organizers refused to vacate stage and said that the stage
will not vacated until the demands are met.
After this, Fischer ordered soldiers to open fire killed. According to govt, 6 people were killd
and 34 were injured, but Prof. Ramsahay Tiwari said that death rate was many times higher. This
massacre of MP after the massacre, anti-government movements started in many princely states of
Bundelkhnad.
Civil Disobedience Movement in Gwalior State
The Civil Disobedience Movement was officially announced by Mahatma Gandhi on March
12, 1930. But in the princely state of Gwalior, its beginning was visible from 1928. In 1930-31,
Laxmibai Garde boycotted foreign goods by forming an organization in Gwalior and burning of
foreign clothes everywhere. In 1938, in a public meeting in Lashkar, the tricolor strip was introduced
and seeing the tricolour strip was introduced and seeing the tricolour strip on the collar of a student,
an Englishman angrily pulled the strip and trampled it. Against which a major demonstration and
strike took place on 26 January 1938.
Prominent Protestors: Kamal Singh, Kashidas Kachhwaha, Kalu Singh, Kishore Trivedi, A.S.
Subramaniam, Khatanmal, Gajadhar Prasad Mathur etc. worked at individual level in the Civil
Disobedience Movement.
Katanmal contributed in gathering crowd by ringing bell. He was imprisoned for three months during
the salt satyagrah in 1930 and two and a half years in 1932. Gajadhar Prasad Mathur lived in the jail
of Gwalior, Vidisha and Shivpuri during the salt Satyagrah in 1930 and Gangadhar Daate also took
an active part in this movement in 1930 and was imprisoned for 6 years.
1. Civil Disobedience Movement in Ujjain: Various activities were going on at this time in Ujjain,
which was under in princely state of Gwalior during time elimination of Jagir, pesant movement,
labour movement, khadi movement, harijan liberation program and Swadeshi movement were
prominent.
 A farmer was died due to Amarji Gadi Jagirdar against the ongoing atrocities in Makdawan Jagir.
With this incident this movement spread across the state.
 Ujjain was the birthplace of the labour movement. Jagirdari abolition movement started from
Ujjain, in which Shivshankar Rao was mainly associated.
 Shivshankar Rao, Swami Ramanand, Gopi Krishna Vijayvargiya, Girdharilal Thakkar, Dr.
Hariram Choubey, Avantilal Jain, Shriram Singh etc were active in this movement and the labour
movement of Ujjain, played an important role in the political movement of the princely state of
Gwalior.
2. Civil Disboedience Movement in Shajapur: Motilal Deshmukh, influenced by Mahatma Gandhi
and left the government job in 1930 to participate in the Civil Disobedience Movement and went to
jail for participating in the Jungle Satyagraha.
The youth leader of Shajapur, Leeladhar joshi movement and actively participated in the constructive
programmes like the eradication of untouchability and set up of Khadi village industries and went to
jail.
3. Civil Disobedience Movement in Shivpuri: Adarsh Vidyalaya was established by Pt.
Gopalkrishna Puranik in Bhatnawar village of Shivpuri with the aim of building national character
among the students.
4. Civil Disobedience Movement in Guna: The first political conference was held in Guna which
was organized by Gopal Krishna Vijayvargiya, Vishwanath Tadke and Sitaram and the second
conference was also held here in which Kailashnath Katju participated.
5. Civil Disobedience Movement in Bhind-Morena: The office of the public meeting (Gwalior
State congress) was established in Bhind. Harisevak Mishra, Rameshwar Dayal Jamna, Shrinath
Sharma, Yashwant Singh Kushwaha and Jagannath Singh Pachoukhara had notable contribution in
this movement.
Civil Disobedience Movement in Baghelkhand Region

In the princely state of Rewa, a group led by Rao sahib Chorhat met Maharaja Gulab Singh to
demand some reforms. But the demands were not even considered.
Captain Avdhesh Pratap Singh, Rajbhan Singh Tiwari and Lal Yadavendra Singh from Rewa
had attended the Karachi session of congress. Inspired by salt Satyagraha and Jungle sathyagrah of
1930-31, in 1931 Raghuvendra Pratap Singh of Baraudh declared that „Let my become a petty servant
of freedom struggle‟.
Avdhesh Pratap Singh was arrested on July 11, 1931 on the orders of a British Political agent
who was dissatisfied with formation of congress in Rewa, Civil Disobedience Movement
establishment of Charkha sangh and Hindustan seva dal and demand for popular rule.
Hundreds of Leaders and workers were taken prisoner on the orders of the agent. But
Maharaja Gulab Singh, the then king of Rewa, released all the political prisoners. In 1931, Lala
Yadvendra Singh hosted the national flag at Azad Park in Nagod and Captain Avdhesh Pratap Singh
in Nagod and Captain Avdhesh Pratap fasted for 20 days in protest against the two year imprisonment
of Pt. Shambhunath Shukla.
1. Civil Disobedience Movement in Rewa: On May 30, 1931, the Baghelkhand Congress committee
was established in Rewa, whose president was Yadvendra Singh and the minister was captain
Avdhesh Pratap Singh, Later, a five-member standing committee was formed in place of district
congress committee, whose members were Avdhesh Pratap Singh, Yadvendra Singh, Fateh Bahadur
Singh, Rajmanu Singh Tiwari and Vanshpati Singh.
Vishnukanta Devi Awasthi was imprisoned for her participation in the Rewa freedom struggle
and Kumari Triveni Singh contributed to this movement. In Satna, Urmila Devi was sent to Nagod
Jail for participating in freedom movement. Jagdish Prasad, Shivraj Kumar also actively participated
in freedom movement from 1930-1942.
2. Civil Disobedience Movement in Sidhi: The freedom movement in Sidhi region was started by
Brijwasi lal. Gajmohan singh of waidhan actively did the work of public awareness here during the
Goa Liberation Movement of 1931.
3. Civil Disobedience Movement in Shahdol: In 1918, National Consciousness was developed in
Shahdol under the leadership of Pt. Nehru like other areas of Madhya Pradesh; the Jungle Satyagraha
movement took place here too. Chhote Lal Patel of Sigudi went to katni to participate in the Jungle
Satyagraha and the youth there formed the „Vanar Sena‟ in the year 1932. During this time, Congress
General Conference was also organized in Burhar.
Civil Disobedience Movement in Bhopal Region

Local leaders and people broke British laws by making salt during the Civil Disobedience
movement in Rajgarh, Narsinghgarh, Sehore, Udaipur, Berasia and other areas of Bhopal State. They
were engaged in picketing of the liquor and opium shops while the students boycotted government
schools and colleges. At the local level people established national schools. Gandhi‟s visit to Bhopal
in 1930 accelerated this movement and the foundation of Jungle Satyagraha was also laid by salt
Satyaraha.
Mahatma Bhagwandeen Dr. Khare, Poonam chandrakar, Neelkanth Rao Deshkumh, Jamnalal Bajaj
etc reached at the place Dahi Handa of Berar with a team of Volunteers, and violated the salt law, as a
result of which each district congress committee was converted into a war committee. Shanti Devi
Sharma and Rami Bai of Rajgarh also contributed to this movement.
Prominent Protestors – Sitacharan Dixit, Rajaram Sharma, Pratap Singh Parshuram, Banwari Lal
Sharma, Ghanshyam Das etc.
Jungle Satyagraha
On 9 August, 1930, meeting of the congress management committee was held in Bombay in
which a resolution was passed to break the salt law as well as to continue the Jungle Satyagraha. The
purpose was to simplify the forest laws, and to put pressure on the government to freely use the
produce of conserved and protected forests.
This Satyagraha was adapted to the geographical conditions of the forest areas, especially in the
central provinces. The peasantry, tribal people mainly participated in this movement.
This movement was widespread in the forests of Betul, Banjari Dhal, Chhindwara, Orchha, Seoni-
Turja and Harda.
Causes of Jungle Satyagraha
 The forest law made by the British government was unjust and inhuman.
 Farmers and tribals could arrange grass for fodder for animals in barren land adjacent to their
land but British Government ended this right.
 Farmers and tribals could not get grass from forest for laying dry grass on roofs of their huts.
 Tribal villages, which used to be settled in distant forests, British government tried to remove the
tribals from the forests. As a result, efforts were made by the farmers and the tribal community to
break the forest law.
Bapuji Ane disobeyed British law by cutting grass in the forests of Pusand in the Yavatmal
region of the Central Provinces and Berar, thus beginning of the Jungle Satyagrah took place in
different parts of MP.
1. Ghoda Dongri Jungle Satyagraha: At a place called Ghoda Dongri (Betul).
Leader – Ganjan Singh Korku
Thousands of tribal people of Korku and gonds tribe participated with Lathis in the meeting held
regarding Jungle Satyagraha in Betul district. They violated the forest law by cutting grass from the
forests. Similar to the jungle Satyagraha of 1930, the tribal community of Betul also revolted. Ganjan
singh korku of Banjari Dhal near Shajapur was leading this revolt. When the police reached Banjari
Dhal to arrest Ganjan Singh Korku, the tribal protested against the police. The police fired on the
tribals in which the Koma Gond was martyred on the spot.
2. Seoni – Turja Jungle Satyagraha: Held in Seoni district in 1930.
Leaders – Durgashankar Mehta
This movement was started by cutting grass in the government garden of sandalwood, 9-10 miles
away from Seoni. The police officers behaved indecently with the Satyagrahis who attended the
general meeting in Turia (Seoni), due to which the public got agitated, thus the police opened fire on
public. In this Satyagraha, three women Guddo Bai, Raina Bai, Bema Bai and Birju Gond were
martyred on the spot.
3. Katni Tehsil (Jungle Satyagraha)
Leaders – Pt. Govind Prasad Khamparia in whole katni tehsil and Puranchand Sharma led Lakhapteri
Jungle Satyagraha. Other leaders include Bhagwan das agarwal, Babulal Sethia, Babulal Jain etc.
Activities – The tricolor flag of congress was hosted on main building of Sadhuram High school and
„Jhanda Uchha Rahe Hamara‟ was sung. Youth participated freely in liquor ban movement.
4. Sihora Tehsil (Jungle Satyagraha)
Leaders – Shri Nitiraj Singh Choudhary, Pt. Brajbihari Panday, Pt. Kashi Prasad Pandey, Pandit
Mehradin Mishra, Asharam Badgaigh, Ambika Prasad Gautam, Kandhilal jain, Lallu lal Mishra and
Suraj Prasad Sharma etc.
5. Jabalpur (Jungle Satyagraha): The people of Jabalpur district had already gathered in all areas
and prepared for the revolt for the jungle Satyagraha.
Leaders – Thakur Laxman Singh Chauhan, Pt. Balmukund Tripathi, Nathuram Modi etc.
Activities– Pt. Bhavani Prasad Tiwari, Pt. Satyendra Prasad Mishra, Sawaimal Jain, Pt. Harihar Vyas,
and Narsingh Das etc. organized offices, as result of which hundreds of leaders and volunteer
workers were taken prisoner by British. The non-violent processions were lathicharged.
6. Patan Tehsil (Jungle Satyagraha):
Leaders – Bhaiyalal Jain, Rampyari Bai Thakurain, Ram Gopal Dubey, Thakur Ramraj Singh Murai,
Mulchand Jain Katangi etc.
Activities –The satyagrahis hold the national tricolour flag and took axes in hands and went to the
forest to cut trees and they violated the law on the banks of the Hiran River near Katni and in the
forests across the Narmada.
7. Chhindwara District: The places named Ramkona and and Khuraba in chhindwara district have
been particularly notable for the Jungle Satyagraha.
Leaders – B.D. Salvekar, Govind Madhav Tulsiram Teli, Bhagwan Prasad Shukla, Baliram etc.
8. Silondi (Jungle Satyagraha): On 25 August 1930, a Satyagraha organized at Silondi in Jabalpur
district to break the forest law. On September 16, 1930, Pt. Fadaliram Garg, Pt. Beni Prasad Vyas,
Choudhary Banwari Lal Rai, Pt. Ambika Prasad Gautam, Chaudhary Laxmidas Rai and Thakkar
Gulzari Singh (Gour) were arrested on charges of inciting the public against the British Empire and
was sent to the Central Jail, Jabalpur.
Leaders – Chaudhary Banwari Lal Rai, Pt. Ambika Prasad Gautam, Kandhilal Jain, Thakur Guljar
singh and Bahru sunarin Bai etc.
PRAJA MANDAL
Praja Mandal was the organization of people of the princely states during the Britsh rule in
India. Praja Mandal means „The organization of the people‟ or „The Group of the People‟. The Praja
mandal movement in Madhya Pradesh is the result of the 1857 revolution of Madhya Pradesh is the
result of the 1857 revolution of Madhya Pradesh, political awakening and the freedom struggle going
on under the leadership of Gandhi ji in the country.
Following are the major factors that help in the development of Prajamandals in Madhya Pradesh.
1. Jagirdari System had taken an exploitative form leaving the paternalistic form, due to which the
situation of depriving the citizens of fundamental.
2. Middle Class teachers, intellectuals, lawyers, lieteraturs like – Shri Bihari Lal ji Vishwakarma,
(Seth Govind das, Makhan lal Chaturvedi, Pandit Sunderlal Tapasvi, Kanhaiya lal Vaidya, Lala
Yadavendra in the development of Praja Mandal in Madhya Pradesh, Singh, Mishrilal Gangwal
etc played an important role in the struggle against the exploitation system of the state and
against the British rule.
3. Karmaveer, Ankush, Subodh Sindhu ; Khandwad, „Nyasudh‟, Lokmat (Jabalpur), Prajamandal
Patrika‟, Indore, Sarasati, Vilas (Jabalpur), weekly voice and subah vatan (Bhopal) etc, After
1920 AD, institutions related to political rights and social reforms were established.
4. Political institutions „Guruwufal‟ 1929 (Satna), „Hindustani seva dal‟ 1931 (Rewadh, Charkha
Sangh‟, Rewadh, „Gwalior State Service Association and Harijan Sevak Sangh‟ 1935 (Gwalior),
„Lok seva sangh‟ 1939 (Khargone), „Gram seva Kutir‟ 1935, Saindha, Seva Samiti (Betul), „Seva
mandal‟‟ (Ratlam), „Gyanprakahs Mandal‟, (Indore).
Praja Mandal in Bundelkhand
In 1939, Bihari Lal ji formed Sarila Praja Mandal and in March, 1939 a meeting was organized in
Sarila, in which the demand was made to stop the forced labour which was taken from the public by
the Government.
 In 1944, Praja Mandal in Chhatarpur was established here with the efforts of Seth Govind Das
kanhaiyalal Vaidya etc.
 Praja mandal in Datia was formed under the Chairmanship of Ramcharan Lal Verma in 1945. It
tried to connect with main stream National Movement while drawing atteition of Datia state
government towards the demands of the people.
 Khaniyadhana Praja mandal was established by Ratanchandra Jain in 1945.
 In the year 1945-46, Praja Mandal was formed in Ajaygarh under the leadership of Jagannath
Prasa Mishra.
 In 1946, the Praja Mandal was formed under the leadership of Ramakrishna Palia in Bijawar.
 The election of Charkhari Praja Mandal was held under the Chairmanship of Lalaram Vajpayee
and Kamta Prasad Saxena was elected as the Prime Minister and Mannu Lal Dwivedi as the
President.
Praja Mandal in Baghelkhand
 Lal Yadavendra Singh established Praja Mandal in Rewa. Pandit Shambhunath Shukla and
Sivananda also contributed in its establishment. Baijnath was made the Prime Minister of this
Praja Mandal in 1946.
 In June 1946, people established Praja Mandal and demanded from Nagod King Establishment
of responsible governance. The Prominent leader of Nagod Praja mandal Lal Gopal Sharan
Singh visited the state of Nagod and advised the entire people to unite and demand responsible
governance.
 In Maihar also, the people along with Praja Mandal members launched Satyagraha in Gandhian
style against the atrocities of the contemporary king there and this movement for the
establishment of responsible government continued till independence.
Praja Mandal in Malwa
 Praja Mandal was established in Indore in 1935. Narayan Bhalerao became its chairman and
Mishrilal Gangwal, Krishnakant Vyas, Kanhaiyalal Khadiwala and Kotwal were made its main
members.
 Praja Mandal continued the freedom struggle in Ratlam, Here Moolji Seth, the owner of Sajjan
Mill, who is the friend of the Prime Minister of Ratlam Durbar, T.J. Raja, closed the mill on the
pretext of a chimney and started firing the workers.
Praja Mandal in Bhopal Princely State
Praja mandal was established in the princely state of Bhopal in the year 1938. Shakir Ali Khan
had an important contribution in the establishment of Praja Mandal. Other members of Praja Mandal
were Syed Zahoor Hashmi, Master Lal Singh and Pandit Chaturnarayan Malviya.
1. Bhopal State Praja Mandal: It was established in the year 1938. Prominent Members included
Syed Zahoor Hashmi, Master Lal Singh and Pandit Chatur Narayan Malviya.
2. Praja Mandal in Sehore: In 1938, a branch of Praja Mandal was established in Sehore, whose
organization was given to Lutf Ulla Khan Najmi.
3. Praja Mandal in Rajgarh State: In 1939, Rajgarh State Praja Mandal established, in which
Madanlal Agarwal (President). The Praja Mandal demanded the establishment of popular rule in the
state of Rajgarh. Madanlal Agarwal published the letter „Rajgarh ke Kale Chitton ka Karnama‟
through his press.
4. Praja Mandal in Sarangpur: A branch of Praja Mandal was also established at Sarangpur. In
which Altaf Hussain (President).
Individual Satyagraha (1940-41)
 On October 11, 1940 in the Meeting of Congress working committee held in Wardha, Gandhi
Presented the plan of Individual Satyagraha, which was approved.
 Gandhi wanted to select such a Satyagrahai to start the Individual Satyagraha, who could publicity
present himself for arrest, can follow complete non-violence.
 On the basis of this criterion, Acharya Vinoba Bhave was selected as the First Satyagrahai and
Jawaharlal Nehru was selected as a second Satyagrahai.
 Individual Satyagraha also affected Madhya Pradesh. Babu Govind Das was the First Satyagrahai
of Jabalpur in the Individual Satyagraha, who took out a huge procession.
 Under the leadership of Thakur Chhedilal, President of Mahakoshal Congress Committee Pt.
Dwarka Prasad Mishra Narsinghpur district council President Niranjan Singh Sawaimal Jain of
Jabalpur in Mahakoshal area on 15 december 1940, Narmada Prasad Mishra in Panagar on 21
december, Garha Gautam near Madhia, Beauhar Rajendra Singh on 22 December in Boorhagar
(Gadhigram) and Indira Tiwari was arrested during Satyagraha.
QUIT INDIA MOVEMENT (1942)

Seeing the failure of the Crips Mission and the growing threat of Japanese Invasion, Gandhi
asked the British to „Quit India in the hands of god or in a state of anarchy as called in modern
terminology‟.
On August 7-8, 1942 at Gowalika tank ground, Bombay, a historic session of the All India Congress
working Committee was held to decide on the Quit India Movement Resolution, which was presided
over by Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, in which the form and outline etc of the movement were
prepared. In this session, Jawaharlal Nehru presented a historic resolution of Quit India and demand
complete independence. Ravi Shankar Shukla, Seth Govind Das, Dwarka Prasad Mishra, Thakur
Chhedilal etc. participated in this session from Madhya Pradesh. The Slogan of Quit India was given
by Yusuf Meher Ali.
On August 9, 1942 as soon as the news of the arrest of Mahatma Gandhi and other leaders Pt.
Ravi Shankar Shukla, Dwarka Prasad Mishra returned to their state to face the brutality of repression.
Quit India Movement in Mahakoshal Region
Quit India Movement in Jabalpur
 Jabalpur was epicenter of Quit India Movement in the entire region of Mahakoshal, August 9,
when news of Gandhi‟s arrest reached Jabalpur; a public meeting was organized against this
event at Tilak Bhoomi Talaiya, Jabalpur, in which a complete strike of a week was decided.
 Seth Govind Das, Pt. Dwarka Prasad Mishra, Sitaram Jadhav, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla etc. were
arrested for organizing the public meeting.
 On August 10, 1942, by violating section 144, the public gathered through holding tricolor in
their hands and complete independence was declared as goal from the stage of Tilak Bhoomi
Talaiya at Jabalpur.
 On 12 August 1942, Subhadra Kumari Chauhan was arrested.
 On August 14, huge procession was taken out from a place named Bada Fuhara, this procession
lathi-charged by police. Crowd was fired upon by police, in which Gulab Singh was martyred.
Quit India Movement in Mandla
 On August 15, 1942 a large procession was taken out in Mandla, which was about to go to the
collectorate office, but the arrened police stopped the procession and then a meeting started at the
same place, which was addressed by Mannaulal Modi and Mathura Prasad Yadav, After this,
Udaychand Jain, a matriculation student, addressed the gathering.
 To disperse the gathering, the police charged and fired bullets in which Uday Jain was martyred.
Quit India Movement in Seoni
 In Seoni also on August 9, 1942 a huge procession was taken out against arrest of Gandhi and
other leaders and a secret committee was formed which used to publish a pamphlet daily against
British Rule and distribute it among the public which had a huge impact on them.
Quit India Movement in Katni
 During the Quit India Movement in Katni, the British Government started the cycle of repression.
The British broke the lock of the tehsil office of the congress committee and confiscated the
goods from here.
 Tehsil congress Committee Minister Babu N. Hanumantrao Narlwar and minister of city
congress committee Puranlal Agarwal were arrested and sent to Jail. In protest, People did violet
acts like uprooting the railway line, cutting telephone wires.
Quit India Movement in Narsinghpur
 A meeting held on 21 August in village Chichli near Gadarwara in Narsinghpur in which
speeches against the British were developed police arrest Narmada Prasad and Babulal.
 On 23 August, when the mob had gathered in Chichi village, the police opened fire in a ruthless
manner in which Mansharam Gaurabai was martyred.
Quit India Movement in Sihore
 During the Quit India Movement, the movement in Sihora was led by Pt. Maharajdeen Mishra in
Sihora was ledy by Pt. Maharajdeen Mishra (Nanaji) and Pt. Brijbahari Panday.
 Pandit maharajdeen Mishra (Nanaji) is known as „Gandhi of Sihora‟, and Pandit Brijbihari
Panday as „Azad of Sihora‟.
 A Huge procession proceeded to hoist the flag in sihora court in which slogans of „British Quit
India‟, Do or Die‟, „Inquilab Zindabad‟, and „Glory to Mahatma Gandhi‟ were echoing in the
sky. Police resorted to lathi charge and arrested Pt. Raghuvar Prasad Upadhyay Badkhera,
Acchelal Sahu Fanwani, Pt. Gorelal Panday Gosalpur, Thakur Puran Singh Hardua, Omkarprasad
Patel Tikriya.
Quit India Movement in Balaghat
 During the Quit India Movement of 1942 in Balaghat, an anti-government procession was carried
out in Waraseoni on 20 August 1942.
 To disperse the crowd in this procession, the police resorted to lathi charge. In response to this,
the public pelted stones on the police. The police opened fire on public due to which a person
named Dasharam Fulmara was martyred and Tulsiram Sunar and Rameshchand Jain were
injured.
Quit India Movement in Malwa Region
Impact of Movement is visible on Malwa Region as well. Entire Malwa region joined
movement with Mahatma Gandhi‟s Slogan of „Do or Die‟. Three Hindi Newspapers Published from
Khandwa – Karmaveer, Ankush and Hindi Swarajya under the Publication of Pt. Makhanlal
Chaturvedi, Ramkrishna Paliwal and Siddnath Agarkar respectively. These Newspapers made an
unforgettable contribution in promoting the Quit India Movement in the Malwa region.
Prominent Protestors – V.S. Sarwate, Makhanlal Chaturvedi, Seth Nathmal Chauradia, Moolchand
Agarwal, Vijay Singh Pathika, Vishnu Singh etc.
Quit India Movement in Indore: On August 9, 1942, when the news of the arrest of Gandhi and
other prominent leaders reached Indore of the Malwa prominent leaders reached Indore of the Malwa
region, natiolalist activists took out processions during the Quit India Movement and raised Slogans
of „Do or Die‟.On this day the workers working in the textile mills of Indore held a general strike as a
result of which hundreds of people were arrested.
Quit India Movement in Khargone: Ramratan Sharma supporting the Quit India Movement in
Khargone. Under the Leadership of Ramratan Sharma, processions, general meetings, Satyagrahas,
strikes and hoisting of the national flag were held here. As a result Ramratan Sharma was arrested
and given arigorous imprisonment of 6 years.
Mandleshwar Incident: Freedom fighters who were protesting during Quit India Movement were
imprisoned in Mandleshwar Jail, they were tortured by for conducting Satyagraha in Jail. On October
2, 1942, Satyagrahais broke the huge main gate of Mandleshwar jail and came out and started
roaming in the market and holding meetings against the British.
Quit India Movement in Mandsaur: Neemuch town of the erstwhile Mandsaur district was the
center of political movement. Here all the political activities were conducted from the Central India
Congress Committee Ajmer. In Neemuch, Seth Nathmal Choradia and Moolchand Agrawal played an
important role in providing momentum to the Movement.
Quit India Movement in Betul: On August 12, a market was organized in Prabhat Pattan of Betul
district, in which people from surrounding villages had gathered in large Numbers, in wake of Quit
India Movement, people decided to take off the uniforms of policemen and made them wear Khadi
clothes. Meanwhile, more police personel arrived from Multai, who opened fire on procession, in
which Mahadev Teli was martyred.
Quit India Movement in Bundelkhand
The Quit India Movement of 1942 was led by Chaturbhuj Pathak, Prem Narayan Khare and
Maulvi Chiraguddin.The slogans of British Quit India started echoing in every corner of
Bundelkhand, Students and women also contributed significantly in making the freedom struggle
successful.
Quit India Movement in Sagar: On the night of September 6, 1942 Maulvi Chiraguddin delivered
provocative speeches in a meeting of Sagar, which had an impact on the public and at many places,
telephone telegraph wires were cut, records of postal boxes were destroyed and set on fire, the womn
performed strike opposite to the court, Government property was also harmed.
Quit India Movement in Chhatarpur: The meeting of District Congress Committee was held in
Chhatarpur in 1942 at village Mukhri, in which the leaders of Neighboring states, Chaturbhuj Pathak
and Premnarayan Khare (Tikamgarh), etc. had come to participate. Both these leaders were expelled
by the British soldiers and Madan Gopal and Pyarelal Chaurasia were imprisoned.
Quit India Movement in Gwalior State
The remote village of Vidisha, Ujjain, Shajapur, Mandsaur, Neemuch, Bhind and Morena
made national contribution under Gwalior state. Mahatma Gandhi‟s slogan of do or die drove all
children, youth, old people, women, men out of house. Many soldiers of this princely state joined
Azad Hind Fauj and fought for freedom under the leadership of Subhash Chandra Bose.
Major Protestors – Shrinath Sharma, Raghuveer Singh Kushwaha, Sagar Singh Sisodia, Sitaram
Tatke, Sitaram Katju, Avantilal Jain etc
Quit India Movement in Ujjain: The contribution of Ujjain in National movement in 1942 was
remarkable. On August 9, 1942, almost all the prominent leaders were arrested in the Quit India.
Apart, from all this there were continuous satyagrahas, processions, assemblies for about a month in
Ujjain region which comes under the rule of princely state of Gwalior. The movement was led by
Avanti Lal Jain and his companions.
Prominent Protestors – Chaturnarayan Malviya, Quddus Sahbai, Saeed Bajmi Sahab, Master Lal
Singh Vishnudutt Mishra, Bihari Patel and Sahrda devi etc.
Quit India Movement in Vidisha: The Quit India Movement of 1942 in Madhya Pradesh started
from Vidisha. The Quit India Movement of 1942 in Vidisha was led by Babu Ramshay.
Quit India Movement in Guna: Political conferences were held at various places in Guna from
1938-1942. Kishan Mazdoor Sammelan (Farmer-Labour Conference) and various general meetings
held in which sitaram tatke played an important role. Sita Ramtake also led anti-custom movement in
Aaron of Guna district. Congress Samajwadi Party was formed at Sitaram Tatke‟s residence. In
which Jai Prakash Narayan was present.
Quit India Movement in Bhopal
Bhopal state Prajamandal has made important contribution in Indian National Movement. The
representatives of the Desi Rajya Lok Parishad, Bhopal participated in the Bombay session of
congress in 1942. In which Gandhi gave the slogan of Quit India. Pt. Chaturnarayan Malviya Indore,
Lutfullah Khan Mhow, Master lal singh went to vidisha and got engaged in promotion and
dissemination of the Indian National Freedom movement in their respective areas. In Bhopal, names
of Sharda devi, sitadevi, Rajkumari. Etc are notable among pioneer women of Quit India Movement.
Quit India movement was led by Vishnu dutt Mishra and Bilhari Patel in Sehore of Bhopal.
Quit India Movement in Baghelkhand
Even before the start of Quit India Movement in Baghelkhand, Maharaj Gulab Singh had
removed the restrictions on the propagation of progressive ideas and national movement and also
removed the ban that was put on Baghelkhand Congress Committee. The British administration had
got dissatisfied with these actions.
On February 17, 1942, all the princely rights of Maharaj Gujab Singh were temporarily suspended
and the responsibility of state administration was given by the British government to its officers. The
movement was started for return of Maharaja Gujab in the Princely state Rewa and for the
establishment of democratic rule in the state. This movement started as soon as the Quit India
Movement started and got merge in Quit India Movement.
Quit India Movement in Rewa: As soon as news of martyrdom of Padmadhar Singh of Satna in
Allahabad spread, movement became intense in Baghelkhand. During this movement violation of
government orders, obstructing government works, destroying postal and railway services, singing
Vijayi Vishwa Tiranga Pyara song and taking out procession by holding tricolor were the main
programmes of this movement.
The women here participated freely in the Quit India movement of 1942 and were sentenced to
jail. Among them the names of Rajkumari Vishnu Kanta Devi, Champadevi, Krishna Kumari
Taradevi, Savitra Devi etc. are notable.
Quit India Movement in Sidhi: The region of Sidhi, which was at this time very poor and suffering
from the atrocities of the princely rule, actively participated in the Quit India Movement led by
Mahatma Gandhi. Brijwasi lal as the first freedom fighter to spread the movement in Sidhi, who was
arrested and imprisoned thrice.
Quit India Movement in Shahdol: Tilak Day was celebrated in Shahdol on August 1942
against the British Government. A meeting of local leaders was held in Shahdol, in which, according
to the demand of the nation, a movement was organized against the British rule. Chhote Lal Patel and
Saraswati Prasad Patel, sitting on the magistrate‟s chair in the Budhar court on 15 August 1942, set
up the courtof „Independent India‟ and called for „the petitioners to be present in the court of
independent India‟. As a result, Chhotelal Patel and his assistant Shivprasad Singh were arrested and
imprisoned in Budhar Jail.
Some other Events
Punjab Mail Massacre: On 23-24 July, 1931 Veer Yashwant Singh (Damoh), Devnarayan Tiwari
and Dalpat Rao attacked Khandwa railway station and killed Hexal. After this incident, a case was
registered in Khandwa court on August 10, 1931. On December 11, 1931, Yashwant Singh and
Devnarayan Tiwari were sentenced to death and Dalpat Rao was sentenced to black water (Cellular
Jail, Andaman and Nicobar).
Sohawal Massacre: On July 10, 1938, a general meeting was being organized under the leadership
of Lal Buddh Pratap Singh, resident of Pagar Khurd to protest against the British rule in Sohawal
princely state at Hinauta Village near Birsinghpur in Satna district. Lal Buddh Pratap Singh,
Ramshray Gautam and Mandhir Panday, who were going to attend this meeting, were shot dead by
British soldiers near Majan Village. Also known as Majan Shooting incident.
Rice Movement of Rewa: On 28 February 1947, Tribhuvan Tiwari (Bhadwargram) and Bhairav
Prasad Urmalia (Shivrajpu) were shot dead by soldiers of Rewa State in protest against forced levy
collection in Rewa State. It was given name of Rice Movement of Rewa.
Jalianwala Massacre of Bhopal: On the day of Makar Sankranti on January 14, 1949 due to
hoisting of the tricolor on the banks of River Narmada in Raisen (Boras Village), conflict between
Jafar Ali Khan, Nawabi army officer of Bhopal princely state and the local people. Baijnath Gupta,
Chhote lal, Virdhan Singh Mangilal Singh and Vishal Singh were shot dead by the Nawab‟s army. It
is called Jallianwala Massacre of Bhopal.
Indore Srafa Massacre: On 6th Sep, 1942 a struggle was took place between British police and
freedom fighters. During this struggle Maganlal Oswal died.
Incidence of Boras Ghat: On January 6, 1929, for the merger of the princely state of Bhopal with
the Union of India, a mass movement took place at the Boras Ghat of the Narmada River in Raisen
district, which was called the incident of Boras Ghat.
Prominent Freedom Fighters
1. Pt. Kunji Lal Dubey
 Born : 11 April, 1896
 Place of Birth – Narsinghpur
 Death – 2 June, 1970
In 1939, he was the secretary of the reception committee of the Tripuri session of the Indian
National Congress. He was imprisoned during civil Disobedience Movemnt in 1931 and was under
house arrest in the Quit India Movement from August 1942 to April 1944. In this way two and a half
years imprisonmen was given in freedom struggle.
He was elected as a member of Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly in 1946 and was the
speaker of the Legislative Assembly during 1952 – 1967. He was the Chancellor of Nagpur
University during 1947 – 1956. He was the Vice- Chancellor of Jabalpur University during 1957 –
1961. In 1953, he participated in the Conference of Commonwealth Universities in Cambridge as the
Indian representative. He was also the President of Madhya Pradesh Sahitya Sammelan and President
of Madhya Pradesh Cricket Association (MPCA).
2. Pt. Dwarka Prasad Mishra
 Born : 5 August, 1901
 Place of Birth – Unnao (Uttar Pradesh)
 Death – 1956, New Delhi
He was elected to the Provincial and Central assemblies in 1926. He published Lokmat weekly
Hindi newspaper from Jabalpur. He went to jail for participating in the individual Satyagraha of
1940. During the Quit India Movement in 1942, he was arrested and sent to Chennai and was
released from jail after 3 years. In 1946, his epic Krishnayan was published, which he composed in
the Vellore Jail. In 1946, he was appointed as the Home Minister in the Congress Cabinet of the
Central Provinces. He was Chief Minister of Madya Pradesh during 1964-1967.
3. Pt. Bhavani Prasad Tiwari
 Born : 13 February, 1912
 Place of Birth – Tigriya Village (Narmadapuram)
 Death – 13 December, 1977
 Contributed actively in the Jungle Satyagraha of 1930 and went to Jail by protesting in front of
Jabalpur District Court. Under his leadership, a branch of Forward Block was established in
Jabalpur. Pt. Bhavani journalist, he also a poet, writer and journalist. He also published the
weekly newspaper „Prahari‟. He was elected as Mayor of Jabalpur for 7 times. He was member
of Parliament in 1964 and 1970. He was awarded Padma Shri in 1972.
4. Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla

 Place of Birth – Sagar
 Death – 1956, New Delhi
 He participated in Home Rule League Movement. He became a member of Theosophical Society
of India and Servants Society of India, founded by Gokhale. In 1934, he was made the President
for the Mahakoshal Provincial Congress Organizational elections. In 1942, he was taken
prisoner at the beginning of Quit India Movement.
 On 15 August 1947, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla became first Chief Minister of Central Provinces
and Berar Province of M.P. M.P. was formed on 1 November, 1956 and Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla
became the first Chief Minister of M.P.
5. Makhanlal Chaturvedi
 Born: 4 April, 1889
 Place of Birth – Babai, (Narmadapuram)
 He resigned from the membership of Viceroy‟s Imperial Legislative Council in 1919 in protest
again Rowlatt act. He published karmaveer news paper from Jabalpur in 1920. In 1920, he was
arrested for participating in the Non-Co-operation movement. In 1923, successfully led a group
in Jhanda Satyagraha. In 1939, he addressed the youth in Tripuri Congress.
 Died: 30 January, 1968
6. Chandrashekhar Azad
 Born: 28 July, 1906
 Place of Birth – Bhabra (Alirajpur)
 He founded Hindustan Socialist Republican Association in 1928 along with Bhagat Singh. He
was involved in Saunders assaination in 1928. Under his leadership Bhagat singh and
Batukeshwar Dutt exploded bombs in central assembly of Delhi on 8 April, 1929. On 27
February, 1931, Azad was surrounded by the Police at Alfred Park in Allahabad and he shot
himself dead.
 Died: 27 February, 1931
7. Pt. Dwarka Prasad Bilthare
 Born : 1 January, 1911
 Place of Birth – Vilage Dhanuwasagar (Dindori)
 Established Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh and Mahavir Seva Mandal branch in Dindori. During
Quit India Movement, he was arrested and sent to Mandla jail and Mahavir Seva Mandal was
declared illegal. After 12 days he was shifted to Central Jail, Jabalpur.
8. Shambhu Dayal Mishra
 Place of Birth – Hoshangabad
 He worked on the post of Civil Judge between 1912-1919 and resigned from his post on the call
of Gandhi. In 1920, protested against cow slaughter against the cow slaughter factory located in
Ratona Village. Participated in Salt Satyagraha in 1930 and hoisted tricolor flag in the local high
school.
9. Syed Ahmed Moosa
 Born: 1894
 He actively contributed to the Non-Cooperation Movement. During the salt Satyagraha in 1930
he actively participated. During the Individual Satyagraha in 1941, he was arrested.
10. Hari Vishnu Kamath
 Born: 13 July, 1907
 Place of Birth – Mangalore (Karnataka)
 Death – 8 October, 1982
 He made Narsinghpur centre of his activities. He registered from the post of collector and joined
the Forward Block. He was the organization secretary of Forward bloc and executive member of
Praja Samajwadi Party. He was also a Member of the Constituent Assembly.
11. Kailash Nath Katju
 Born : 17 June, 1887 Jaora (Ratlam)
 Death – 17 February, 1968
 He was arrested for participating in Quit India Movement and Individual Satyagraha. At the start
of the Second World War, he resigned from the Congress cabinet in protest against the British
policy. He was Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh and Defence Minister and Home Minister in
the Government of India. He registered from the post of collector and joined the Forward Block.
He was the organization secretary of Forward bloc and executive member of Praja Samajwadi
Party. He was Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh and Defence Minister of Home Minister in the
Government of India.
12. Lala Ram Bajpayee
 He was the first Prime Minister of the independent Orchha state and the first Home Minister of
Vindhya Pradesh. He led Jhanda Satyagraha at Thon Luhari.
13. Mahadev Shastri
 Resident of Gwalior who supported Nana Saheb Peshwa, prominent leader of the Revolt of 1857.
Played a decisive role in creating a positive atmosphere in favour of Tatya Tope in Gwalior. He
took the work of Peshwa regarding exchanging of letters related to the revolt among
revolutionaries. He was hanged for his involvement in seditious activities along with Amar
Chand Bathia.
14. Shankar Dayal Sharma
 Place of Birth – Bhopal (M.P.)
 Death – 26 December, 1999
 Participated in the Quit India Movement of 1942 and went to Jail. On 20 March 1952, he bacame
first Chief Minister of Bhopal state. He was President of India during 1992-1997.
Contribution of Women in Freedom Movement
1. Bai Amman: She visited ffrom village to village and did the work of bringing awareness among
women. She formed women‟s councils in association with women in places like Khargone,
Khandwa, Dhar, Jhabua etc.She conducted activities like strike opposite to liquor shops,
procession and morning visit. She also made several visits to the jail.
2. Anusuiya Bai Kale: She picked at the town hall centre, distilleries and liquor shops. She
alongwith a large group of volunteers held a strike opposite to liquor godowns of Jabalpur.
3. Kamala Devi Gupta: From 1930, she started to participate actively in freedom struggle, due to
which she also went to jail.
4. Prabhavati Namdev: In the 1932, she was arrested during an assembly held at Tilak Bhoomi
Talaiya. She was sentenced to imprisonment from April, 1932 to June, 1932.
5. Radha Bai Mantira: Actively participated in the freedom struggle and did the work of spreading
awareness among the people and she was also imprisoned for 2 years.
6. Shanta Bai Dubey: She participated in freedom movement during 1931-1947. She also
participated in the boycott movement of foreign goods in Ratlam and Ajmer and expressed her
tolerance and love for the nation.
2. Fatima Baig: The one and only woman from Indore who took part in freedom movement.
Imprisoned for 1 month during the movment.
3. Kasturi Bai Upadhyay: She made actively contributed to national movement. She was also
arrested in 1932 for participating in the Jallianwala Bagh Day program.
4. Anusuiya bai Hardikar: Due to her active participation in the Quit India Movement of 1942, she
imprisoned for 6 months.
5. Indira Tiwari: Actively participated in National Movements from 1930. In the 1942 movement,
she was imprisoned for 1 year in case of ordering the collector to resign from the office and
hoisting the flag.
6. Indumati Rao: She took an active part in the Quit India Movement. Due to her bravery, she was
imprisoned for 9 months in the Jails of Poona, Yerwada and Thane.
7. Gujariya Bai: She participated in the Quit India Movment of 1942 and was also imprisoned for
15 days.
8. Phoolmati Devi Bhatgnagar: She is a resident of Katni, started participating in National
activities after her primary education. She participated in the Quit India Movement of 1942, due
to which she had to undergo imprisonment for 16 days.
9. Sundar Bai Gautam: She hoisted the flag at the police chowki during Quit India Movemnt of
1942, for which she was also sentenced to 6 months.
10. Rajkumar Baghel: She actively participated in the Quit India Movement of 1942.
11. Rajkumari Devi: She also did the work of Women awakening. Due to her continuous activities,
she also went to jail.
12. Saras Pagare: She led the women from Hoshangabad. She promoted the Charkha and actively
led the women wing in Wardha during Quit India Movement. For which she was detained in
Nagpur and Central Jail for 8 months.
13. Manki Bai: She took an active part in the processions taken out in front of the government office
during the independence movement, due to which she was also placed under short-term detention.
14. Sati Devi: She participated in the Civil Disobedience Movement and Quit India Movement.She
promoted Charkha and Khadi. She boycotted foreign goods, due to which she was sentenced to
one and a half months imprisonment.
15. Rajkumari: She was imprisoned for 6 months for taking active part in Quit India Movement,
held strikes at liquor shops and doing works of women awareness.
Tribal Personalities in the Freedom Movement

1. Veersa Gond: Veersa Gond was a prominent revolutinonary and tribal leader who gave directon
to the freedom struggle in the Narmada Valley region of MP. During the Quit India Movement,
railway tracks were uprooted, police stations and wood depots were set on fire.
2. Vishnu Singh Uikey (Gond): In the Quit India Movement he revolted against the British in the
Ghoda-Dongri-Shahpur region.
3. Devi Singh Gond: In May 1857, he revolted against the British. He established his supremacy in
Shahpur, Jabera, Sangrampur, Majhauli and Katangi, the rebel soldiers of Badalvi Native
Infantry of Algpur joined him.
4. Imrat Bhoi Saream (Shreaam): He was an infallible archer. Tatya Tope along with his assistant
mahavira singh, the Jagirdaar of harrakot, fought a fierce battle against the British.
5. Sarwar Singh Gond: In the revolt of 1857 in Bhopal princely state, Sarwar Singh along with
Gond and other communities opposed the British. Kamaal Shah along with Mohammad Shah
Funer was hanged near Sagar.
6. Hiralal Chandri: Hiralal Chandri of Pitras village of Jabalpur was associate of Dhillon Shah. He
was arrested by Captain Boland along with Lalla Gond and Phool Singh Gond.
7. Ranjor Singh Gond: Ranjor Singh was a resident of Suthalla. He assisted Raja Parikshit during
Bundela Rebellion of 1842. Lalla Gond and Phool Singh Gond were his military associates.
8. Mangru Ganu Uikey: mangru Ganu was an Indian Politician and social worker. Made Nainpur
mandla his permanent residence. He was a Member of Parliament in the first second, third, fourth
and fifth Lok Sabha. He was awarded the Padma Shri in 1969.
9. Raja Arjun Singh Gond: He assisted Taja Parikshit during Bundela rebellion in 1842 and Tatya
Tope in 1858. Other Gond Chieftains like Dhara Singh Gond, Sura Gond, Daryav Gond fought
hard with the British.
Major Art & Sculpture

Classification of Architecture in Madhya Pradesh: The architecture under the art form in MP can
be divided into two parts on the basis of their characteristics and chronology.
Classification of Architecture in Madhya Pradesh
On the basis of Establishment On the basis of Dynasty
Ancient Medieval Modern Ancient Medieval Modern
 Forts Palaces Architecture Gupta- Mughal Holkar

Palaces Forts Buildings Kalchuri  Malwa/Mandu Scindia
Stupas Temples Religious Aulikaras Farooqui Bhopal
Pillars Mosques Construction Postgupta  Gond Others
Caves Tombs Chandela Bundela & Baghel
Temples Paramaras
 Chaityas Kacchpaghata
Viharas
Ancient Architecture of MP
Following are the elements of architectures:-
(A) Forts : Forts are the historical monuments of history, which tell the grandeur of their time, the
greatness of the dynasties and the condition of the state. After independence, many small and big
forts (forts) have been foun in Madhya Pradesh, in Manusmriti these forts have been described as 6
types.
Types of Forts
Natural Forts Forest Tree Hilly Forts Urban Forts Mud Forts/Water forts
Mandu  Ginnorgarh Chanderi Orchha Sanodha
Narsinghgarh  Bandhavgarh Dhar Ater Gohad
Kanhargarh Hinglajgarh Gwalior Mahidpur Mandsaur
Lanji Garhakota Asirgarh Mandla Datia
Shajapur Vijayraghavgarh Ajaygarh Ratlam Makdai
 Kutwara Singoragarh Rahatgarh
Kamakanala Devgarh Narvar
Raisen
Lalgarh
Natural Forts:
1. Mandu Fort: It is located in Mandu. Ashrafi Mahal, Jahaz Mahal, Hindola Mahal, Baj Bahadur‟s
Palace, Rani Roopmati Palace and Tabeli Mahal are also located in Mandu. There are about 12
entrance gates built in Mandu fort, among which Sultan or Delhi Darwaza is the main. It is also
called the gateway of Mandu. Apart from this, Jahangir Darwaza, Alamgir Darwaza, Gadi Darwaza,
Ram Gopal Darwaza, Tarapur Darwaza are located here.
2. Narsinghgarh Fort: Narsinghgarh Fort is surrounded by Vindhyachal mountain ranges near
Parvati River in Rajgarh district of Madhya Pradesh. It is also kinwo as „Kashmir-e-Malwa‟. Chidi
Kho Lake is situated near this fort.
3. Kanhargarh Fort: It was built by Bundela King Prithvi Singh on the banks of Sindh River in
Datia. Mahmud Ghaznavi had laid siege to this fort while chasing Chandrai, but he returned
disappointed. Raja Shatrujit singh of Datia had given shelter to the widowed queens of Mahadji
Sindhia of Gwalior in this fort in 1809.
4. Lanji Fort: The lanji fort is located in Balaghat. The walls of the fort and the bastion are thick and
the mouth of the walls is inspired by Mughal architecture. Huge trees of People and Banyan have
grown on Parkota and Burj, whose age is 300 years old.
5. Shajapur Fort: Built by Shah Jahan in 1640. It is situated on the banks of ancient Chandrakala
River (Chillar River). It is a unique example of Indian and Persian craftsmanship.
6. Kutwar Fort: Situated on the banks of Asan River in Morena district. Construction – It was built
in the 18th century by the Jat Rana Chhatrapati of Gohad.
7. Kamakandha Fort: Situated in Katni district. This fort looks like a temple, which is dedicated to
Lord Shiva. Local People call it Tapsi Math.
Forest/Tree Fort:
1. Ginnorgarh Fort: Located in Sehore and Raisen district. It was constructed in 13th century.
Maharaja Uday Varman built it on Ashrafi hill. It is also called „Fort of Parrots‟. Rani Kamlapati was
the last Gond ruler of this fort.
2. Bandhavgarh Fort: It is located in Umaria and situated in Bandhavgarh National Park. It was
built in the 14th century by King Vyaghra Dev of Baghelkhand. Seshasayee Talab and Vishnu temple
are located here. This fort is situated at an altitude of 900 m on the Vindhyachal ranges.
3. Hinglajgarh Fort: Hinglajgarh fort is located near Naval village in Bhanpura Tehsil in Mandsaur
of MP. In 1773, Rani Ahilyabai Holkar took possession of this fort.
4. Garhakota Fort: The Garhakota fort is located in the Sagar District of Madhya Pradesh. Two
rivers Sunar and Gadhahiri flows adjacent to this fort.
5. Vijayraghavagarh Fort: The Vijayraghavagarh fort is located in Katni and was built by the King
Prayagdas.
6. Singorgarh Fort: Built by Gond King. This fort was included in the 52 bastions of Sangramshah.
Rani Durgavati made Singoragarh fort as her capital.
7. Deogarh Fort: It was constructed by King Jatwara. It is located in Mohkhed of Chhindwara.
Hill Forts
1. Chanderi Fort: It is located in Chanderi of Ashoknagar. It was built by Raja Kirtipala (11th
century) of the Pratihara dynasty. It is situated on the bank of Betwa River. The famous palaces in the
fort of Chanderi includes Hawa Mahal, Jauhar Kund, Naukhanda Mahal and Khooni Darwaza.
2. Dhar Fort: This fort was built by Raja Bhoj in 11th century. This fort was renovated in 1344 by
Muhammad bin Tughlaq. It is built by red sandstone. This fort is built in Hindu, Muslim and Afghan
style. The Devi Kalka temple was built inside the fort by Parmar Munj. In 1732, the Marathas took it
under their control. Kharbuja/Kharwana mahal is situated in this fort. The tomb of Abdulla Shah
Changal is also located in the fort. The tomb of Hazrat Maqbool is situated near this fort.
3. Gwalior Fort: It is also called „Gibraltar of the East‟, „Gem of the Forts‟. It was built in 525 AD
by Kachwaha King Surajsen. This Fort has five gates – Alamgir, Hindola, Gujari Mahal, Chaturbhuj
Mandir, Darwaza and Hathipaphod Darwaza.
The following buildings are important in the Gwalior Fort:
 Teli ka Mandir temple is built in the Dravidian style.
 Saas-Bahu/Sahastrabahu Temple - It was built in 11th century by Raja Mahipala (1093 AD). It
is dedicated to the Lord Sahastrabahu (Vishnu).
 In the foothills of this fort, there are Jain temples built by Raja Dongar Singh of the 15 th
century, which has the tallest statue is of Jain Tirthankara Adinath.
 In this fort, the largest Gurdwara of Madhya Pradesh, Data Bandi Chhor is located.
4. Asirgarh Fort: It is situated in Burhanpur district of Madhya Pradesh. It was built in 10th century
by King Asa Ahir. It is also called „Gateway to the South‟. This fort has Shiva temple and the statue
of Asa Devi. During his conquest, Akbar got the last victory at the fort of Asirgarh. Mumtaz Mahal
died in this fort.
5. Ajaygarh Fort: It is situated in Panna district. It was built by Raja Ajaypal in the 18th century. It is
famous for its fine stone carvings. The palace of Raja Aman is located in this fort.
6. Rahatgarh Fort: It is situated in Sagar District. An inscription of 1255 AD has been found in the
fort, which gives indications of the Parmara rulers. Moti Mahal, Sai Mahal, Mosque, Mausoleum,
Shiv Mandir, Rang Mahal, Badal Mahal etc are part of this fort.
7. Narwar Fort: It is located in Shivpuri district of Madhya Pradesh. It was built by Raja Nal and is
famous for the love story of the King Nal and Damayanti.
8. Sabalgarh Fort: It is situated in Sabalgarh tehsil of Morena district. It was built by Yaduvanshi
Raja Naval Singh. A Haveli built of Sandstone is established inside this fort with four entrances.
9. Raisen Fort: It was built by Raja Raj Basanti in the 16th century. This fort has many buildings like
Badal Mahal, Raja Rohit Mahal, and Itradar Mahal. There are 4 ponds in this fort. The Famous
Sheshgarhi Talab is also located here and Laxmi Narayan Temple is situated on the bank of this pond.
10. Lalgarh Fort: It is situated in Amjhera region of Dhar and was built by Rathore Kings.
11. Malthon Fort: It is situated in Sagar District and was built by Raja Mardan Singh Judeo in 1808.
There is a temple of Maa Kali inside the fort.
12. Garhakundar Fort: It is located in Garhakundar village in Niwari district. Chandels, Bundela,
Khangar rulers ruled from fort.
Urban Fort:
1. Orchha Fort: It is situated in Niwari district and was built in the 16th century by the Bundela King
Veer Singh Bundela. This fort is located on the banks of Betwa River. Chaturbhuj Temple, Ramlala
Temple and Laxminarayan Temple are located inside this fort. The Jahangir Mahal was built by Veer
Singh Bundela.
2. Ater Fort: It is located in Bhind district. It was built by Raja badan Singh in 1664 -1668. The main
attractions of the fort are Khooni Darwaza, Badan Singh ka Mahal, Hathipur, Raja ka Bangla, Rani ka
Bangla and Barah Khamba Mahal.
3. Mahidpur Fort: It is located in Mahidpur region of Ujjain. It is an example of Mughal and
Maratha architecture.
4. Mandla Fort: It is situated in Mandla district and located at the confluence of Banjar and Narmada
River. It was built in 16th century by Gond Raja Narendra Shah.
5. Ratlam Fort: It is located in Ratlam district and built by Ratan Singh Rathore.
Mud Forts
1. Mandsaur Fort: It was built by Alauddin Khilji in the 14th century. The 500 year old Tapeshwar
Mahadev Temple is situated here. There are 12 gates in this fort, of which Bhai Darwaza, Khanpur,
Mahadev Ghat Darwaza and Mandi Darwaza are prominent.
2. Gohad Fort: This fort was built by the Jat Raja Maha Singh in the 16th century. It has 11 gates,
and each is named after a local village. The „Kachari Mahal‟ of the fort is a fine specimen of Iranian
fort. This fort is an excellent example of Rajput and Jat architecture.
3. Sanodha Fort: This fort is in Sanodha village of Sagar district. This fort is made of brick and clay.
4. Datia Fort: It was built by Bundela ruler Veer Singh in 1614. This fort is divided into 7 sections.
At the entrance of Datia Fort, Raja Bhavani singh had inscribed „Justice is the Gem of Crown‟.
5. Makdai Fort: It is a water fort and located in Harda district. It was built in 1630, Raja Makrand
Shah of Makdai Royal family got it done. The palace of the Magician Malan is located near the fort.
(B). Palaces :
 Gujarai Mahal/Mrignayani Mahal (Gwalior): It is known from the Persian inscription on the
torana, that Raja mansingh had built this palace for the Gujari queen Mrignayani in the period
between 1486 to 1516 CE. Mrignayani was born in the Gujar dynasty, hence this palace is known
as Gujari Mahal. It is a rectangular building 71 meters long and 60 feet wide. In 1920 CE, the
Gujari Mahal Museum was established in the fort by Shri M.V. Garde.
 Man Mandir Palace (Gwalior): Man Mandir is a artistic creation of Raja Mansingh. The
western part of the palace is 300 feet long. It is a fine specimen of the craft; the domes built on it
are beautiful. The southern pat of the Man Mandir is 150 feet long and 50-60 feet high. Its walls
are decorated with green and yellow workmanship from all sides, animal, bird, tree and human
sculptures are made on the walls. Its main building is two storeys high. Colourful brick patterns
on the corners, roof and ground add to its splendor.
 Moti Mahal (Mandala): The Moti Mahal was built by the Gond King Hridayshah. It is a
rectangular Palace, 65 meters long and 61 meters wide built at a height of 25 meters in the dense
forest of Ramnagar, about 16km from Mandla.
 Gulara Mahal (Burhanpur): Gulara Mahal is located in Burhanpur district. „Gulara‟ was very
beautiful and singer. Shah Jahan was fascinated by this feature. Shah Jahan built two beautiful
palaces in Karara village on the banks of Utawali River and changed th name of this village to
the Name of Begum Mahal Gulara.
 Baghelin Palace: It is situated on the bank of river Narmada in the east of Moti Mahal. It was
built by King Hridayshah.
 Madan Mahal (Jabalpur): Built by the Gond King Madanshah. Madan Mahal was built in 1200
CE by the Gond King Madanshah in Jabalpur. It was renovate by Sangramshah.
 Kharbuja Mahal (Dhar): It is located in Dhar fort.
 Rajarohit’s Palace: The palace built by King „Rajbasanti‟ in the fort of Raisen.
 Badal Mahal: Situated in Raisen fort. The Badal Mahal was built in the sixteenth century by
Rajbasanti in Raisen district.
 Hawa Mahal (Chanderi): Located in the fort of Ashoknagar, Chanderi. Construction – Built in
the 11th century by Pratihara king Kirtipal in Chanderi Fort.
 Satkhanda Palace (Datia): This 7-storey palace located in Datia was built by Vir Singh Dev in
1614 CE.
 Raja Aman’s Palace: Located in Ajaygarh (Panna). Built by Ajaypal. The palace of King Aman
is a specimen of fine mosaic in stone.
 Jahangir Mahal (Orchha): Built by Veer Singh. Jahangir had built a beautiful palace for his
rest in the fort of Orchha. The ruins of the palace are located near the Orchha fort.
 Raj Mahal (Orchha): Built by Bundela ruler Rudrapratap Dev.
 Naukhanda Mahal: The Naukhanda Palace was built in the 11th century by Pratihara king
Kirtipal in Chanderi.
 Kaushak Mahal: This palace is located in Chanderi. The palace was built in 1445 CE by
Mahmud Khilji of Malwa.
 Sheesh Mahal (Castle of Glass): Sheesh Mahal is located in Orchha, Madhya Pradesh. It was
built by Maharaj Uddet Singh in 1706 CE. The Sheesh Mahal was actually built as a rest house.
It was named Sheesh Mahal because of the different coloured glass in the palace.
 Sundar Mahal: This palace is located in Orchha; it was built for Dhurbhajan, son of Bundela
ruler Jujhar singh.
 Lal Bagh Mahal: The Lal Bagh Palce is located in Indore on the banks of the Khan River. This
palace is a masterpiece of the architecture of the Holkar dynasty. The construction of Lal Bagh
Mahal started in 1886 during the reign of Maharaja Tukoji Rao Holkar –II and was completely
during the reign of Maharaja Tukoji Rao Holkar –III.
 Kaliadeh Palace: The Kaliadeh Palace is situated in Ujjain on the banks of the river Kshipra. It
was built by Khilji Sultan Nasir Shah, the ruler of Malwa. Brahhmakund and Surya Mahal are
also located in this palace.
(C). Stupas
Stupa is a huge lump of clay from the beginning. It was built to keep the memory of a great person
intact by covering his holy remains in the same or some other place, later the stupa was covered with
bricks and stones and ornamented and on it the good work of lime i.e. plastering was started, along
with gradually the base and size of the stupas also started getting huge. The vedika was built around
the stupa. Initially fence was soon damaged and destroyed by the efforts of sun, rain etc.
Structure of Stupa: The initial form of stupa is found to be circular. In this, on top of a platform
(Medhi), an inverted bowl-shaped snout is made, which is called „Anda‟. This is the most distinctive
and prominent part of the stupa from the point of view of architecture. Above this anda is the
harmika, a structure resembling a balcony it represents the abode of the gods. Rising above from the
harmika is a mast called the Yashti, often surmounted by a chhatri or umbrella. Around the mound is
a railing known as Vedika. The space between „Stupa‟ and „Vedika‟ for circumambulation is called
„Pradakshinapath‟. The Entrance gate is called Torana.
1. Sanchi Stupa: Located in Raisen and was discovered by Riot Taylor. In 1881, Major Cole did the
work of cleaning and restoring the stupas of Sanchi and established the fallen western and southern
toranas and vedika and stupa number -3. The stupas of Sanchi are in relatively safe condition as
compared to Bharhut and Amravati. The „Shah Jahan Beghum‟ and „Sultan Jahan Beghum‟ of
Bhopal spent a lot of money to keep it safe.
Mainly 3 stupas of Sanchi are particularly noteworthy-the great stupa (Stupa No.1) and 2 small
stupas. The early stupas of Sanchi and Bharhut were without ornamentation, except that it had stone
vedikas and torana. Due to the presence of many other chaityas on the hill of Sanchi, it is called
„Chetiyagiri‟.
 The Great Stupa: During the Shunga period it was covered with dark purple gray limestone.
The wooden vedika was made of stone and the size was also doubled. In the „Satvahana period‟,
„four torana gates‟ were built in the four directions of the Vedika.
 Sanchi Stupa No. 2 - The architectural feature of this stupa is that there is a Vedika here, while
there is a lack of torana. It is also called „Black Stupa‟. Birds like peacock, swan, and strok are
prominently carved.
 Sanchi Stupa No. 3: In this stupa the remains of two beloved disciples of Buddha,
Mahamadgalyayana and Sariputra are preserved. There is only one torana of this stupa, which is
of Satavahana period.
2. Bharhut Stupa: It was first discovered by Cunningham in 1873. On the railing pillar of its
western torana, „Ajatashatra Bhagwato Vandate‟ is inscribed in Prakrit language.
This was one of the oldest stupa among the stupas built by the Mauryan emperor Ashoka. The
Bharhut stupa was built of solid bricks and the foundation was made of stone. The Vedika and
torana gates of the Stupa have been constructed during the Shunga period.
The inscription of Shunga ruler „Dhanbhuti‟ is inscribed on its eastern torana.
3. Buddhist Stupa of Andher: Three Stupas have been found on a place named Andher which is 12
km away from Vidisha.
4. Buddhist Stupa of Deur Kothar: Deurkothar is located in Teonthar Tehsil of Rewa district,
which developed as a Buddhist center during the Mauryan period.
5. Buddhist stupa of Tumain/Tumen: Buddhist Stupa of Tumain (Presently in Ashoknagar district)
was situated on the trade route connecting Vidisha and Mathura.
(D). Pillars
In MP, there has been a tradition of setting up pillars for political and religious reasons since ancient
times. The construction of pillars started in the Maurya period. The same style is visible in all the
Mauryan pillars. Their craft houses were probably under the supervision of the Maurya kings and
were destroyed by the end of the dynasty.
1. Garuda Pillar of Besnagar: It was built by Heliodorus, This pillar is a symbol of declaring
himself as „Bhagvata‟ as a follower of his Vaishnava religion. It was established in 2nd century BC.
2. Ashoka Pillar of Sanchi: The Ashokan Pillar of Sanchi of made of Chunar stone is curvy,
monolithic and proboscidiform. This pillar has two parts – thre rod and the pillar- head. In its original
form, the pillar would have been about 42 feet high. The danda and the top pillar are made separately
of Chunar sandstone.
The artistic pillar head has three parts – at the bottom is a bell-shaped sixteen-petalled lotus. On the
base pedestal, there is a marketing of four Asiatic lions standing back to back.
3. Elephant Headed Pillar of Ujjain (Village Sodanga): A Maurya period Elephant headed pillar
has been found from Sodanga Vilalge of Ujjain. It is made of red sandstone which is presently stored
in the museum of Vikram University, Ujjain. Vishnu Shridhra Wakankar also mentions a bull top
pillar at Ujjain which has Maurya period polish and is presently.
4. Pillar of Deor Kothar (Rewa): Archeological excavations done in 1999 – 2000 have found the
remains of a pillar from Deor Kothar.
(E). Caves
There are many ancient caves in Madhya Pradesh as well. Many ancient and man-made caves exist in
the state.
1. Udaygiri Caves: It is located in Vidisha district, its ancient name was Nichaugiri. It was founded
by Udayaditya, the grandson of Raja Bhoj. The time period of these caves dates back to the Gupta
period (4-5 century).
2. Bhartrihari Caves: Located in the Ujjain District and was constructed by the Parmara rulers in the
11th century in Honour of king Bhartrihari.
 Bhartrihari caves near Ujjain are 9 in number, out of which only 5 caves are in existence at
present.
 Colour painting is the speciality of these caves.
3. Bagh Caves: They are located at a place Bagh near Baghani River in the Vindhyanchal ranges
and belongs to Gupta Period.
 These caves are compared with the caves of Ajanta.
 Total Number of caves is nine, out of which four were destroyed, five are left. Cave no. 2 has the
idols of five Buddhas, who are considered by the locals as five Pandavas. These are also called
„Buddha Chitra Ke pran‟ and „Rangmahal‟. The most famous painting in Cave no.2 is of
Padmapani Buddha. There is peace and gentleness on the face of Buddha in this picture.
4. Bhimbetka Caves: It is located in Obaidullaganj of Raisen district 55 km from Bhopal. It is
famous for the rock paintings and rock shelters made by primitive man. These paintings are
considered to be of Palaeolithic, Mesolithic period (Up to Gupta Period). These Caves are discovered
by V.S. Wakankar in 1957-58.
 These paintings are the oldest paintings of human life in the Indian subcontinent. The themes of
the rock paintings here are mainly related to the daily activities of dance, hunting, animal-birds,
war and ancient human life. The rock shelter of Bhimbetka belongs to prehistoric period whose
numbers are about 760.
 This is the largest cave group in the world.
 These caves were included in the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2003.
5. Pandava Caves (Hoshangabad): The Pandava caves are in Pachmarhi. It is believed that the
Pandavas had spent their exile here.
6. Billowa Caves (Gwalior): The billowa caves are located in Gwalior district of Madhya Pradesh.
In the caves of Billowa, Shaiva stateus are present.
7. Mrigendranath Caves (Raisen): Situated in Patni Village, Raisen, these caves are related to
Jainism and contain rare rock paintings. These caves were discovered in 2009.
 These caves are compared with Bhimbetka caves.
8. Caves of Shankaracharya (Khandwa): Located in Omkareshwar (Khandwa)
9. Rock Shelter of Adamgarh (Hoshangabad): Located Near Hoshangabad district.
10. Caves of Mara/Mada (Singrauli): Caves belong to Buddhist period located in Singrauli district.
It is famous for mural paintings.
11. Dhamnar Caves: Located in Garoth Tehsil of Mandsaur. It is related to Buddhism.
12. Dharm Rajeshwar Caves: Located in Garoth (Mandsaur). According to Colonel Tod, these are
Jain caves.
13. Khejadia Bhopa Caves: Located in Dhamnar (Mandsaur). There are 28 caves.
14. Pola Dungar Caves: Located in Garoth (Mandsaur). Caves are built by cutting rocks.
(F). Temples
Temples are the most important and distinctive creation of Indian architecture and are considered as
one of the oldest institutions of India. The earliest attempts at temple architecture were made during
the period from 250 BCE to 300 CE.
Major Temples in Nagara Style
Temple Complex of Khajuraho: Many temples are constructed in Khajuraho region of Chhatarpur
district.
Kakanmath Temple of Sihoniya: This temple is situated on the left bank of Asan River in Sihonia
of Morena district. This temple is said to be dedicated to Shiva-Parvati, which was built by King
Kirtipal of Kachhapaghata in 1015-1035 CE. In this article Sihoniya has been called Singhpaniya.
Sahastrabahu Temple at Gwalior Fort: The Saas-Bahu temple was built on Gwalior fort during the
time of Kachhapaghata ruler Mahipal. This temple is dedicated to Lord Vishnu.
Mahakaleshwar Temple: This temple is situated in Ujjain on the banks of river Kshipra. This is
only south facing Jyotirlinga in India. Bhog place of Madhya Pradesh
Ramraja Temple: This temple is located in Orchha of Niwari district. Bundela ruler Madhukar Shah
got Ramraja temple built. This is the only temple where Lord Rama is worshipped as a king.
Pashupati Nath Temple: This temple is situated on the banks of Shivna River in mandsaur. The idol
installed here is only idol of this world, which has eight faces.
Chintaman Ganesh Temple: Chintaman Ganesh Temple is located in Sehore. The credit for its
construction is given to Vikramaditya Chandragupta II. This temple was reconstructed by Bajirao
Peshwa.
Baijnath Mahadev Temple: This temple is situated on the bank of banganga River in Agar – Malwa
district. This is the only temple in Madhya Pradesh, which was built by the British.
Bawangaja: This temple related to Jainism is located in Barwani district. This temple is situated on
the Chulgiri hill of the Satpura range. 84 feet high statue of Lord Adinath is located here.
Salkanpur Mata Temple: This temple is situated on the Salkanpur hills in sehore district.
Sharda MataTemple: This temple is located in maihar of Satna district.
Khajrana Ganesh Temple: This temple is located in Indore city. The Khajrana Ganesh temple was
built by Rani Ahilyabai Holkar in 1735. The food safety and standars Authority of India (FSSAI) has
declared it as the second safest Bhog place of Madhya Pradesh.
Chausath Yogini Temple (Morena): Chausath Yogini Temple is located in Mitawali village of
Morena district. This temple was built by the Kchhap king Devpal. Its design has been an inspiration
for the Indian Parliament building.
Major Temples built in Dravidian Style
The Dravidian style is mainly considered to be the south Indian style. Not only in Madhya
Pradesh, but in the whole of North India, there is only temple built in a Dravidian style, is „Teli
Mandir‟, which is located on the Gwalior fort.
Teli Ka Mandir: Situated on Gwalior Fort. The only temple in North India built in Dravidian style.
It was built from the money collected by the oil merchants during the reign of King Mihirbhoj. In
1881, two mandapikas and entrance gate were built on the eastern side of the temple by Major Keith.
Major Temples built in Vesara Style
The Vesara style is a combination of Nagara and Dravidian style. The only temple built in this
style in Madhya Pradesh is the sun temple of Gwalior.
(G). Chiatyas: The shrines where the remains of Mahayana Bhddhist monks were preserved were
preserved were known as Chaityas. The shape of the Chaitya looks like a horseshoe. Due to its dual
shape, it is also capped „Dwayastra (Besar) Chaitya. There are two types of „Chaitya-Grihas – (1)
Chaityas built in caves and (2) Chiatya built in open space with the help off bricks and stones. The
only famous Chaitya in Madhya Pradesh is located in Saanchi.
(H). Viharas: The Vihara was the place where the Buddha sangh resided. Viharas were built by
excavating rocks or excavating mountain caves. Rooms have been built all around these vihars, used
by monks as residences and plces of worship.
Prominent Viharas
Bhimbetka, Kharbai, Satdhara in Raisen district, Pangoria and Talpura in Sehore district, Kotra
Vihara near Narsinghgarh in Rajgarh district, Deur Kothar Vihara in Rewa district are important.
Medieval Architecture
Mughal Malwa/Mandu Farooqui Gond Bundela & Baghel

Architecture Architecture Architecture Architecture Architecture
Mughal Architecture
With the establishment of the Mughal rule, a new era started in the field of architecture in
Madhya Pradesh. In this era, the Mughal emperors made efforts for the all-round development of
architecture. The following are the major Mughal architectures in the state.
 Ahukhana: Ahukhana or Mrigavan is located in Zainabad on the banks of the Tapti River in
Burhanpur; it was built by the Mughal Prince Daniyal.
 Kharbuja Mahal: Located in Burhanpur district, this palace is the tomb of Bilkis Jahan, wife of
Shuja, son of Shah Jahan.
 Raja Jaisingh’s Chhatri: Chhatri of Mirza Raja Jai Singh is 7 km from Burhanpur. It is situated
at the confluence of the riversMohana and Tapti. There are four big and four small domes around
the beautiful dome buil in this beautiful chhatri with thirty-two pillars.
 Akbari Sarai: Akbari Sarai was built during the time of Jahangir. It is located in Burhanpur.
 Jahangiri hammam (Public Bathroom): This public bath built during the Mughal period was
built by Abdur Rahim Khankhana. Around a small courtyard there are rooms for bathing.
 Tomb of Daulat Khan Lodi: It is located in Burhanpur, which was built by Khan-e-Jahan Lodhi,
the Suber of the Deccan in the memory of his father Daulat Khan Lodi. This tomb made of stone
is square in plan and the dome above it is huge and impressive.
Malwa/Mandu Architecture
 Dai Ka Mahal (Mandu, Dhar): Akbar stayed here after the Khandesh conquest. Presently there
is a museum of important artifacts.
 Hindola Mahal (Mandu): Built by Hoshangshah. Due to the inclined walls, this palace is called
Hindola Mahal.
 Jahaz Mahal (Mandu): The Jahaz Mahal was built between 1469 and 1500 AD. Built by
Ghiyasuddin Khilji. In the Shape of a ship, this palace was built between two man-made ponds,
Karpur and Munj Sagar Lake.
 Baz Bahadur’s Palace (Mandu): The Palace of Baz Bahadur was built in the 16th century.
 Ashrafi Mahal (Mandu, Dhar): The Ashrafi Palace is the main palace of Mandu. Its structure is
similar to a bowl with a mosaic ofarabesque design on this palace.
 Rani Roopmati Palace (Mandu): Akbarr stayed here after the Khandwsh conquest. Presently
there is a museum ofimportant artifact.
 Hoshang Shah’s Tomb: The tomb of Hoshangshah, which is the first such tomb made of marble
in India, in which a better specimen of Afghani craft is seen.
 Rewa Kund (Reservoir): Rewa kund was built by Emperor Baz Bahadur for the purpose of
arranging regular water supply in the palace of arranging regular water supply in the palace of
Rani Roopmati. This reservoir is still known as a wonderful reservoir.
Farooqui Architecture
Due to Indo-Islamic architecture and belonging to Malwa and Gujarat, the influence of
architectural style of these two regional states is seen in Farooqui architecture. The following
architecture comes under Farooqui architecture.
 Farooqui Eidgah: Farooqui Eidgah was built by Farooqui Sultan Miran Adil Khan in 1438 AD.
It is situated in Silampura Pathanwadi near Silampura Gate of the city ramparts.
 Bibi ki Masjid: This mosque is the oldest among the important monuments of Burhanpur. It was
built by Rukaiya Begum. Wife of Farooqui ruler Adil Khan III (1509-1520). This is the first Jama
Masjid of Burhanpur.
 Badshahi Fort: Malik Nasir built a palace in Burhanpur, which later Farooqui Sultan Adil Khan
II built the Badshahi Fort at the same place to make it safe. This fort is about 80 feet high on the
right bank of the Tapti River.
 Jama Masjid: Jama Masjid is the finest but simple building made of black stone; this mosque
was built by the Farooqui ruler Raja Ali Khan in 1588-89.
Gond Architecture
The buildings/forts built by the Gond Kings are important from the point of view of Indian
architecture. The main centers of Gond architecture and Singauragh, Garha, Chauragarh, Ramnagar
and Mandla. The buildings of the Gond period have some Characteristics – (1). Use of rough stones,
(2) Plaster of Mortar on the walls, (3) thick walls, (4) flat domes.
 Chauragarh Fort: The fort of Chauragrh of Gond state is naturally very safe on the Satpura
Mountain. It is situate dat narsinghpur at an altitude of about 240 meters above the surface of the
Narmada Valley.
 Singauragh Fort: This fort is situated in Damoh district on a high mountain peak on the Jabalur-
Damoh road. On top of the hill are located a small lake and the remains of a palace.
 Garha Fort: The temples of Bhairav Mandir (Bajnamath), Amkhas, hastisala, Madan Mahal and
Panchmatha have been constructed near Sangram Sagar in the premises of the fort of Garha.
 Deogarh Fort: The size of the fort of Deogarh is similar to that of a cow‟s hoof. This fort is
similar to Samai made fo small stones and bricks.
Kalachuri Architecture: The earliest examples of idol crafts of the Kalchuri kingdom of Tripuri are
available in the form of matrika idols obtained from Nandchand (Panna). The Matrika idols here
(Varahi, Vaishnavi, Andri etc.) have been made in a very simple style with their vehicle. These
sculptures, dating from about the 7th century. Depict the eternal spirit of motherhood. A classic
example of this is the Ardhanarishwar idols which are preserved in sagar university.
 Chausath Yogini Temple (Bhedaghat, Jabalpur).
 Shiva Temple of Nohta (Damoh).

 Virateshwar Temple Sohagpur (Shahdol).
Paramaras Architecture: The rulers of the Paramara dynasty were undoubtedly great buildes. The
encouragement they gave in the field of literature encouraged more architecture and provided ample
patronage. The various ruins attest to their great contribution.
 Neelkantheshwar Temple (Udaipur, Vidisha).
 Shiva temple of Bhojur (Raisen).
 Siddheshwara temple (Nemavar, Dewas).
 Jamli Shiva Temple (Jamli, Dhar).
Chandelas Architecture: During the time of Chandela rulers (between 900 AD-1050 AD), many
beautiful and grand temples were built in Khajuraho (Ancient name Khrjuvatika, Chatarpur).
 Shaivite Temples – Kandaria Mahadev, Vishwanath Temple, Dulhadev Temple, Matangeshwar
(earliest temple, built by Harshadev) and Lalguha (the temple known as Brahma temple is
originally a Shiva temple), etc.
 Vaishnava Temples – LakshmanaTemple (Chaturbhuj or Baikunthanatha Temple), Varaha,
Vamana, Javari temple (Jwal – Narsimha).
 Shakta Temples – Jagadambika (Originally Vishnu Temple), Chausath Yogini Temple (64-Yogini
Temple), Parvati temple (Originally Vishnu Temple).
 Sun Temples – Chitragupta Temple (the only sun temple built here), it is placed in the temples of
Vaishnava clan.
 Jain Temples – Parsvanath, Adinath, Ghantai Temple, Jinnath. These Jain temple groups were
originally Hindu temple groups. The Chausath Yogini temple, Brahma temple, Lalguha Mahadev
temple built in the beginning are made of granite and red sandstone has been used in the rest.
Kachchhapaghata Architecture: Examples of Kachchhapaghata architecture are visible in Gwalior,
Morena, Narwar and Sheopur.
 The Major Kachchhapaghata architecture is as follows –
 Kakanmath temple of Sihonia (Morena)
 Sahastrabahu (Sas-Bahu Temples) Temple situated in Gwalior fort.
Bundela Architecture
The buildings built during the period of medieval Bundela rulers have been given the name of
Bundeli architecture. At this time, especially in Datia and Orchha states, Vir Singhdev Bundela built
such unique palaces, temples and buildings that Orchha came to be called the National Art Gallery of
Bundelkhand. The architectural style of the Bundelas was a mixture of Mughal and Rajput
architectural styles.
Buildings of Orchha
 Raja Mahal – This three-storey palace is the oldest building of Orchha. Its foundation was laid by
Rudra Pratap, later it was completed by Bharatichand and Madhukarshah. The main characteristics
here are strong lime architecture, open courtyard, intensive painting, paintings of playing Chaugan,
baradaris (a building or pavalior with twelve doors designed to allow free flow of air) and
balaconies etc. The building has glazed lime plaster. The painting of the palace is attractive and
scenic.
 Jahangir Mahal – Jahangir Mahal of Orchha is five storeyed. It has 236 rooms. It is believed that
the platform of this palace was built by Madhukar Shah, after that some part by Ramshah and the
remaining part by Veer Singhdev Bundela. Veeer Singhdev named it after Emperor Jahangir. It is
hindu-muslim style building.
 Sheesh Mahal – In between Jahangiri Mahal and Raja Mahal is the Sheesh Mahal decorated with
green-blue tiles. It was built by the rule of Orchha, Udvot Singh, around 1706 AD. It has 8 pillars
of Indian Hindu style.
 Praveen Rai’s Palace – North of Jahangir Mahal is Pravin Rai‟s two-storey palace. This palace
has a basement, with a large garden attached to it. An attractive figure of Praveen Rai is also made
here. Praveen Rai was a famous dancer, poet and artist of Orchha state.
Buildings of Chanderi
 Kirti Durg (fort) - Kirti Durg of Chanderi was built in the 11th century. This fort is surrounded by
thick and protected ramparts. This fort was under the control of Khilji Sultans, Rajputs, Mughals
and Bundelas, due to this it is the construction area of all the times of architecture. Naukhandi
Mahal has been built by Devisingh Bundela. Other notable buildings in the fort are the stone-cut
Khilji dynasty Mosque, Giloba lake, ancient Shivling, Jauhar Memorial and Khooni Darwaza.
 Jama Masjid – This mosque is built in the 13th century, it is considered to be the largest mosque
of Bundelkhand , in which about three thousand people could sit together and offer Namaz.
 Delhi Darwaza – This door is built in the 15th century, which was built during the period of the
Sultans of Malwa. There are elephants on both sides of this door ; the soldiers riding on them look
attractive.
 Singhpur Palace – It was built by Devi singh Bundela in 1665 AD. This palace is three storeyed,
has a courtyard and has latticed rooms, There is a pond in the foothills below the palace.
 Baoris (Stepwells) – The 15th Century Qazi ki Baori and Battisi stepwell are the unique
masterpieces of the craftsmanship of the sultans of Malwa. Battisi stepwell is four storeyed ; it also
has an inscription written in Persian.
 Kati Ghati (Valley) – The Kati Valley has a stone gate located in the south of the city, its sociality
is that it was made by cutting a huge stone boulder. It was built during the period of the Sultans of
Malwa in the 15th century ; it is called the gateway of Malwa and Buldelkhand.
 Ramnagar Mahal – This palace was built by Durjan Singh Bundela of Chanderi in 1698 AD. It
has a large lake and picturesque natural environment. It currently houses the Archaeological
Museum.
 Talbet’s fort and Narsingh Temple – Bharatshah of Chanderi had built a fort on the hill, which
was built keeping both the housing and security point of view in front. There is a temple of
Narasimha in this fort, whose painting looks like an imitation of the painting of Orchha.
Buildings of Datia
 Satkhanda Mahal – This palace is also called by the names of Veer Singhdev Mahal and Hawa
Mahal etc. This seven – segmented palace of Datia is a quadrilateral in the shape of a swastika.
 Pratapgarh – This for tis currently more known by the name of Datia fort. It was built by
Dalpatrao Bundela in the late 17th century.
 Shivgir Temple – Shivgir temple situated in the center of the city was built in 1688 during the
time of Dalpatrao.
 Fort of Seondha – This fort of Tehsil Seondha of Datia district was built by the Bundela rulers in
the early 18th century. This fort is also known as Kanhargarh.
 Ponds of Datia – Datia had a series of water bodies connected to each other in the medieval
period. In which Karansagar, Sitasagar, Lala‟s Lake, Tarantal, Ramsagar etc are notable ponds of
this period.
Baghel Architecture
 Rewa Fort: The fort was built by Jalal Khan, the younger son of Sher Shah Suri, laying the
foundation of this fort, which was expanded by the Baghel king Vikramajit (1605-24) and gave the
form of a fort. The Bichiya River flows in the east of this fort. To the north of this fort there is an
artificial lake „Krishna Sagar‟ and in the north-east there is a swamp.
 Maihar Fort: The foundation of this fort was laid by the Baghel king Bhaidchandra (1470 – 95)
and Chandrabhan expanded maihar fort. Maihar Fort is completely protected by an artificial moat
and coverted with a two-tired wall.
 Sohagpur Garhi: The foundation of this fort was laid by Veer Singdev, which was expanded by
the founder of Sohagpur region, Rudra Pratap and his successors.
Modern Architecture
 Moti Mahal (Gwalior): Palace of Jiwajirao Scindia in the past this was the assembly building of
„Central India‟. In Moti Mahal till a few days ago, it was also the accountant general‟s building of
MP.
 Jaivilas Palace (Gwalior): It is a wonderful blend of Italian, Tuscan and Corinthian styles. It is
the residence of the Scindia family and presently a museum. It was built by Jiwaji Rao Scindia. Its
architect was Sir Michael.
 Taj Mahal (Bhopal): The construction of a building named Taj mahal located in Shahjanabad of
Bhopal was started by Sultan Shah Jahan Beghum in 1871 as Raj Bhavan for her residence, which
was completed in 1884.
 Lal Bagh Palace: The Lal Bagh Palace is located in Indore on the banks of the Khan River. This
palace is a masterpiece of the architecture of the Holkar dynasty. The construction of Lal Bagh
Mahal started in 1886 during the reign of Maharaja Tukoji Rao Holka-II and was completed during
the reign of Maharaja Tukoji Rao Holkar-III.
 Bharat Bhawan: For the development of art in Madhya Pradesh, Prime Minster Indira Gandhi
inaugurated the Bharat Bhawan designed by Charles Correa in Bhopal on February 13, 1982.
Bharat Bhawan was established under the Bharat Bhawan Trust Act, 1982 for the development of
art in Madhya Pradesh. Bharat Bhawan Trust Act, 1982 for the development of art in Madhya
Pradesh.
Bharat Bhavan has the following six parts –
1. Rupankar – This is a museum of fine arts.
2. Vagartha – This is a library of poems in 14 Indian Language
3. Anhad – This is a museum of classical and folk music material.
4. Inner and Outerrang – It has internal and external theatres.
5. Fine – There is a library and archieves of fine arts.
6. Shape – There is a working related to graphics, sculpture and painting.
 Kamalapati Mahal : This palace is situated in Bhopal between small and big pond. This palace,
built in in the 18th century, is also the first monument of the city. This two-storey palace is built of
lakhori bricks. Since 1989, this palace is under the Archaeological Protection of India.
 Madhya Pradesh Raj Bhavan: In 1880 CE, this Raj Bhavan was constructed by the Nawab of
Bhopal Shah Jahan Beghum as a place of stay for British officers. It was initlally named Lal
Kothi. After 1880 CE, Lal Kothi became the official residence of British political agents posted in
Bhopal.
Important Buildings of Madhya Pradesh Raj Bhavan Complex
 The foundation stone of the Secretariat building under Raj Bhavan was laid by N.N.
Wanchoo on March 30, 1978.
 This Secretariat building was inaugurated on 2nd October, 1979 by Chippudira Muthana
Punacha.
 Jawahar Shatabdi in Raj Bhavan The foundation stone of building was laid on 14th
November, 1988 by K.M. Chandy, inaugurated b K.M.A. Khan on January 26; 1991.
 A post office building has also been constructed from Raj Bhavan complex, which was
inagurated by Bhai Mahavir on Jan 25, 1999.
 Rajwada Region: The Rajwada located in Indore is an example of the grand buildings of the
climax period of the Marathas. The initial construction of the palace was done by Malharrao
Holkar in 1747 CE. Rajwada is a 3-stage building. The first 3 floors are made of stone, which is a
sign of Rajput style. The fourth to seventh storeys are of Maratha style, with more woodwork. This
is the tallest Maratha monument in the country.
 George Castle Building: The building located in Madhva National Park of Shivpuri, which was
constructed in 1911 CE by Jiwajirao Scindia during the Scindia princely state. The construction of
this building was mainly done keeping in mind the hunting. It is a building built in Persian and
Italian style. Bricks have also been used in this building, mainly using sandstone.
 Baijatal: It is a floating platform located in Gwalior city. This was built by Baijabai. Water is
filled around this pond and ghats have been constructed. It used to be the resting place os Scindia
King situated near Moti Mahal.
 Victoria Bhavan: The building built in the western style located in the Maharaja Bada area of
Gwalior. This building was constructed keeping in mind the big events at the time of King George
V‟s arrival in Gwalior. Red limestone and white marble have been used in this building. Influenced
by the Persian stylem toranas have been constructed in this building.
 Red Church, Indore: This Church is also known as St. Francis of Assisi Cathedral. One of the
most popular churches in Indore, Lal Church is known for its magnificent altar.
 Christ Church, Gwalior: This Church is about 243 years old. The Christ Church in Murar was
built by the British officer in 1775. The speciality of this church is that this church has also given
the Revolt of 1857.
 St. Francis Assisi Cathedral Church, Bhopal: It is present in Bhopal, the capital of Madhya
Pradesh, built in 1875. This is the first church of Catholic Christian community in Bhopal city.
 St. Raphael’s Church, Sagar: St. Raphel‟s Church, now known as St. Theresa‟s Cathedral, is the
oldest Catholic Church in Sagar (Saugorda). The foundation of St. Raphel‟s Church was laid by
Revla.
Sculpture
Sculpture can be considered as the distinctive national art of the country, which scholars
consider to be more concrete, permanent and full expression of art. The history of sculpture in India
dates back to ancient times. The remains of our civilization have been found in the Indus Valley, but
the surprising things is that the Indus civilization, which should be a sign of our infancy civilization,
is a sign of our climax, that is, the ruins obtained from the Indus civilization prove that the
civilization of this time is its own. From the point of view of art, it was a period of flourishing. Every
artwork of this period reflects the vitality of life.
Gupta Sculpture: In the field of sculpture, the contribution of Gupta age is very important. The idols
which were built during the Gupta period seemed to be quite alive in terms of their shape, type and
body-building. The idols found in Madhya Pradesh are of Shiva, Vishnu, Bu, bodhisattva and
Kartikeya.
Gurjara-Pratihar Carpet Sculpture: The origin of Gurjana-Pratihara carpet sculpture is the Gupta
craft tradition. There are signs of occult scripture, spiritual sentiment and story telling in it. The
ornamentation in the sculptures is minimal. At the same time, the craftsman‟s hand-skills are seen in
the delicate lines of the idols, their flow and refined characterization method.
A new form of sculpture of the Gopadri region emerged from the confluence of the Gupta age craft
Characteristics of Pavaya, Kota (Shivpuri) and Tuman, which Ramanath Mishra has addressed as
„Gopadri Style‟. There are idols related to Shivism, Vaishnava, Shakta and Jainism in the Gurjana-
Pratihara era sculpture.
Parmaras Age Sculpture: In general, along with the creation of idols of Brahmin gods and
goddesses, idols of Jain Tirthankaras, yakshas, and Yakshinis were also made. Apart from the statues
of gods and goddesses displayed in the temples of Malwa, a huge collection display and protection of
scattered sculptures from the original monuments is available in various Central Archaeological,
Government and Jayshakti University museums of Madhya Pradesh and India. In the above
museums, statues of Jain Tirthankaras belonging to Sahiva, Vaishnava, Shakta and Jain Sects are
displayed, which are important from the point of view of iconography.
Chandela Age Sculpture (Khajuraho): In the first class, there are those adorable idols, which have
been made from all four sides. They are customary and are usually depicted as paprasana or
Sambhanga. Under the second category, there are family, side or cover deities. They are mostly
seated on the outer walls of temples or in dabkulikas and radhakis. Among them are the idols of
different types of Dikpals, Jain rule, Devanas, Nitadetris etc. In the third category are those idols,
which are called Sursundari or „Apsara‟. Their number is plentiful.
There are images of animals and birds in the fourth section. The most commonly found among
animals is Shardul or Bilal, who is often depicted as horned lion. In the fifth and last square there are
Mithun idols. The description of Chandelakala cannot be said to be complete without mentioning the
Mithun idols of Khajuraho.
In the non-Jainite temples here, there is often a marking of Mithun idols going from intercourse to
Samadhi in many straight and awkward postures at more than one place.
Kachhapaghata Sculpture: The rule of the Kachhapaghata dynasty apparently started from 977 CE.
The work of making, innumerable idols was going on in Narwar, dubkund and Gwalior-Sihonia. The
inscription of Vajradaman himself was engraved on the footpad of a Jain idol. In Sihonia, idols of
gods and Goddesses belonging to Shaivite, Vaishnava, Shakta and Jain religions were made for the
purpose of consecrating them in the temples. The climax of Kachhapaghata sculpture is seen in the
Shiva temple (Kakanmath) of Sihonia and the Saas-Bahu temple of Gwalior.
Tomar Dynasty Sculpture: Examples of Tomar period sculptures are also visible at other places in
northern Madhya Pradesh. One Tashbhanath, two parshvanath and some other Tirthankara idols
recovered from Malipur Village are preserved in Pichore Archaeological Museum (Dabra). Certain
Jain Idols of Narvar are also stored here. Some of the statues found from the nearby places of
Gwalior are also displayed in the Sindhi rest house of Tekanpur.
MAJOR TRIBES & DIALECTS of MADHYA PRADESH

 Scheduled Tribes is one of the most deprived socio-economic groups in India. „On geographical
basis, Scheduled Tribes are found at peripheries marginal areas, far away from mainstream society
and are mostly geographically isolated either on islands or interior areas. This group has been left
behind in the society in terms of social development. They have their own district culture,
language, political, organization and economy.
Constitutional Status
 In the Indian Constitution, detailed description of Scheduled Castes is given in Article 341 and
definition is provided in Article 366(24), while the Scheduled Tribes have been described in detail
in Article 342 and definition is given in Article 366(25).
National Commission for Scheduled Castes and National Commission for Scheduled Tribe have
been accorded the constitutional status under Article 388 And Article 388(A) respectively.
Scheduled Tribes
 Madhya Pradesh has the maximum Scheduled Tribe population in the country, ranked 1st in the
country in terms of population of Scheduled Tribes in the state and at 13th position in terms of
percentage of the tribal population. According to the 2011 census, the tribal population of the state
was 1,53,16,784. It is 21.09% of the total population of the state. A total of 43 Scheduled Tribes
groups are notified in Madhya Pradesh.
 Three tribes of Madhya Pradesh – Baiga, Bhariya and Saharia have been notified by the
Government of India as Special Backward Tribe.
 The district with maximum tribal population in the state is Dhar (12,22,814) and Bhind (6,131)
has the lowest tribal population. But in terms of the percentage of tribal population in the state,
Alirajpur (89.0%) holds the first position and Bhind (0.4%) is at last position.
 According to the 2011 census, in Madhya Pradesh, only 10.40 lakh tribals reside in the urban
areas which is only 6.8% of the total tribal population in the state.
 In terms of urban tribal population Bhind hold the first position where 76.8% tribal population
resides in urban areas whereas Dindori is the last position, where only 1.6% tribal population
resides in urban areas.
MP Adim Jati Mantrana Parishad
 Madhya Pradesh Adim Jati Mantrana Parishad was established in 1957 under Article 244(1) of the
Indian Constitution with the aim of administration and protection of scheduled areas and to give
suggestions for the protection of tribals rights. This council was reorganized on 8 September,
2014.
There is a gap of 67 points in the sex ratio of Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes population
in Madhya Pradesh.
Madhya Pradesh Tribal Finance & Development Corporation

 Madhya Pradesh Tribal Finance and Development Corporation was established on September 29,
1994 under Section 25 of the Companies Act, 1956.
 Its purpose is to make economic, social and educational development of tribal society, eliminate
exploitation and raise them above the poverty line.
Major Scheduled Tribes in MP
Bhil Tribe
 The word Bhil originated from Sanskrit word Bhill and Dravidian word Beel. The literal meaning
of Bhil is Bow. They are known as Bhil as they are proficient in archery.
 It is the largest tribe of Madhya Pradesh, which resides in districts of Dhar, Jhabua, Alirajpur,
Barwani, Khandwa, Guna etc in the state.
 This tribe represents Proto-Australoid human race and speaks Bhili language.
The detailed description of the Bhil tribe is done by TB Nair in his book The Bhil.
 Bhil, Bhilala, Barela, Patalia, Rathiyas, Begas and Umri are among the sub-tribes of the Bhil tribe.
Among which Bhilala is the largest sub-tribe, who consider themselves as descendants of
Maharana Pratap.
 Umri sub-tribe is in the most miserable of the other sub-tribe of Bhils, which resides in Guna,
Shajapur and nearby districts. This sub-tribe follows Islam.
Other sub-tribes based on Profession
 Madavi, Badvon or Bhagat: These people are considered as the most holy persons in Bhil tribe.
 Pujaro: People of this caste have special knowledge in drugs and regarding the treatment of
diseases.
 Kotwar: The person of this caste administers the village of Bhils.
 Pithora is a world famous picture of Bhils. Kadawi Bhils are called Muslims Bhil.
Food
 Maize roti, toddy and jowar are the favorite food of Bhils. During the summer, they drink Mahua
and Toddy alcohol drinks and hunt for Kadaknath chicken.
 Bhils call their place of residence Falya and their homes as Ku.
 The method of agriculture followed by them is known as Dajiya and Chimata.
 According to the census 2011, 53.8% of Bhils are involved in agriculture and about one- third of
the Bhils work as farm labourers
 Village head is known as Gameti, Mainly, they address each other as Mama.
Bhagoria Festival
 This is the main festival of Bhils, organized at grand level in districts of Jhabua, Alirajpur, Dhar
and Khargaon in Madhya Pradesh. Actually it is a celebration of love and marriage, in which
tribal youths and women choose their life partner.
 This festival is celebrated for seven days during holi and is mainly divided into three parts -
Gulalia, Gol Gadhedo and Uzadiya.
 Gulalia: Gulalia is organized in the first two days of Bhagoria
 Gol Gadhedo After Gulalia, Golgadhedo festival is organised for three days the group of young
men and the young man elope from there with the woman of his choice
 Uzadiya: Tribal people who come to the Bhagoria festival buy items they need from the fair in the
last two days of the festival, because after this the festival ends and the fair terminates, hence it is
called Uzadiya.
Religion
 Bhils have their own distinctive gods and goddesses, the most important and powerful God being
Rajapantha
 In addition, they also worship other gods like Mahadev, Rama, Ganesha, Hanuman, etc.
 There are different deities of Bhils for mountain, forest, water and crop, especially the horses and
snakes are worshipped by the Bhils.
Dance
 The Bhil tribe mainly performs dances like Kaharwa, Toda, Padava, Dagla etc..
Tribal Marriage
 Gandharva Marriage
 Apharan (abduction) marriage
 Gol-Gadhedo marriage (at the Bhagoria festival)
 Sewa marriage
 Shakti (powerful) marriage
 Natara Marriage (In this type widows can remarry)
 Ghar-ghoosi (intruder) marriages
 Pariksha (Testing) marriages
 Vinimay (Exchange) marriage (circulation of dowry).
Gond Tribe
 The word Gond is derived from the Telugu word Kond, which means - Mountain. This tribe lives
in mountainous areas, so they are called Gond.
 It is India's largest tribal groups and the second largest tribe of Madhya Pradesh- This tribe resides
in Mandla, Dindori, Balaghat, Seoni and Chhindwara districts of Madhya Pradesh.
 Gond people belong to Dravidian ethnic groups, languages. and speak Gondi and Dorli language.
 According to 2011 Census, the population of Gond tribe in Madhya Pradesh is 50.93 lakh, which
is 33.25% of the total tribal population in the state.
 The highest population of Gond tribe is 6.2 lakhs in Chhindwara district, with a literacy rate of
60.1%.
 Verrier Elwin wrote the book The Muria and their Ghotul in 1947.
Economic activities
 Agriculture & Hunting
 Bari are the farmers, who cultivates mustard, vegetables, kodan, kutki, and tabacco.
 Sells handmade baskets and ropes in the market.
 Fair - Swang Tamsa and Madai
Marriage
 In Gond tribe, widow remarriage and polygamy practices are prevalent. Additionally, Doodh
lautava marriage, Apharan or Polythar marriage are also prevalant.
 The rules of intermarriage and polygamy are strictly followed.
 Doodh Lautava Marriage: Under this marriage practice, boys and girls of aunt or uncle marry each
other.
 Ghotul Custom: There is an association called Ghotul for unmarried youths, in which they have
the freedom to make love among themselves before marriage
Festival
 Gond tribe celebrates Meghnad, Bindki, Bakpanthi, Hariti, Nawakhani, Jawara, Madhai and
Chherta festivals.
Dance
 The main dances of Gond tribe are Karma, Saila, Bhadauni, Birha, Kaharwa, Sajni, Suya, Ebaltoi
and Deewani.
 The main instrument played in this dance is Mandaar.
 It is the world's first folk dance, which was included in the Guinness Book of World Records.
Karma Dance is the main dance of Gond tribe,it is a female oriented dance
 Khahulpata as a eulogy is sung on the funeral of a member of Gond tribe.
Classification of Subtribes of Gonds
On the basis of Residence
 Rejgond (Land Owners)
 Dhurgond (Common People)
 Muriya and Mariya (Most Backward Subtribe)
On the basis of Occupation
Agaria - Iron Smith
Pardhan - Priest
Ojha - Tantric
Solhas - Carpenter
Koilabhutis - Nomad
The main deity of Gond tribe is Dulha Dev and there are other gods and goddesses like Buddha Deva,
Bada Deo, Thakur Dev (God of land), Nag Dev, Narayana Dev worshiped by Gond People.
Bharia Tribe
 The real meaning of the word Bharia is lack of knowledge. This tribe used to carry loads, so they
were called Bharia. It is the most backward tribe of Madhya Pradesh, residing in Chhindwara,
Seoni and Mandla districts. This tribe speaks Bharnoti language.
 A small group of Bharia tribe is residing in the place called Patalkot of Chhindwara district for
centuries. The literal meaning of Patalkot is the mountain or fortress surrounding the lake.
 In the census of 1981, the Bharia tribe in Patalkot was also termed as wild of the wilds. Bharias
consider Gonds as their elder brother. This tribe considers King Karnadev as their ancestor.
 The head of Bharia society is called Patel and other major members are Bhumla, Padihar and
Kotyar
Marriage
 Sagotriya marriages are prohibited in Bharia tribe. In this tribe, marriage between the children of
aunt and uncle is given priority.
 The bangle custom is also popular in them. Apart from this, Mangani Marriage, Lumma Marriage,
Raji Baji Marriage and Widow Marriage are also popular.
 Their homes are known Asdhana.
 Sub-tribes- Bhoomia and Bhuidhar
 Their main occupation is agriculture in form of Dahiya Agriculture (farming like jhoom) a form of
Shifting
Dance
 The popular dances performed by Bharia tribe are Setam Bhetam, Karma, Saila, Bhadam, Ahirai
(Viraha).
Rang-bang is a dance form performed by the youth of the tribe.
 Festivals: Bidri Puja, Nawakhani, Diwali, Jatra, etc. are celebrated.
 Diety: Bharia tribe's main dieties are Dulhadev, Buddhadev, Badadev, Thakurudev, Narayanadev
etc. They also worship snakes and tigers.
Baiga Tribe
 The Baiga tribe found in Madhya Pradesh is one of the three backward tribes declared by the
Government of India, which mainly resides in the districts of Mandla, Dindori, Shahdol, Balaghat
and Seoni.
 It is a Dravidian community tribe, which represents Proto-Australoid tribe, Baga tribe is a sub-
tribe of Bhuiya tribe.
 Verrier Elwin wrote the book The Baiga based on the Baiga Tribe.
 The word baiga literally means-priest, Therefore, they are also called panda, Baigaare priest as
well as a doctor of the village. The developed form of this tribe is called Binjhwar.
 According to the 2011 census, the total population of Baiga tribe in Madhya Pradesh is 4.15 lakh
which is 2.71 percent of the total tribal population in the state.
Subtribes of Baiga - Binjhwar, Narotia, Bharotiya, Nahar, Rai Bhain, Kadh Bhaina
 There is a Panchayat system in Baiga tribe, in which five types of Panchs are-Mukadam Diwan,
Samrath, Kotwar and Dawar, Mukadam is the head of Panchayat.
 The village of this tribe is known as Poorva, the person who protects the poorva is known as
Kotwar and priest is known as Baivat.
 The Baiga tribes practice shifting cultivation known as bewar of Dahiya.
 Use of plough is forbidden, axe is their main tool.
Marriage
Mangni or Chad Marriage, Uthna marriage, Chor marriage, Paithul marriage. Lamsena marriage,
Udhariya marriage pratices are prevalant among them
Dance
 The major dance forms of Baiga tribe are Rina, Karma, Pardhauni, Suya, Saila, Dashara and
Dadriya
Religion
 Baiga tribe believes in the existence of the soul. Their chief diety is Budhadey. These people also
worship Dulhadev to protect them from diseases and the Thakurdey for the village's land. Their
sacred tree is Saaj.
Kol Tribe
 It is the third largest tribe of Madhya Pradesh, which has 22 sub-tribes.
 This is the Austro asiatic tribe, which was described as Cole or Colarian by Max Müller. This
tribe also finds mention in Ramayana and Mahabharata.
 This is the major tribe of the Mundari or Kol class, whose original residence is considered to be
the Kurali in the Badriaraja region of Rewa People of Kol tribe consider Chandravansh of
Gandharaas their ancestor.
 In Madhya Pradesh, this tribe mainly resides in Rewa. Satna, Sidhi and Shahdol districts.
 According to the 2011 Census, the total population of the Kol tribe in the state is 11.67 lakh,
which is 7.6% of total tribal population of the state.
 Gohia is the name of local panchayat of Kol Tribe.
State Kol Tribe Development Authority- It was set up on 6 June, 2011 with the objective of
economic, educational and social development of the Kol tribe.
Subtribes of Kol
Subtribes of Kol - Rautiya, Bhadtiya, Madhanha, Kathotiha, Thakuriya, Vinj, Rautele, Dashora,
Kagwariya, Mawasi, Raivriya.
 The village head is known as Gohia, who resolves their disputes.
Dance - The major dance foms of Kol tribe are Kol and Dahka.
Korku Tribe
Korku means a group of humans. This tribe resides in the Satpura mountain areas. They are found to
reside in the villages of Hoshangabad, Betul, Chhindwara and Seoni districts in Madhya Pradesh.
The Korku tribe represents Proto-Australoid group. Korku tribe is a branch of Munda or Colarian
tribe, which considers Rajputs as their ancestors.
Subtribes of Korku - Bowal, Motsi, Nahala, Pathariya, Bawari, Dularya, Rooma, Bodoya.
There are two groups of Korku tribe in Madhya Pradesh - Raj Korku and Pathoriya Korku
 Under this tribe Chittora marriage, Widow remarriage, Hath marriage, raja-bahi marriage,
lamjhana marriage, etc. are prevalent.
Dance
The major dance forms of Korku tribe are Chatkora, Khamb and Swang
Religion
 Korku worship Hindu God-Goddesses like Sun, Moon, Shiva, Meghnad, Murdadev. The main
deities of their village are Dongardev, Bhatuadey etc. They make sacrifices of poultry and pigs to
dieties.
Saharia Tribe
 The word Saharia is derived from the Sah + Hariya, which means - to be with a lion. In Persian
words, the meaning of Sahar means a forest, and this tribe resides in the forests, hence called
Saharia.
 In terms of population, Saharia tribe is the fifth largest tribe of Madhya Pradesh, which mainly
resides in Gwalior, Shivpuri, Morena, Guna districts.
 This tribe has been granted the status of special backward tribe in Madhya Pradesh. The Saharia
tribe museum is located in Sheopur district.
 In the Saharia tribe, patriarchal and joint families are found, whose family unit is known as
kutum.
 The head of the Panchayat is called Patel and the other members are Kotwar, Chhopa, Barai,
Adhnaria.
 Residence - They live in houses joined with each other on flat plains, which are known as Saharan.
Among the houses, a community hall or Dharmshala is built which is known as Bagla
 They collect herbs to manufacture medicines.
 Gaathleela, Ramajanam, Jaanki weddings, legends of Pandavas, Gari, Ramayana, Khayal,
Languria, Phagat Siya, Bajanageet are mainly sung by this tribe.
Dance
 The major dance form of Saharia tribe are Lahngi, Nrityaragini, Dul-Dulghodi and Tejaji.
Religion
 Saharia tribes worship Hindu Gods and Goddess
 They believe in the soul and tantrism (Animism).
Kairwar Tribe
Kairwaris is the major tribe of Munda Tribal group. It resides in Chhatarpur, Singrauli, Panna,
Shahdol, Satna, Vidisha, Raisen, Sidhi, Umaria, Damoh, Rewa and Anuppur districts in Madhya
Pradesh. This tribe considers Khariagarh, situated at Kaimur hills, as its original place.
Religion
People of Kairwar tribe mainly follow the customs of Hindu religion. They mainly worship
Vanasthali, Dulhadev, Ghamsan, Goraiya, Shiva, Durga and Hanuman along with Salem, Pipal,
Neem trees and animals like Nag, Scorpion etc.
Panika Tribe
 Panika tribes reside in Sidhi and Shahdol districts in Madhya Pradesh. This tribe is related to the
Dravidian group.
 The Panika tribe is divided into two broad groups: the Kabir panthis and the Sakta. The
Kabirpanthi follow the teachings of Saint Kabir. They avoid meat and liquor.
 The Sakta, who are addicted to liquor and eat meat freely, are more tribal in nature.
 Panika tribe is divided into several gotras (clan), which is known as Kur. The literal meaning of
kur is Kuli. Many kur form together a Kurha
 Lamsena marriage, Ghuspaithia marriage, Remarriage and Dewar-Bhabhi marriages are prevalent
in this tribe.
Oraon/Kurukh Tribe
 Oraon is considered to be Dravid ethnic group on the basis of tribal language. These people also
call themselves as kurukh.
 This tribe resides in the districts of Bhopal, Narsinghpur, Anuppur, Barwani, Jabalpur, Indore and
Singrauli in Madhya Pradesh.
The people of this tribe are also known by the name of Dhangar, Dhanka, Kisan etc. In this tribe
many concurrent villages are organized known as Parah.
The head of the village and priest are known as Mahto and Baiga respectively. Their youth
dormitory is know as Dhoomkoria
Religion
 The main deity of Oraon tribe is Dharmesh, who is a form of sun god. These people also worship
Mahadev.
Dance
 The major dance forms of Uraon Tribe are Sarhul, Ghudiya, Danda and Karma.
Banjara tribe
In Madhya Pradesh, Banjara is a nomad tribe, who resides in of Khandwa, Khargaon, Mandla, Malwa
etc. districts.
 People of Banjara tribe who live in the village, are knowns as Tandah or Balad. Their houses are
arranged in a queue.
The head of the tandah is known as Sardar Nayak.
Agaria Tribe
 Agariya tribe's ethnic name is derived from fire. This tribe resides in Singrauli, Anuppur, Shahdol,
Sidhi, Umaria and Dindori districts in Madhya Pradesh.
 It is believed that iron was invented by Agaria tribe and they made iron tools. This tribe also refers
itself as blacksmiths.
 The main occupation of Agiya tribe is to melt iron ore. Their chief deity is Lohasur, whose abode
is considered in flaming distilleries
Kanwar Tribe
 This is a small tribe, whose total population (Census-2011) is only 18,603.
 They reside in Shahdol, Anuppur, Sidhi and Singrauli districts in Madhya Pradesh.
 There are eight subclasses in Kanwar, one of them is Tanwar who consider themselves as Tomar
Rajput.
They use wild animals and surrounding objects like glasses, stores, umbrellas etc. as their totem
A totem is a spirit being, sacred object or symbol that serves as an emblem of a group of people such as a
family, clan, lineage or tribe
Sora Tribe
 According to the Census 2011, Sora tribe contributes only 1% in the total tribal population of
Madhya Pradesh.
 It is economically and socially extremely backward tribe. It resides in Sagar, Tikamgarh,
Chhattarpur, Damoh, Panna, Raisen and Hoshangabad districts of Madhya Pradesh.
Pardhan Tribe
 Pardhan is a Sanskrit word, which means the Minister. They used to be ministers of Gond kings.
Pardhan are also known as Pattaria.
 This tribe resides in eastern Satpura region, Narmada valley and Baghelkhand area in the state.
Mawasi Tribe
 According to the 2011 Census, the total population of Mawasi Tribe in Madhya Pradesh is
1,09,180, which is 0.71% of the total tribal population of the state.
 They reside in Chhindwara, Satna, Hoshangabad, Bhopal, West Nimar and Betul district
Majhi Tribe
 According to the 2011 Census, the total population of Majhi tribe in Madhya Pradesh is 50,655
which is only 0.33% of the total tribal population of the state.
 They mainly reside in Gwalior, Rewa, Bhopal, Bhind, Morena, Jabalpur, Datia, Indore and
Sheopur districts in Madhya Pradesh.
Pao Tribe
 According to the 2011 Census, the total population of Pao tribe in Madhya Pradesh is 44,312
which is only 0.29% of the total tribal population in the state.
 They mainly reside in Shahdol, Anuppur and Satna districts.
Binjhwar Tribe
Binjhwar tribes reside in Balaghat and Seoni districts in Madhya Pradesh.
Binjhwar's mother tongue is Chhattisgarhi. Veer Narayan Singh, the great freedom fighter from
Chhattisgarh, was a member of this community
Pardhi Tribe
 Pardhi is a word of Marathi language, which means - hunting. The tribe resides in Bhopal, Raisen,
Guna, Sehore districts of Madhya Pradesh.
 It is a foraging tribe who are proficient in hunting wild animals but women are not allowed to
hunt.
Subtribes of Pardhi Tribe - Bhil Pardhi, Cheetah Pardhi, Faans Pardhi, Gosai Pardhi, Langoti Pardhi,
Shili oil Pardhi
Madhya Pradesh Council of Employment and Training – MAPCET
This Council was established in 1981, which aims at increasing and developing the technical and business
skills among educated unemployed tribal youths and to enhance their rate of employment.
Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups in Madhya Pradesh
 Primitive, geographically isolated, shy and socially, educationally & economically backwardness
are the traits that distinguish Scheduled Tribes of our country from other communities.
 Tribal communities live in about 15% of the country's areas in various ecological and geo-
climatic conditions ranging from plains to forests, hills and inaccessible areas. Tribal groups are at
different stages of social, economic and educational development.
 While some tribal communities have adopted a mainstream way of life at one end of the spectrum,
on the other hand, more vunerable among the tribe groups are classified as particular vulnerable
tribal groups. There are 75 Primitive Tribal Groups (PTGs).
Criteria for identifying Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups are:
1. Pre-agricultural level of technology,
2. Low level of literacy
3. Economic backwardness
4. A declining or stagnant population
PVTG's in Madhya Pradesh
 Baiga
 Bharia
 Sahariya
Tribes and their Sub tribes

Tribe Sub tribes
Pardhi Bhil Pardhi, Cheetah Pardhi, Faans Pardhi, Gosai Pardhi, Langoti Pardhi, Shili oil Pardhi
Korku Bowal, Motsi, Nahala, Pathariya, Bawari, Dularya, Rooma, Bodoya
Rautiya, Bhadtiya, Madhanha, Kathotiha, Thakuriya, Vinj, Rautele, Dashora, Kagwariya,
Kol
Mawasi, Raivriya
Baiga Binjhwar, Narotia, Bharotiya, Nahar, Rai Bhain, Kadh Bhaina
Bharia Bhoomia and Bhuidhar
Gond Agaria, Pardhan, Ojha, Solhas, Koilabhutis
Bhil Bhil, Bhilala, Barela, Patalia, Rathiyas, Begas and Umri
Tribes and their Dance

Tribe Dances
Bhil Kaharwa, Toda, Padava, Dagla
Karma, Saila, Bhadauni, Birha, Kaharwa, Sajni, Suya, Ebaltoi and
Gond
Deewani
Bharia Setam Bhetam, Karma, Saila, Bhadam, Ahirai (Viraha)
Baiga Rina, Karma, Pardhauni, Suya, Saila, Dashara and Dadriya
Kol Kol and Dahka
Korku Chatkora, Khamb and Swang
Saharia Lahngi, Nrityaragini, Dul-Dulghodi and Tejaji
Uraon Sarhul, Ghudiya, Danda and Karma
Dialects of Madhya Pradesh

 Language, a system of conventionally spoken, manual, or written symbols by means of which
human beings, as members of a social group and participants in their culture express themselves.
The functions of language include communication, the expression of identity, play, imaginative
expression, and emotional release.
Development of Language in MP
The official language of India and Madhya Pradesh is Hindi which belongs to Indo- European family
Language families in India
Indo European, Dravid, Austric, Chinese-Tibetan
Based on the percentage of people speaking different languages in India, the Indo-European
family is India's largest language family. About 73% Indians speak languages of this family
Major dialects of Madhya Pradesh
Bundell, Malwi, Bagheli, Nimadi, Brijbhasha
 Madhya Pradesh is a Hindi-speaking state, where Hindi is the main medium of expression, with
Bundeli, Malwi, Bagheli, Nimari and Brijbhasha etc. as the major spoken dialects in different
parts of state.
 Mixed forms of Hindi and Urdu are used in the state capital Bhopal, Sirangan, Burhanpur, Kurwa
etc and mixed forms of Bundalee and Bagheli are used in Jabalpur district.
Note:-
 Sanskrit language is used in Mohad village under Kareli tehsil in Narsinghpur district of Madhya
Pradesh.
 The title of Part XVII of the Indian Constitution is the Official Language under which the
instructions for the development of Hindi language under the Union, States, Supreme and High
Courts have been given from Article 343 to 351.
Bundeli
 Bundeli or Bundelkhandi, is an Indo-Aryan of central India. A descendant of the language spoken
in the Bundelkhand region Sauraseni Apabhramsha language, Bundeli was classified under
Western Hindi by George Abraham Grierson in his Linguistic Survey of India.
 Bundeli is spoken in Chhattarpur, Panna, Damoh, Sagar, Tikamgarh, Datia and Narsinghpur
districts of Madhya Pradesh. In addition, Bundeli is also spoken in border districts of Maharashtra
and Uttar Pradesh.
 Some sub-dialects of Bundeli are Panwri, Laundhati and Khatoula whereas Bhadavari, Koshthi,
Nibhatta and Kundari are mixed forms of Bundeli.
 Notable Bundeli literary figures are Keshav Das of the 16th century, while Padmakar Bhatt and
Prajnes wrote several works during the 19th century.
 The poet Mahesh Katare Sugam (Sagar) has compiled the Bundeli Dictionary. He was in awarded
with Sahitya Akademi Award 2017
Malwi
 Malvi/Malwi, is a Rajasthani language spoken in the Malwa region. It is a descendant of the
Sauraseni Apabhramsha language. Malwi is originally related to Marwari region, whereas in
terms of the word base it is closely related to Bundeli, Gujarati and Rajasthani.
 Dr. Dhirendra Verma referred Malwi as southern Rajasthani dialect, while according to Dr.
Krishna Lal Hans Malwi is Western Hindi in terms of phonetics and form.
 Malvi is purely spoken in Indore, Ujjain, Dewas, Ratlam and Dhar, whereas in Hoshangabad,
Guna, Neemuch, Bhopal etc Malvi is spoken in some changed form
Bagheli
 Bagheli is an independent dialect belonging to the Eastern Hindi subgroup (as per census of
2001). It is a descendant of the Ardhamagdhi Apabhramsha language. Bagheli is majorly spoken
in Sidhi Satna, Rewa and Shahdol districts in Madhya Pradesh.
 Tirhari and garoha are the sub-dialects of Bagheli.
 It is also known as Baghelkhandi, Rimhi and Riwai.

 Dr. Shri Niwas Shukla (Sidhi) has compiled Bagheli dictionary.
Nimadi
 Nimari is an independent dialect belonging to the Western Hindi subgroup. It is a descendant of
the Sauraseni Apabhramsha language. Nimari was classified under Western Hindi by George
Abraham Grierson in his Linguistic Survey of India.
 Nimadi is spoken in Nimar region in Madhya Pradesh which is extended over Khandwa,
Khargone, Barwani and Dhar districts. Effects of Malwi, Marwari, Gujarati, Marathi are seen on
Nimari.
 There is enough creation of literary work in Nimadi dialect. The famous literary figure of this
dialect is Sant Singhaji and Nimari Sahitya ka Itihaas is written by Dr. Sriram Parihar. The
famous writters of Nimadi are Gaurishahkar Sharma, Ramnarayon Upadhyay.
Braj Bhasha : Braj is the principal dialect of Western Hindi. This dialect is prevalent in Gwalior,
Bhind and Morena districts in Madhya Pradesh. It is very rich in terms of literary creation. Surdas,
Meerabai and Raskhan are the main figures of this dialect.
Tribal Languages : Mostly tribes are found in the districts of Mandla, Dindori, Seoni,
Chhindwara, Alirajpur, Jhabua, Hoshangabad, in the south-eastern and western part of the State.
Bhill - The Bhil languages are a group of Indo-Aryan languages, this language is primarily spoken in
tribal regions of Jhabua and Alirajpur districts.
Gondi - Gondi is spoken by Gond tribe, which is mainly spoken in Shahdol, Umaria, Anuppur,
balaghat, Chhindwara, Mandla, Seoni and Dindori districts.
Korku- Korku is a Munda branch of Austroasiatic language spoken by the Korku tribe of Central
India, in the states of Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra. In Madhya Pradesh, it isprimarily spoken in
Hoshangabad and Chhindwara districts by Korku tribe.
Major Languages and Dialects Spoken and their
related areas in MP
Language Region
 Bundeli Sagar, Damoh, Panna, Chhattarpur, Narsinghpur, Tikamgarh, Vidisha,
Raisen
 Malwi Indore, Dewas, Dhar, Ratlam, Shajapur, Ujjain, Mandsaur
 Bagheli Satna, Rewa, Sidhi, Singrauli, Shahdol
 Braj Bhasha Gwalior, Bhind, Morena
 Nimadi Khandwa, Khargone, Dhar Dewas, Barwani, Jhabua, Indore
 Bhili Jhabua, Alirajpur
 Gondi Chhindwara, Seoni, Balaghat, Mandla, Dindori
 Korku Hoshangabad, Betul, Chhindwara
Major Festivals,Folk Music, Folk Arts, Folk Literature of Madhya Pradesh

Fairs and Festivals
Madhya Pradesh is a landmark which emits vibracy from every nook and corner. The heart of
India hosts the best cultural and heritage festival that have widespread participation. Festivals
interweave souls of different religions and drench them in the colour of festivities.
Major Fairs in Madhya Pradesh
A. Malwa region:
1. Simhastha Fair: It is held in Ujjain after every 12 years from the full moon (Purnima) of Chaitra
month to the Vaishakha on the banks of the river Kshipra. This festival takes place in Ujjain when
Jupiter enters Leo and Sun enters Arises. It is considered to be holiest fair of the state. Previous
Simhastha Kumbh was organized in the year 2016 and the next Simhastha Kumbh will be
organized in the 2028.
2. Fair of Baba Garibnath: It is held in Awantipur Badodia (Shajapur) in the month of March.
Baba Garibnath was follower of ‘Nath Seet’.
3. Gangaur Fair: It is held in Malwa/Nimar and this fair starts a day after festival of Holi. This is a
festival of women, which is celebrated as worship of Shiva and Parvati.
4. Urs of Shahabuddin Auliya: It is held in Neemuch for four days in month of February. It is
organized here at the tomb of Baba Shahabuddin.
5. Fair of Kartik: It is held in Ujjain district on the Purnima of Kartik month. Donkey are
traditionally traded in this fair apart from religious significance.
6. Baba Ramdev Fair: It is organized in the Jawad tehsil of Neemuch in the month of January.
7. Triveni fair: It is organized in the month of August in the Ratlam district of Madhya Pradesh.
8. Bhuleshwar Mahadevi: It is organized in the month of falgun in the Multhan region of Dhar
district.
9. Kalka temple fair: It is organized in Navratri festival in Dhar district.
B. Nimar Region
1. Fair of Singaji: It is held in Piplya village (Khandwa). Sant Singaji is considered as „Kabir of
Nimar‟.
2. Fair of Kalu ji maharaj: It is held in Piplya Khurd (Khargone) in December-January for one
month.
3. Shahed Fair: Organised in the Sanawad region of the Khandwa district.
4. Mridang Swami Fair: Organised in the month of Magh at Charkheda, Khargone.
5. Mandhata Fair: It is celebrated in Madhata, Khandwa district. It is seven day long fair in the
month of Kartika on the island of Narmada River.
C. Bundelkhand Region
1. Kundeshwar Fair: It is held in Kundeshwar (Tikamgarh).
2. Rahas Fair: It is held in Garha Kota (Sagar). It is organized every year in February for one
month on the occasion of Basant Panchami. This fair is the oldest fair of Bundelkhand. This fair
was started in the year 1785 by a Ruler named Mardan Singh. This fair is organized every year to
commemorate the accession of Maharaja Mardan Singh Judeo.
3. Mandhata Fair: It is held in Mandhata (Khandwa). It is a seven days fair in September-October
(Kartik month). Here Shiva is worshipped by lakhs of devotees.
4. Dhamoni Urs: It is held in Dhamoni (Sagar) in the month of April-May. Urs is organized at the
tomb of Baba Mastan Wali Shah.
5. Uldan Fair: It is held in Uldan (Sagar) on the occasion of Makar Sankranti at the temple of Shiva
Parvati at the confluence of Dhasan and Ander rivers.
6. Deori Fair: It is held in Deori (Sagar) in Khanderao temple on the sixth day of the month of
Aghan.
7. Charan Paduka Fair: It is held in Charan Paduka (Chhatarpur) on the Occasion of Makar
Sankranti. This fair of Makar Sankranti is also kown as “Shaheed/Martyr fair.
8. Mau Sahaniya Fair: It is held in Mau Sahaniya (Chatarpur). It is a five-day fair organized on the
occasion of Makar Sankranti.
9. Orchha Fair: It is held in the Orchha (Niwari). It is a two-day fiar is organized on the occasion of
Teej of the month of Sharvan. Orchha is the city of Lord Rama.
D. Baghelkhand region
1. Fair of Sharda Maa: It is held in Maihar (Satna) on the occasion of Navratri. It was given a legal
form for the systematic organization of this fair. For this M.P. Maihar Sharda Devi Act- 1998
was passed.
2. Fair of Chandi Devi: It is held in Ghoghara Village (Sidhi District) organized every year in
March-April. There is temple of Chandi Devi.
3. Mahamrityunjana/Mahamrityunjaya Fair: It is held in Rewa at the Temple of
Mahamrityunjana. It is organized on Basant Pnachami and Shivratri.
E. Mahakaushal region
1. Fair of Kanha Baba: It is held in Sodalpur (Harda) and it is 278 years old. It is believed that here
Kanha baba had taken living Samadhi in 1714.
2. Fair of Ramji Baba: It is held in Hoshangabad up to 7 days in the month of Kartik Hindus and
Muslims of the city remember Sant Ramji Baba and Muslim Pir Gauri Shah Badshah. For this
reason this fair is known as „Fair of Communal Harmony‟.
3. Barman’s Fair: It is held in Gadarwara (Narsinghpur) and is organized for 13 days on the
occasion of Makar Sankranti at Barman Ghat on the banks of river Narmada.
4. Fair of Math Ghogra: It is held in Bhaironathn (Seoni). Fair of 15 days is organized on the
occasion of Shivratri in the month of Falgun at a place called Bhaironathan.
5. Rampayali Fair: It is held in Balaghat. It is a five-day fair on the banks of river Chandan on the
full moon (Purnima) day of Kartik month is organized.
6. Gotmar Fair: It is held in Chhindwara on the new moon day (Amavasya) of Bhadrapada month
on the banks of Jam River flowing between Pandhurna and Savargaon.
7. Madai Fair: It is both fair and festival and is organized in Mandla and Dindori district on 2nd
day of Deepavali by Gond tribes. Ahirai dance is also performed in this.There is a custom of in
this two-day fair.
8. Shivratri Fair of Amarkantak
 It is held in Amarkantak (Annuppur) on the eve of Shivratri in Amarkantak, the origin place of
Narmada.
F. Chambal region
1. Fair of Nagaji: It is held in Porsa village (Morena). It is organised for one month in November-
December (Aghan month)
2. Fair of Tejaji: It is held in Bhamavad village (Guna), on the occasion of Tejaji‟s birth
anniversary on the tenth day of Shukla Paksha of Bhadrapada month. It is believed that Tejaji had
such power, which used to remove snake venom from body.
3. Fair of Jageshwari Devi: It is held in Chanderi (Ashoknagar) in the month of March-April
(Chaitra Month). Sant Singaji is considered as „Kabir of Nimar‟.
4. Sankua Fair: It is held in Seondha (Datia) and organized from the full moon (Purnima) of the
month kartik for 15 days. Sankua religious place is located on the bank of Sindh River. Here the
holy bath is taken by the devotees.
5. Fair of Rawatpura Sarkar: It is held in Lahar (Bhind). Till 1960 -85 Chambal area was quite
infamous due to dacoits.
6. Ratangarh Fair: It is held in Ratnagarh (Datia) on the day of Bhai Dooj of Deepawali. This holy
place is situated in a dense forest on the banks of river Sindh.
7. Pir Budhan Fair: This fair is being organized for 250 years in Sanwara village (Shivpuri) in the
month of August – September (Bhadrapadad month). There is a tomb of Muslim Saint Pir Budhan
in the Sanwara area of Shivpuri.
8. Ramlila Fair: It is held in Bhander (Datia) in the month of January – February. It is being held
continuously for more than 100 years.
9. Gwalior Trade Fair: It is held in Gwalior in the month of December – January. This fair was
started by the then ruler Madhav Rao Scindia-I in the year 1905 as Cattle Fair.
Fairs
Fair Place
Badoni fair Badoni, Datia
Sankua Seondha (Datia)
Sonagiri Sonagiri (Datia)
Ramleela fair Bhander (Datia)
Ratangarh Datia
Pitambara Fair Datia
Heerabhumia Gwalior, Guna region
Jhulelal Bada Gwalior
Bhadwana Fair Gurgor Gwalior
Fair of Pir Budhan Sanwra (Shivpuri)
Fair of Tejaji Bhamavad Village (Guna)
Fair of Jogeshwari Chanderi (Ashok Nagar)
Karila Rai Fair Ashok Nagar
Fair of Rawat Pura Lahar (Bhind)
Fair of Nagaji Porsa (Morena)
Fair of Patiya wale Baba Morena
Dhamoni Urs Dhamoni (Sagar)
Rahas fair Gadha Kota (Sagar)
Bhapel Fair Sagar
Sanodha Sagar
Fair of Jwala Devi Jalandhar (Sagar)
Fair of Kartik Ujjain
Fair of Jal Bihari Chhatarpur
Mhow Sahaniya Fair Chhatarpur
Jatashankar Chhatarpur
Charanpaduka Chhatarpur
Fair of Singaji Pipliya village Khandwa
Fair of Kaluji Maharaj Pipliya Khurd Khargone
Shaheed Fair Sanawad (Khargone)
Navagrah Khargone
Mridang Swami fair Charkheda (Khargone)
Urs of Baba Shahabuddin Auliya Neemuch
Gangore Festival Neemuch
Baba Ramdev Festival Neemuch
Triveni Fair Ratlam
Chalis baba Fair Hussain Tekri Jaora (Ratlam)
Bharatmata Fair Kudai (Damoh)
Laxman Kuti Fair Hata (Damoh)

Kundalpur Fair Damoh
Fair of Baldaodi Panna
Nand Chand Fair Vagwar village Panna
Janakpur Fair Panna
Kuanatal Fair Panna
Sharad Samaiya Nand-chand Fair Panna
Fair of Chamunda Mata Dewas
Bhuvneshwari Devi Fair Gandharvpuri (Dewas)
Dongardev Fair Shank (Seoni)
Fair of Bhairvnath Adegaon (Seoni)
Math Ghagora Seoni
Mandhata Fair Mandhata East Nimar
Omkareshwar Khandwa
Kalka Temple Fair Dhar
Bhuleshwar Mahadevi Multhan (Dhar)
Fair of Baba Garibnath Shajapur
Kundeshwar Fair Tikamgarh
Fair of Kana baba Sodalpur (Harda)
Mahamrityunjay Fair Rewa
Fair of Ramji Baba Hoshangabad
Amarkantak Fair Amarkantak (Shahdol)
Fair of Maa Sharda Maihar (Satna)
Fair of Salkanpur Budhni (Sehore)
Fair of Donkey Chitrakoot
Orchha Fair Niwari
Gotmar Chhindwara
Khanderao Fair Dhikri (Barwani)
Khairbai Fair Jabalpur
Fair of Gomatgiri Indore
Barman Fair Gadarwara (Narsinghpur)
Sonagiri Fair Datia
Kundalpur Fair Damoh
Muktagiri Fair Betul
Gwalior Trade Fair Gwalior
Indore Trade Fair Indore
Festivals
1. Rasnawa
 This festival is celebrated by the Baiga Tribe of Mandla district in the memory of their
Adipurush ‘Nanga Baiga’. Bees are worshiped in this festival for 9 days.
2. Bacchavaras
 Celebrated in the month of Shravan. On this occasion, women worship cows and eat food made of
millets, moth and gram only.
3. Larukaj
 Larukaj is a main festival of Gonds which is celebrated in the honour of „Narayandev‟. This
festival is considered to be symbol of the Marriage of the pig.
4. Bhaidooj
 Bhai dooj festival is celebrated twice a year. One after Holi in Chaitra month and the other after
Diwali in Kartik.
5. Gangaur
 Shiva and Parvati are worshiped in Gangaur festival.
 This festival is celebrated twice in Malwa- once in the month of Chaitra (March-April) and the
other in the month of Bhadrapada.
6. Sanja and Mamuliya
 This festival is celebrated by unmarried girls, which lasts for 16 days in the month of Ashwin.
 One such festival celebrated by girls in Bundelkhand region is called Mamuliya.
7. Hareli and Hareti
 It is mainly a festival of farmers, in which they worship their agriculture equipments.
 In Mandla district this festival is celebrated on full moon day (Purnima) of Sharvan month and in
malwa region in the month of Ashadh.
 In the Malwa region, it is called „Haryagodha‟ and women observe a fast on this day.
8. Ganga Dashami or Ganga Dussehra
 This festival is celebrated on the tenth day (Krishna Paksha) of Jyestha month.
 This festival is celebrated all over M.P.
9. Govardhana Puja
 Govardhana Puja is performed on the second day of Diwali in the month of Kartik. In this, the
Govardhana mountain and cow dung are worshipped..
10. Navanna
 This festival is celebrated on the ripening of the crop after Diwali.
 In Buldelkhand, celebrated on 11th day of Diwali.
 Sugarcane and Sorghum crop (Jowar) are worshiped on this day. It is also known as Choti Diwali
at many places.
11. Navratna
 This festival, which lasts for 9 days during Dussehra, is mainly celebrated by women.
 In these 9 days, women worship Maa Durga and Keep fast.

 In many places women also perform Garba dance.
12. Suata
 Similar to the Ghadalya festival of Malwa, the Suata festival is celebrated in the Bundelkhand
region.
 In this festival, the ornate idol of the demon is installed on the wll and the idol of Shiva. Parvati is
kept in its upper part, after which this young woman worship and sing.
13. Ghadalya
 In this Ghadalya festival, girls gather together and dance on the occasion of Neerja (Navratri). In
this, a pot with a hole is placed on the head of the girl singing the song and grains and money are
collected in their area. Like the Ghadalya festival, a festival called Chhala is also celebrated by
unmarried youg boys.
14. Meghnath/Chaitgal Festival
 Location – By Gond and Korku tribe in Southern M.P.
 Meghnath is worshiped in the morning on the second day of Holi. After worship, they apply tilak
of gulal and sing faag. It is also known as Jhanda Fair/Utsav.
 Second day of Holi, after worship, they apply tilak of gulal and sing faag. It is also known as
Jhanda Fair/Utsav.
15. Divasa
 It is celebrated in the Bhil, Bhilala tribe region.
 The tribals Bhil, Bhilala of Alirajpur region celebrate „Divasa‟ on the eve of Amavasya of
Ashadh or Shravan month to please Indra dev. Indra dev is also called Babadev. The symbol
of Indra dev of Bhil is Kalarana Baba, while Indra of Bhilal is Nizam Baba.
16. Bhagoriya Festival
 It is celebrated in the Jhabua, Dhar.
 This festival is celebrated by the Bhil tribe on the occasion of Holi on the ripening of Rabi crops.
Mainly three festivals are celebrated in this. Gulaliya festival is celebrated for the first two days,
Gol Gadedho festival for two days and ujadiya festival for the last two days. Bhagoria is also the
love festival of the Bhils. In this, the marriage of young boy and girls of Bhil community is also
took place.
17. Akhteej/Akshay Tritiya
 It is celebrated in the entire Madhya Pradesh.
 The Tritiya of Shukla Paksha of vaishakh month is celebrated as Akhteej. This date is considered
best for marriage.
18. Harchath/Halchhath
 It is celebrated in the entire Madhya Pradesh.
 The festival of Halchhath is celebrated on the sixth day of Krishna Paksha of Bhadua month as the
birthday of Lord Bala Rama.
19. Asmai
 It is celebrated in entire Madhya Pradesh.
 The effigy of white sandalwood is worshipped by making a square on the second of the month of
Baisakh in the whole of Madhya Pradesh.
20. Maurchhath
 It is celebrated on the sixth day of Shukla Paksha of Bhadaun monthe in Bundelkhand region.
 Newly married bride and groom immerse the maur and marriage material in the river at the time
of their marriage.
21. Sarhul
 It is celebrated by the Munda, Ho and Oraon tribes.
 Nature worship is important aspect of this festival.
22. Khichdi Festival
 It is celebrated by Bharia, Gond and Korku tribes.
 It is celebrated a day after Diwali. Khichdi is fed to cows and bulls.
23. Kaksar
 Regional festival of Baghelkhand region.
 Youths of Abujhmadia tribe choose their life partner.
24. Vat Savitri
 It is celebrated on the Jyestha Amavasya.
 Married women celebrate Savitri festival for the long life of their husbands, worshipping the
Banyan tress.
25. Mandavara
 It is celebrated by the Gond Tribe.
 On the first day of Chaitra Month, a pylon of Mango leaves is tied at the door of the animal house
and worshipped.
26. Palasla
 Celebrated by the tribal group of Dhar.
 It is celebrated to predict the germination of the upcoming crop.
27. Navai
 It is celebrated by Bhil tribe in the first week of September to welcome the kharif crop.
Major ceremonies of Madhya Pradesh
1. Madhya Pradesh Festival: Started by MP Culture development department in the year 1976 and
is organised in Delhi. It showcases the glimpse of the cultural heritage of the state, singing
dancing, painting and other exhitbitions.
2. Khajuraho Dance Festival: This ceremony was started in the year 1976 and organised every
year in Khajuraho (Chhatarpur). It is the largest dance ceremony of Madhya Pradesh. Recently
48th Khajuraho Dance festival of celebrated in February month of 2022.
3. Kalidas Samaroh: It is organised in Ujjain in the memory of Kalidas since 1958. In this
ceremony,, traditional colour staging, symposium, debate, theatrical performance and picture
exhitbition are organised for a week long period.
4. Tansen Festival: Organised annually by MP culture department since 1980 in Gwalior. Top
musicains and vocalists participate in this festival.
5. Ustad allauddin Khan Music Festival: It is organised by the Allauddin Khan Music Academy
and Madhya Pradesh Culture Council in the memory of the great Musician, Allauddin Khan. It
was first celeberated in the year 1979.
6. Dhrupad Ceremony: Celebrated to promote the Dhrupad genre of music and is held in Bhopal
since 1981.
7. Orchha festival: It is held in Niwadi district. There is performance of dances, singing and other
art forms. It showcases the culture of Bundelkhand.
8. Subadra Kumari Chouhan festival: Organised in Jabalpur since 1982 in the memory of
prominent poetress and freedom fighter. Eminent literaterus and art experts from all over India
participate in this festival.
9. Ustaad Aamir Khan Music Festival: It is held in Indore and is organised in the memory of the
famous sitar player Aamir Khan. It included celebrities associated with the major cultural and
classical music of the country.
10. Malwa Utsav: It is organised by the MP State tourism development corporation since 1991 in the
city of Indore, Ujjain and Mandu. The culture of Malwa is showcased which included the folk
dance, singing, theathre and sports competitions.
11. Nimar Utsav: It is also organised by the MP State tourism development corporation in
Maheshwar, Khandwa and Barwani. The local culture of Nimad region finds a global platform in
this event.
12. Bhopal Utsav: It is organised by the Bhopal Tourism development authority every year and
comprises of various events including dance competition, singers night, food festivals etc.
Festival Places
Tulsi Festival Chitrakoot (Satna)
Kumar Gandharv Festival Dewas
Mahkanlal Chaturvedi Literary Festival Khandwa
Padmakar Samaroh Sagar
Bahubhuti Samaroh Gwalior
Chakradhar Samaroh Raigarh
Food Festival Dhar
Lokranjan Festival Khajuraho
Keshav Jayanti Samaroh Orchha
Muktibodh Samaroh Bhind
Krishnarao Samaroh Gwalior

Tepa Samaroh Ujjain
Lokrang Samaroh Bhopal
Pachmarhi Samaroh Pachmarhi
Lata Mangeshkar Sugam Sangeet Samaroh Indore
Tribal Film Festival Indore
Bundelkhand Film Festival Chhatarpur
Anugoonj Festival Ujjain
Mahabodhi Festival Sanchi (Raisen)
Lokrang Festival Bhopal
Shree Ramleela Festival Bhopal
Narmada Festival Bhedaghat (Jabalpur)
Sharda Festival Chitrakoot (Satna)
Bhojpur Festival Raisen
Geeta Fest Bhopal
Folk Music
Folk singing is a separate method from the rules of classical music. It is such an excellent medium
that preserves history and culture. Therfore, in ancient times, folk singers were given royal honour
along with royal patronage. At present, this form of folk art has become extinct due to the lack of
state patronage along with the modern singing style. However, even today in Madhya Pradesh many
styles of singing exist. Folk singing in Madhya Pradesh is as follows.
Folk Singing and Music
Malwa Nimar Bundelkhand Baghelkhand
Barsati Barta  Sant-Singaji Bhajan Alha Singing Bagheli Fag

Heed Gayan Masaniya Jagdev ka Puwara Birha Singing
Sanja Song  Kalgi-Turra/Turra/Kalgi Hardol ki Manauti Basdeva Singing
Bharthari Gawlan and Nathpanti Bundeli Fag Pandvani
Dhola maru  Garba and Garbi Bhola geet & Bambuliya Ghotul Pata
Nirgunia Deewari Bidesia Singing Beraita
Malwa
1. Barsati Barta: Barsati Barta has a style similar to that of Champu poetry, in which the climax of
both Malwi prose and poetry can be seen.
2. Heed Singing: In the month of Shravan, there is a custom of heed singing in Malwa. The tale of
Gyaras Mata is also sung on this occasion. It is also performed during Govardhan Puja.
3. Sanja Song: Sanja song is basically traditional form of singing of the teenage girls of Malwa.
On 16th day, on Sarvapitra Amavasya, girls give farewell to their friend sanja bý singing
respectfully. Sanja is a song festival. It does not involve any musical instrument of its kind.
4. Bharthari: It has unique identity due to Nath and Panthi effect. In Bharthari folk singing, the
story of King Bharthari and Queen Pingala is sung.
Instruments used includes Chikara, Tabla and Sitar. It is prevlant in the community of Nath and
kabir Panthi Sect.
Leading Artist – Suraj Bai Khande.
5. Dhola-Maru: In long tradition of folk tale singing, love saga which has spread the most, Dhola
Maru‟s love story is paramount among them.
Leading Artist – Jagan Nath Kumhar.
6. Nirguniya Singing: The main instrument of Nirguniya singing style is Iqtara and Khadtal. In
Nimar, Nirguniya Bhajan singers also sing with Jhanjmridang along with Iqtara. Nirguniya singing is
also called Nardiya Bhajan.
Leading Artist- Prahlad Singh Tipania.
Nimar
1. Sant-Singaji Bhajan: Sant Singaji is the foremost among Nirguniya sect saint-poets of the 15th
century. Due to his spiritual practice and purity, the verses of Sant Singaji became so popular in the
whole of Nimar and part of Malwa that Singaji's verses became a distinct style of singing in Nimar.
Musical intrumets which are used includes: Drums (Mridang) and Cymbals.
Leading Cast - Dagadu Gappal and Jeevanta Khede.
2. Masanya: Masanya songs are usually sung only on the occasion of death. They are also sung in
groups along with cymbals, mridang and iqtara. In Masanya songs, the soul is compared to bride and
the body as the bridegroom. Musical Instruments includes Cymbals, Mridang and Iqtara.
3. Kalgi-Turra /Turra-Kalgi: Kalgi-Turra is competitive folk singing style. This is an ancient folk
song. The stories of Mahabharata, from mythological tales to present context are threaded into
traditional singing through question and answer.
Leading Cast -Sumer Singh Suman and Mansaram.
4. Gavlan: Gavlan is basically a male-oriented Krishna Leela song which mainly used in Rasleela.
Musical Instruments includes Cymbals, Mridang and Dholak.
5. Nathpanthi Singing: Nath Jogi is often found singing Gorakh, Kabir or Bharthari saga. The Nath
Jogi women of Nimar are often found singing Parbhati early in the morning and take money in return.
Musical Instruments includes Rekdi or Ru-Ru Baaja.
6. Garba: In Nimar, Garba is female oriented ritualistic folk singing. With the arrival of Garba in
Navratri, women sing Garba songs on the beat of clap along with dancing. Garbi is basically a song
related to goddess. It is sung on the beat of clap.
7. Garbi: Garbi is men oriented folk song. It is sung along with cymbals and mridang. Garbi song is
main part of Nimari folk singing. Garbi is full of devotional oriented and humorous.
8. Fag Singing: Fag songs are sung on the occasion of Holi, often centering on Krishna and Radha.
In which the songs are of humorous in nature.
Bundelkhand
1. Alha Singing: Alha is often sung in rainy season. Musical instrument used in Alha singing
includes Dholak and Nagadia are used as Musica Instruments. It is one of the longest sagas of the
world and was composed by the folk poet Jagnik about a Poetry in Veer Ras Style. The original
language of Alha Khand was Bundeli, due to which the fifty-two battles of Alha-Udal, written by
Jagnik, were easily memorized by the locals.
2. Jagdev ka Puwara: Puwara is basically a bhajan style. A long hymn in praise of the goddess
called Bhakte is sung in the months of Chaitra and Kwar.
3. Hardol ki Manauti: Hardol was the son of Raja Veer Singh Dev of Orchha who drank poison to
clear the false allegations put on his sister-in-law. According to the legend, Hardol appeared after
death to give Bhat (a religious ritual in Hinduism) on the call of his sister.
4. Fag Singing (Bundeli): Fag singing takes place on occasion of Holi. Man and women apply
colour- gulal on each other, sing songs and play Fag. Mridang Timki and Manjira are played in Fag.
Musical Instruments used includes Mridang Timki, Manjira.
5. Bholageet or Bambuliya: Bambuliya song is often sung by male and female groups on occasion
of Shivaratri, Basant Panchami, Makar Sankranti and in month of Shravan without musical
instruments. It is also called Lamtera Song.
6. Dewari Singing: Dewari is traditionl singing and dancing by the castes like Ahir, Gawli, Baredi,
and Ghosi etc. Devari singing focuses on couplets (Dohas). Musical Instruments includes Dholak,
Nagadiya, Flute.
7. Beraita Singing: Beraita is basically a story singing. Mainly the stories of many historical
characters, folk heroes are sung along with Mahabharata stories.
Baghelkhand
1. Fag Singing (Bagheli): The tradition of singing Fag in Baghelkhand is most different and original.
Here Fag is sung on the beat of nagada. The participation of males in Fag is prominent. The singing
of lines of Fag songs in collective voices begins with a delayed beat of nagada and gradually
increases in intensity.
2. Birha Singing: Birha singing tradition of Baghelkhand singing tradition is found in all caste of
Baghelkhand. Musical Instruments used includes Chutki Paijan and Sarangi. Singing Style Birha's
singing style is completely original and melodious.
3. Basdeva Singing: Basdeva is a traditional singing caste Baghelkhand, which is called Har Bole.
Basdeva sang a variety of stories and tale from the tradition
Musical instrument used is Sarangi.
Basdeva caste sings stories of folk personalities like Karna Katha, Mordhwaj, Gopchand, Bharthari,
Bhole Baba etc along with Ramayana story..
4. Pandwani: 'Pandwani' is story singing of Pandavas, there are two main styles of Pandwani -
Kapalik and Vedmati. Various stories from Mahabharata narrated in this folk song. Iqtara is used as
musical instrument.
Prominent Artists- Jhadu Ram Devangan, Teejan Bai, Shanti Bai Chelakane, Usha Bai Barle and
Poonia Bai.
5. Ghotul Pata: It is traditional death singing song in tribal places and expressed in the form of
'Ghotul Pata' among Muria tribe on the occasion of death. This singing is popular in Gond and Muria
tribes.
6. Bidesia Singing: Bidesia singing is sung in whole of Baghelkhand. People of Gadaria, Teli, and
Kotwar caste have special proficiency in singing Bidesia by tradition.
Major Styles of Folk Singing
Styles Place
Bhope Style Malwa region
Tejaji Katha (Story) Singing Malwa region
Bhat-Bhand or Chaarana Style Bundelkhand
Pandwani Singing Style Chattisgarhi region
Folk Art
Major Crafts of MP
Textile Craft
Nanda Bhil Craft Dhar - Jhabua
Gwalior - Doll(Battobai) , Jhabua -
Doll Craft
Bhili Gudiya
Bagh, Kukshi, Manawar, Gogawan,
Chipa Craft
Khirala, Badnawar, Ujjain (Bherugarh)
Chanderi Saree Chanderi of Madhya Pradesh
Maheshwari Saree Maheshwar, Khandwa and Khargone
Chintz (Print) Malwa
Zari-Zardozi craft Bhopal
Handicraft Jhabua- Jabalpur, Shahdol
Note :- Bagh Prints of Copper metal zari of dhar district are famous.
Metal Craft Clay Terrakota
Brass craft of Tikamgarh Clay craft of Dhar-Jhabua
Brash craft of Chichli Clay Craft of Rewa-Shahdol
Metal craft of Unchehara Clay Craft of Betul-mandla
Bharewa and Dhokra craft of Betul
Iron Craft of Agaria
Metal Craft of Mandla
Other Craft
Puppet Craft Came from Rajasthan and Uttarpradesh
Arecanut Craft Rewa city (Govindgarh)
Stone Craft Mandsaur – Ratlam
Ujjain, Indore, Ratlam, Mandsaur,
Lac Saree
Maheshwar
Papier Mache Craft Ujjain
Garland Craft Bhili region
Leather Craft Indore and Dewas
Major Folk Dramas of Madhya Pradesh
Maach Gammat  Swang Khamb Swang

Kathputli Rasleela  Nautanki Mansukha
 Bhawai Akhara Hingola
Jindba
Lakarbaggha
Raas
Nautaki (Bagheli)
Chhahur
Folk Drama is that form of drama, is traditionally a means of entertainment for the masses
in their respective places in a completely rural environment. In this type of drama, there is pre-
dominance of costumes and alongwith acting, folk singing, and folk dances have also been presented.
Objecives:
 Its main purpose the collective expression of joy and gaiety, in addition to this, its purpose is also
to transfer the religious and cultural values of the society from generation to generation.
 Male dancers take part in it. In another type of Mandri dance, along with Chitkel, pris also
participate. It is a regular dance of Ghotul in which one person leads the whole dance, who is
involved in the dance. This person performs combinations of different beats of Mandri. In which
atleast one sound Mandri dance must be performed.
 Each person involved in Mandari dance performs at least one beat combination which whole
group dances. Chitkul is played only on combination of beats. Feet movements are also included
in this combination.
Folk Drama is that form of drama, is traditionally a means of entertainment for the masses in their
respective places in a completely rural environment. In this type of drama, there is predominance of
costumes and along with acting, folk singing and folk dances have also been presented.
Major Folk Dances of Madhya Pradesh
The folk dance is a symbol of the social and collective beauty of the local area. They are the
living medium folk arts. The main feature of folk dances is spontaneous expressions of emotions by
the simple movements.
Folk dances are performed in almost every place of Madhya Pradesh. Be it the tribal lifestyle
or the rustic lifestyle of the state, folk dances are a solid medium to display the cultural traditions of
the state at every place. Following are the folk dances in Madhya Pradesh:
Major Folk Dances of Madhya Pradesh

Matki Dance Gangaur Rai folk dance Badam Dance
Adha-khada Adha-Khada Dimariya Dance Kemali Dance
Garba Dance Mandalya Dance Badhai Dance Dadar
Sarhul Dance Danda Saira Dance Kalsa Dance
Bhil and Phepharia Kanra Dance Karma Dance
Bhagoriya Baredi Dance Pardhoni Dance
Dance Dul-Dul ghodi Khera Dance
Dushara Dadariya
Hulki & Mandari dance
Malwa
1. Matki Dance: In this dance, women dance in their traditional Malwi costume with a veil on their
face. The dancing women pick up a line of the song first, and then the group of women around her
repeats this line.
2. Adha – Khada Dance: The dance performed in Nimar region on the occasion of birth, tonsure
ceremony and marriage is usuallyAdha or Khada dance..
3. Garba Dance: Garba is a dance related to worship of goddess in Navratri and is basically
associated with women. The structures of Garba dance are influenced by Raas dance.
4. Sarhul Dance: It is the most important traditional dance of the Oraon tribe. This tribe considers
the Sal (Sarai) tree to be the abode of their village deity, so once a year in the month of Chaitra, on
the full moon day, they worship the Sal tree and dance around it. It is also celebrated as Basant
festival.
5. Bhil Dance / Bhagoria: Bhagoria is a tribal dance of Bhil tribe of Madhya Pradesh. When
Bhagoria Haats are organized before Holi in the month of falgun (February-March), the young men
and women come in contact with each other and run away to tie the knot of marriage, hence the name
of these haats are Bhagoria.
Nimar
1. Gangaur: Gangaur is a nine-day long festival begins on Chaitra Tritiya. Women and men dance
by holding chariots of Ranubai and Dhaniyer Suryadev on their heads. Dhol and Thali are at the
center of Gangaur. Gangaur dance is performed on this occasion. Musical instruments includes Dhol,
Thali (Plate).
2. Adha-Khada Rajwadi Dance: The tradition of Adha-Khada Rajwadi dance can be seen in all
over Nimar and Malwa on any special occasion. During marriage, Adha-Khada and Rajwadi dance is
definitely performed under pavilion.
3. Mandalya Dance: Mandalya dance is a traditional dance of Nimar region. It is a feminine dance
performed on the beat of a drum played by men. This dance is performed in the open courtyard on the
occasion of marriage or festival. The instruments used in this dance include Dhol and Bronze Plate.
4. Danda Dance: At the Nights, farmers of Nimar especially in the month of Chaitra and Vaishakh
farmers dance with sticks in group which consists of 20 to 25 male dancers.
5. Phepharia Dance: Phepharia is a traditional group dance. Men and women pair up and dance in a
circle. The Phepharia name of this dance was because of the musical instrument Phepharia which is a
type of flute whose sound is similar to that of a clarinet.
Bundelkhand
1. Rai Folk Dance: Rai is the famous folk dance of Bundelkhand, with the lyrical configuration of
rapid physical agility, velocity, body parts, postures and grouping, adornment is in a form of folk
poetry. Like Bundelkhand, Rai dance is also prevalent in Baghelkhand, but there is some difference
between the Rai dances of these two regions.
In Bundelkhand, Bedni and Mridang are the life of Rai while in Baghelkhand, Rai is sing and
played on dholak and nagadiya.
Prominent Artists- Prakash Yadav and Ramsahay Pandey.
2. Dhimariya Dance: Dhimaryai folk dance is more prevalent in rural areas of Bundelkhand. People
of Dhimar caste perform this dance, hence it is called Dhimaryai dance. The main dancer moves like
a 'Kathak' and tries to explain the songs through gestures.
. Musical Instruments are Kenkadiyai Mridang, Dholak, Timki.
3. Badhai Dance: In Bundelkhand region, Badhai dance is performed on the occasion of birth,
marriage and Teej-festivals. It is performed at the gates of the god and goddess. In this dance, both
men dance with enthusiasm. Musical Instruments used are Dhapla, Timki, Ramtula and Flute.
4. Saira Dance: The villagers of Bundelkhand collectively perform Saira dance in the courtyard of
the green land irrigated by rain clouds in the month of shravan. Dholak is used as musical instrument.
5. Kanara Dance: In Bundelkhand, Kanara or Kanrayai dance is basically performed by the people
of Dhobi community. This dance is performed on auspicious occasions like birth, marriage etc.
Musical Instruments used Sarangi, Lota, Dholak, Mridang.
6. Baredi Dance: During Deepawali, People of Yadav community dance and sing songs of Gopal
Krishna leela pastime), especially childhood leelas (pastimes). A person sings a song before the dance
which is often a two-line folk poem called 'Diwari' in Bundeli.
7. Dul-Dul Ghodi: The dance of Dul-Dul Ghodi in Madhya Pradesh has come from Rajasthan. It is a
dance of Sahariya tribe. In this dance a mare is made from bamboo, wood, coloured paper, foil, cloth
etc. A dancer in the guise of a woman accompanied by a mare is clowns who dances and make people
laughs mainly by singing languria and other songs. Musical Instruments used Dhol, Nagadiya,
Jhinka and Masak
Baghelkhand
1. Bhadam Dance: Bhadam, Saila and Ahirai are prominent among the traditional dances of the
Bharias. There are many names of Bhadam dance; it is also called Gunnu Sahi, Bhadni. Bhadnai,
Bharanot or Bhangam dance.
2. Kemali Dance: Kemali dance is also called Sajan-Sajnai dance. Both men and women participate
in Kemali. Kemali is performed on occasion of marriage. Musical instruments used are Dholak and
sarangi.
3. Dadar Dance: Dadar songs are mostly sung by men on happy occasions and somewhere men
dance in the guise of women. These castes came out with Dadar. Musical Instruments used are
Nagada, Dhol, Dholak, Dhap and Shehnai. Famous in the community of Kol, Kotwar, Kahar Tribes.
4. Kalsa Dance: In community of Ahirs and Gudta Gadariyas, there is a tradition of dancing with an
urn on the head during the arrival of marriage procession (Barat. The dancer ties ghungroo around his
feet. Musical instruments include Nagadia, Dhol and Shehnai.
5. Karma Dance: The Karma dance is a symbol of Action.It is known as The King of Folk Dances.
Karma dance is first dance of the country to be included in the Guinness Book. Musical instrument
used is Mandar.
Major Styles - Karma Langda, Karma Jhumar, Karma Lahangi, Karma Ragini, Karma Thadha and
Karma Jharni etc.
6. Pardhoni: In Baiga tribes. 'Pardhoni dance' is performed at time of marriage while welcoming
procession (Barat). On this occasion, elephant is made and it is make to dance in courtyard on behalf
of the boy's side. Musical instrument used are Dhol, Nagada.
7. Kehra Dance: In Kehra, both men and women dance in different styles. The dance movements of
the hands and feet of the male dancers become extraordinary, the movements of the hands and feet of
the women become more dynamic.
8. Dussehra and Dadriya: This dance can be called Adi dance (origin of dance) of Baiga tribals in
Mandla region. It is an artistic fulfillment of social behaviour among Baiga tribe, while Dadaria
dance song is expression of love. Musical Instruments are Dholak, Sarangi and Mradang etc.
9. Hulki Dance: Hulki Pata is a collective, entertaining song of Ghotul. It is performed on other
occasions as well. Its songs are main attraction of dance. Both and boys participate in the Hulki
Pata of Hulki Pata definitely touches all ngles of Mudia community; Hulki Pata Muria is a practical
song of imagination. Musical instruments used include Dholak, Sarangi etc.
10. Mandri Dance: In the Mandri dance, dance is performed on sound of clapping. Songs are not
sung in it. Use of instruments like Mandar and Chitkul. It is prevalent in Mudia type.
Folk Painting
The history of painting in Madhya Pradesh starts from the pre-historic period and continues till
today, in this entire period, the painting of Madhya Pradesh has been divided mainly into three
important styles, on the basis of geographical regions of Madhya Pradesh, the details of these styles
are as follows:
Styles of Painting
Malwa Style Bundeli Style Gwalior Style

Folk Painting: Folk art has also been of great importance in the progress of art. Art has been
developed by professional artists in royal shelters, but folk art has developed in courtyards of houses,
in villages among uneducated castes, without any publicity, with religious, cultural and family
tradition. People of different religions and castes reside in Madhya Pradesh. Various froms of
painting are seen in different occasions in the folk life here, the main forms of which are as follows-
 Rangoli: It is known by different names in different states, Rangoli is made with different states,
Rangoli is made with different colours among Hindus of the states, Rangoli is made made with
different colours among Hindus of the state on festivals and auspicious occasions, in which there
are pictures of flowers, tracery, swastika etc.
 Mandana: Originally Mandana of Rajasthan is depicted in Madhya Pradesh with chalk and red,
brown and green colours. It has figures of sword, horse, Ganesh etc.
 Sanjha: During Pitra-Paksha, various types of pictures tradition of getting a tattoo of a deity,
one's own name, on the body is centuries old.
The types of Malwa folk painting style are –

1. Sanja – In this painting, the message of environmental conservation is given by depicting flowers,
sun, moon etc. In this, different traditional figures are made for 16 days. In this the figure of „Jalebi
Ka Jodh‟ is made. It is the festival of girls.
2. Divasa – Made by girls during Sharad Paksha.
3. Savanahi – To prevent obstacles and troubles coming to house, women mark the Savanahi (thick
dung line) at main entrance of the house on new moon day of the month of Shravan mid-july to mid-
August.
4. Chitravan – Mural painting (Using Turmeric and Ocher) made during marriage ceremony on the
main wall of bride‟s house. Dhoolji Maharaj is famour artist of Chitarvan.
5. Raghogarh (Khichiwada) – Natural colours are used. Baijnath was the great painter of this style.
It depicts the five figures of Jiroti Devi, the throne under the feet, the moon, the sun, th basil, the
swastika, the ornaments and the kitchen etc.
Nimari Folk Painting: Nimar painting is an asthetic expression of imagination which is traditionally
prevalent in folk and tribal areas, in which simple types of paintings are engraved on the ground,
wall, utensils etc.
3. Pagalya: The depiction of auspicious message on the birth of first child.
4. Kanchali Bharna: On the occasion of marriage, Kanchali is filled on the head of the bride and
groom.
1. Thapa: On the occasion of Seli Saptami or Dussehra, thapa is applied on the walls by using hands,
These thapas are applied with turmeric, ocher and cow dung.
2. Mandana: Made in the courtyard of the house at the time of Deepawali.
8. Irat: In marriage, Kuldevi is worshipped by making a mural painting of her.
5. Mordhan: These paintings are made on the occasion of Deepawali.
6. Sanja Phuli: Its picture is made by unmarried girls in the month of Ashwin (mid-september) to
mid-october) all over Madhya Pradesh.
9. Khopdi Pujan: worship of skull is done on the occasion Dev Prabodhni Ekadashi.
7. Jiroti: A mural painting is made on Hariyali Amavasya of Sawan month.
Bundeli Folk Painting
1. Suraiti: This is a mural painting made of ocher at the time of Lakshmi Puja on the occasion of
Deepawali.
2. Naorata: it is a mural painting made by unmarried girls from clay, ocher, turmeric on the occasion
of Navratri.The images of Navdurga are engraved in it.
3. Chowk Purna: Chowk made on auspicious occasions called Mangal chowk.
4. Morte: At the time of marriage, the mural painting of the putri is made on the walls on either side
of the main door.
5. Barayan/Dahengar/Agarohan: These are made on the occasion of marriage in the bride‟s
mandap (pavilion).
6. Godhan/Govardhana : Govardhana Puja are performed on the occasion of Deepawali.
7. Mamulia: Mural paining is made by unmarried girls from cow dung in Navratri.
Bagheli Folk Painting
1. Morila: The Mural Painting of peacocks are made with different colours on the walls.
2. Barayan: They are made on the occasion of marriage in the bride‟s mandap (pavilion).
3. Chhati Chitra: On the 6th day after the birth of the child, the painting of the chati mata is made
with ocher.
4. Kohbar: Mural painting whom married couples worship. The figures of Kohbar are called Putriyas
(dolls).
5. Neura: On the 9th day of Bhadrapada month, married women worship by making a traditional
mural painting.
6. Tilanga: A mural painting of Tilanga is made by mixing sesame oil with coal.
7. Patangarh Gond Painting: Gond art gradually shifted from the walls of houses to paper and
canvas.
Tribal Painting
Gond painting: There is a practice of painting and embellishing the entrance and walls of the house
by the tribal of the Gond tribe. Gond Pardhan painters use the nature and animals in their traditional
limits with amazing imagination and colours.
Digna art of Gond: In this art, various flower-leaves and other natural figures made of ocher and
lime are painted mainly on the coating of cow dung. It is a traditional painting painted on the walls
and floors of houses on occasions of weddings and festivals. Durgabai Vyam is related to this Digna
art.
Prominent Gond Painters: Narmada Gond, Anand Singh Shyam, Sumer Singh, Jangarh Singh
Shyam and Durgabai Vyam.
Baiga Painting: Baigas have a very old decoration, they make memorial pictures of their
surrounding trees-plants, deities, animals-birds, rivers-mountains and divine powers etc.
Jodhaiya bai Baiga is best traditional painter of baiga painting, after painting on canvas and paper,
she now also uses other mediums like clay, metal and wood.
Bhil Painting: Traditional Bhil painting is painted on the walls in rural areas. Beautiful paintings are
painted on the walls with neem twigs, Natural colours like turmeric, trees leaves, flour, oil etc. are
used in these paintings.
Pithora mural Painting is distinctive art of Bhil tribe. Pema Falya and Bhuri bai are the best Bhil
painters of pithora paintings.
Pithora Painting: Pithora painting is a special religious practice of Bhil and Bhilala tribes. Generally
the Bhil and Bhilala tribes do not depict their gods and deities in human form not do they make or
idolize them. Mainly they consider stones or trees as the abode of their deities or even bury a peg in
the earth in their names.
Rock Painting
Thousands of years ago in caves and open rocks of the mountains paintings painted by primitive man
with mineral colours, are called 'Rock Paintings/Mural Paintings' and rock paintings engraved on
them are called 'Petroglyphs'.
In India, maximum number rock paintings have been received from Vindhyachal ranges. In Madhya
Pradesh, most rock paintings have been received from Mahadev mountain range, Pachmarhi,
Hoshangabad, Bhopal etc.
1. Pachmarhi Region: The maximum number of rock paintings have been found in the 'Pachmarhi
region' located in the Mahadev mountain range. The credit of displaying weapons, warfare skills etc.
in the rock paintings of this place and presenting a research article on them goes to 'DH Garden'.
 Rakat ki Putriyan: Rock paintings located in the Pachmarhi region. Rock paintings related to
hunting. In local language, these rock paintings related to hunting are known as Rakat ki Putriya.
 Mama-Bhanja Rock Shelter: There are about 29 paintings in the Mama-Bhanja rock shelter located
in Panarpani village of Pachmarhi in Hoshangabad district. Located in Panarpani village at a distance
of 2 km from Pachmarhi in Hoshangabad district. The middle Palaeolithic site which consists of
about 29 paintings. Painted rock shelter in which there is description of the then human activities.
2. Adamgarh Rock Painting: This rock painting is located in Narmadapuram (Hoshangabad) district
of Madhya Pradesh. In these rock paintings, armed horse riders have been depicted in many styles
below an elephant and near its feet. Near the trunk of an elephant is the figure of a miniature buffalo,
whose legs are very thin and long.
3. Bhopal-Raisen Region : Bhopal region is the most extensive and rich in terms of location and
number of rock shelters. Nayapura, Bhimbetka, Dharampuri, Gufa Mandir, Bhadbhada Barkheda,
Sanchi, Narwar, Kharbai, Ramchhajja, Udaygiri and Bhojpur are major rock shelters. A scene of deer
hunting made in ocher (Gerua) color in the rock shelter of Dharampuri, while color painting has been
done in the rock shelters of „Shahdkarad‟ (Sehore). The hunting scene of a rhinoceros in inscribed in
the Ramchhajja.
Rock Paintings of Bhimbetka
Location: About 700 rock shelters have been found in Bhimbetka of Raisen, out of which abut 500
rock shelters have been painted, mainly red and white colours have been used in these paintings.
Discovered: According to V.S. Wakankar, the green paintings in Bhimbetka probably belong to the
post-paleolithic period.
Rock Paintings of Udaygiri Cave: It is located Vidisha and belong to the Gupta rulers of 4th-5th
century. There are 20 caves which are related to Hindu and Jain religion. In the fifth cave the idol of
Varaha Incarnation of Lord Vishnu is engraved. The idol of Varaha incarnation is depicted in the
form of a figure by the Gupta kings to protect their land (earth) from all eveils. In the 13th cave, the
Shankhalipi (Shankh script) is engraved, which is considered to be one of the oldest scripts in the
world.
4. Malwa Region: In Malwa region the rock paintings of Bagh Caves are found in the Dhar district
on the banks of the river Bagh.The caves of Bagh are contemporary to the caves of Ajanta. There is
description of paintings of nine caves in Bagh. Ferguson and Burgess have considered its period to be
450 – 500 CE.
Other Rock Paintings:
Rock Paintings Location
Likhi Dant Rock Paintings Chanderi, Ashoknagar
Danta Rock Paintings Bijawar, Chhatarpur
Churna-gundi Rock Paintings Kamti, Hosangabad
Nishangarh Kajri Rock Paintings Pachmarhi, Hosangabad
Belkhandar Rock Paintings Pachmarhi, Hosangabad
Harrapal Rock Paintings Bori, Hosangabad
Folk literature
1. Sant Singaji: He was born in 1519 in Khajuri village of Barwani district. He was influenced by
Nirguna Bhakti. Sant Singaji‟s Guru Name was Swami Manrang. He used to sing „Sakhiyas‟ like
Kabir. His work is complied in the book called „Anhad ka Naad‟. His tomb is located in Pipalya
village, Khandwa. It is the location of the fair of Sant Singaji.
Language of sant singaji was simple and was based on local dilect of Malwi and Nimadi. In the
literary aspect, he gave less importance to the Chhand or Alankars.
Composition: Saat Var, Barah Masi, Pandrah Tithi.
Khemdas compiled his text „Parchari‟
2. Isuri (Ishwar Prasad Arjariya): Isuri is a great folk of Bundelkhand who was born in Vikram
Samvat 1898 in Jhansi district. His poems of love and beauty are the original expression of the
Bundeli poetic tradition. He is also called as the Jaydev of Bundelkhand. The biggest invention of
Isuri is the invention of „Fag‟. These fag composed by Isuri have given the richness to the Bundeli
folk literature. Although Isuri wrote on love, beauty and makeup but even serious subjects like
devotion, Vairagya (detachment) and Vedanta are not untouched for him.
Compositions and their compliers:
1. Isuri ki Fag by Babu Krishnananda Gupta.
2. Isuri Satsai by Lokendra Singh Nagar.
3. Isuri Prakash by Gauri Shankar Dwivedi
4. Other composition includes Premika Rajau.
3. Jagnik: He was the court poet of Kalinjar King Parmal Dev. Acharya Ram Chandra Shukla has
considered his birth as 1230 AD.
Compostions:
 Alhakhand: longest folk saga of the world and written in Bundeli‟s sub dialect Baanaphari. It
is related to the Mahoba dynasty. Jagnik described the heroic character of Mahoba‟s two
warriors Alha and Udal. Alhakhand is sung in rainy season primarily in Bundelkhand region.
 Parmal Raso: written in bundeli dialect.
4. Ghagh: He is called agricultural scientist who had deep knowledge of ever astrology and weather.
Acharya Shukla confirmed that he is a great poet and belongs to ritikal. He called Ghagh Suktikar
(poet who writes epigrams). His epigrams act as agriculture guidance for farmmers. He was
contemporary to Mughal emperor Akbar and he was awarded the title of „Chowdhary‟. He used
proverbs in the Gnostic style in Khari dialect of Hindi.
Composition: Published text: Ghagh aur Bhaddari (Compiled by Ram Naresh Tripathi)
IMPORTANT LITERATOR OF MADHYA PRADESH

AND THEIR LITERATURE
ANCIENT PERIOD
Madhya Pradesh has been very rich in literary creations since ancient times. Madhya Pradesh
is the birth place of the greatest literary masterpieces, especially in Sanskrit language. Valmiki,
Kalidas, Bharthari, Banabhatta and Bhavbhuti are the prominent poets of Ancient Madhya Pradesh
while Keshavdas, Bhushan, Padamakar belong to medieval Madhya Pradesh. Folk literature of
Madhya Pradesh is blessed with the writings of Sang Singaji, Jagnik, Isuri etc.
1. Kalidasa: Kalidasa (4th–5th century CE) was a Classical Sanskrit author who is often
considered ancient India's greatest poet and playwright.
 He was one of the court poet of Gupta King Chandragupta Vikramaditya and also known as
Shakespeare of India.
 His plays and poetry are primarily based on the Vedas, the Ramayaṇa, the Mahabharata and
the Puraṇas.
 His surviving works consist of three plays, two epic poems and two shorter poems.
Epics–
 Raghuvansham- A long classical poem of 19 cantos, contains a brilliant account of the
illustrious kings of Raghu Dynasty.
 Kumarasambhava- A classical poem of 17 cantos, is based on the mythological myth of love
and marriage of Shiva and Parvati, found in Indian epics.
Drama –
 Malvikagnimitram: Malavikagnimitra is a five-act drama based on king Agnimitra‟s love for a
beautiful girl, Malavika.
 Vikramovarshiyam: Vikramorvashiya (Uravashi won by valour), a drama of five acts relates
the romantic story of the mortal king Pururava and the divine nymph Urvashi.
 Abhigyan Shakuntalam: Abhigyanashakuntala, a drama of seven acts is based on the old
legend of Shakuntala, described in Mahabharata. It is the love story of the king Dushyanta and the
hermit girl Shakuntala.
Poetry –
 Meghdoot: The Meghaduta is smaller in extent then Ritusamahara. This is a poem describing the
message of departed Yaksha to his wife, to be conveyed through a cloud.
 Ritusanhar: Ritusamhara is a small lyrical poem of 144 stanzas in 6 cantos.The poem gives a
graphic and poetic description of the six seasons of India.
2. Bhartrahri : According to famous folklore and legends, the poet Bharthari was the eldest brother of
emperor Vikramaditya and the king of Ujjain. His place of worship is located at Chunar in Uttar
Pradesh and his tomb is located at Sariska (Alwar) in Rajasthan. I-tsing provides the information
about the Nirvana of Bhartrihari in 651 AD. He used „Single Shloka‟ (hymn) poetry style in Sanskrit
language. His major work includes :
 Niti Shatak, Shringar shatak, Vairagya Shatak(also known as Trishatak)
 Other works include: Vakyapadiya, Mimansa Sootravati, Vakyapadiya Vrati Vedant Sootravati,
Bhaagvrati Mahabhashya Deepika, Mahabhashya Tripadi, Shabd Dhatu Sameeksha etc.
3. Bhavbhuti – Bhavabhuti was an 8th-century scholar of India noted for his plays and poetry, written
in Sanskrit.
 His plays are considered the equal of the works of Kalidasa.
 He was born in Padmapura, Vidarbha, in Gondia district, on Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh
border.
 His real name was Srikantha Nilakantha.
 He is believed to have been the court poet of king Yashovarman of Kannauj.
 He is noted for his plays and poetry, written in Sanskrit. He is called Milton of Ancient India.
His major work:
a. Malatimadhava: The Malatimadhava is a Prakaraṇa type of rupaka in ten acts. The subject matter of
this Prakarana is the love-story of Malati, the daughter of Bhurivasu, a minister of Padmavati and
Madhava a young man studying in the city and son of Devarata, minister of the king of Vidarbha.
Sringara Ras is described in Malti Madhava.
 It is also known as first sad ending in literature.
b. Mahaviracharita: It is based on the early life of Rama, the hero of the Ramayana and venerated as a
Hindu deity. It is the first play of Bhavabhuti.
c. Uttararamacharita: It is a Sanskrit play in seven acts in the Nataka style. It depicts the later life
of Hindu god Rama, from the coronation after Rama's return from exile, to his reunion with his
wife Sita. Priority is given to the Karuna Rasa in Uttararamacharita.
4. Banbhatta – He was a 7th century Sanskrit prose writer and the court poet of Harshvardhana, the
King of Kannauj. He is called „Shabdo ka Shilpi‟. He was bestowed with the title „Vaishyavani Kavi
Chakravarti‟ by emperor Harshavardhan. He is also called as „Sahitya ke Vananchal ke Kesari‟.
 Harshacharita: It is the biography of Kannauj king Harshavardhana of Pushyabhuti Dynasty.
 Kadambari: It is a lyrical prose romance that narrates the love story of Kadambari, a Gandharva
princess, and Chandrapida, a prince who is eventually revealed to be the moon god.
Other compositions of Kalidas include: Rakshasa Kavya, Purusha Banvilas, Ratnakosh, Chandika
Dandak, Jyotirvidabharan, Durghatkavyaa, Nalodaya, Navratnamala, Makaranda-stav, Sringara Tilak,
Sringara Rasashatak, Sringara Saar Kavya etc.
5. Rajashekhar: The famous Sanskrit Play writer Rajashekhar lived in the court of great Kalchuri king
Yuvraj Dev I (915-945).
His major compositions include: Kavya Mimamsha, Karpoor Manjari, Bal Ramayana, Bal Bharat.
MEDIEVAL PERIOD
 Keshavdas – He is one of the major poets of Reetikal. He worked under the patronage of
Orchha King and his son Maharaj Indrajit Singh and was friends with Birbal and
Todarmal.
He also known as „Kathin Kavya ka Pret‟.
His major works are:
 Kavi Priya, Rasik Priya, Nakhshikh Varman, Ratan Bawani, Virsingh Dev Charit, Jahangir jas
Chandrika, Ramchandrika, Barahmasa, Chandmala, Vigyan Gita.
 Bhushan – He was the court poet of the Bundel King, Chhatrasal and was born in Kanpur in
1613. He was given the title of Bhushan by the King Rudraraj of Chitrakoot.
His major works are:
 Shivraj Bhushan, Shiva Bawani, Chatrasal Dashak, Bhushan Ullas
1. Padmakar: He was born in 1753 in Sagar district and considered as the last best representative of
Ritikal. He was patronized by the Sugra Ruler of Jainpura, Pratap Singh of Udaipur and Daulat Rao
Scindia of Gwalior.
 Prabodh Pachasa, Ganga Lahan, Yamuna Lahari, Ram Rasayan, Rajniti ki Vachnika,
Padmabharan, Jagat Vinod, Alija Prakash (composed in praised of Scindia ruler Daulat Rao
Scindia), Pratap Singh Virudawali.
MODERN PERIOD
 Makhanlal Chaturvedi: Makhan Lal Chaturvedi (April 4, 1889 to January 30, 1968) is known as
„An Indian Soul‟. His birth place is Makhan Nagar, district Narmadapuram while he took last
breadth in Bhopal.
 He worked as the editor of „Prabha‟ and „Karmveer‟ magazines.
 He was awarded the Sahtiya Academy Award for Himtarangini Poem in 1955 and Padma
Bhushan in 1963.
 Major compositions - Himkiritini, Himtarangini, Mata, Yugcharan, Samarpan, Maran Jwar,
Dhumravalaya, Venu-lo-Gunje- Dhara, Pushp ki Abhilasha, Deep se Deep Jale, Bijuri etc.
 Essay Collection – Sahitya Devta, Ameer Irade-Gareeb Irade and Drama – Krishna – Arjuna
Yudh.
 Others- Samay ke Pao, Chintak ki Lachari, Atmadeeksha, Rangoon ki boli, kala ka anuvaad,
Kahani kahas aur Kahawat.
Mulla Ramooji (Full name – Mohammad Siddiqi Mulla Ramooji)– Mullah Ramuzi (May
21, 1986 in Bhopal– 10 January, 1952) is known in our literature as the inventor of Gulabi Urdu.
In 1921, Mulla Ramuji‟s first book „Gulabi Urdu‟ in the Urdu literacy world, the book attacted
everyone.
 Gulabi Urdu, Lathi aur Bhes, Aurat Jat.
 Compositions – Majmua Gulabi Urdu, Meekalay Gulabi Urdu, Khawateen-Angura, Lathi aur
Bhainsh, Aurat Jaat, Musafir Khana, Gulabi Shayri, Zindagi, Shipha-Khana, Mulla Ramuji.
 Balkrishna Sharma Naveen– He born in 8 December 1897, Shajapur. He was a member of the
1st Lok Sabha, representing Kanpur constituency and served the Rajya Sabha as a member from 1957
till his death in April 1960. His contribution was significant as the editor of „Prabha‟ and „Pratap‟
Magazines. He was awarded the Padma Bhushan on 26 April 1960.
Compositions -
 Urmila (Epic), Pranarpan.
 Poetry Collection : Kumkum, Rashmi Rekha, Apalak, Kwasi, Vinoba Stavan, Hum Vishpai
Janam Ke, Viplav Gayan, Anal Gayan.
Subhadra Kumari Chauhan – Subhadra Kumari Chauhan (16 August 1904 – 15 February 1948)
was an Indian poet. She moved to Jabalpur in 1921 because the publication of „Karmveer‟ is shifted
from Khandwa to Jabalpur. She was also an active member of the Central India Legislative
Assembly.
Compositions: „Mukul‟ is his poetry collection. Children‟s compositions are compiled in „Sabha Ke
Khel‟ and „Bikhre Moti‟, „Unmadini‟ and „Sidhe-Sadhe Chitra is her collections of stories. She
received the Sexaria Award for the Poetry collection „Mukul‟.
 Acharya Nanda Dulare Vajpaye – He is a famous Hindi critic born on September 4, 1906,
Magrayar village (Ujjano, Uttar Pradesh) and took last breadth on 21 August 1967 (Ujjain). He edited
the magazine „Sursagar Patrika‟ and „Ramcharita Manas‟.
Composition -
Beeswein Shatabdi, Adhunik Sahitya, Rashtriya Bhasa ki Kuch Samasyaen, Rashtriya Sahitya
Adhunik Sahitya Srajan aur samiksha.
Vajpayee‟s first composition is „Jaishankar Prasad‟.
 Dr. Shivmangal Singh Suman – Shivmangal Singh 'Suman' was born on 5 August 1915 at
Jhagarpur, Unnao district in the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh of British India. He has used
„Muktak Chhand‟ in his poetry.
Composition -
Poetry collection – Hillol, Jeevan ke Gaan, Pralaya Srajan, Vishwas Badhta hi Gaya par Ankhe nhi
Bhari, Vindhya Himalaya, Mitti Ki Baraat, Vaani Ki Vyatha, Kate Angoothe ki Bandanvare.
Dev Award – Vishwas badha hi Gaya (Government of Madhya Pradesh – 1958).
Sahitya Academy Award- Mitti ki Baraat (1974).
Gajanand Madhav Muktibodh – : Gajanan Madhav Muktibodh (13 November 1917, Sheopur –
11 September 1964) was one of the most prominent Hindi poets.
Compositions:
 Chand ka Muh Tedha Hai (Poetry collection), Ek Sahityik ki Diary (Essay collection), Nayi
Kavita ka Atma Sangharsh, Bharat Itihas aur Sanskriti, kamayani; Ek Punarvichar, Bhuri-Bhuri
Khak Dhool (Poem collection), Chambal ki Chhati, kaath ka Sapna, Brahma-Rakshasa, Vipatra,
Satah se Uththa aadmi. Chand ka muh tedha, Tarsattak, Satah se Uthata Admi, Kath ka.
 Bhavani Prasad Misra – Bhawani Prasad Mishra (March 29, 1913, Tigria Village
(Narmadapuram) – February 20, 1985) was a Hindi poet and author. He had edited a magazine named
„Kalpana‟. He was elected for the post mayor of Jabalpur city for seven times.
Composition - Geet Farosh, Chakit hai Dukh, Andheri kavitayen, Gandhi Panchashati, Buni hui
Rassi, Doosra Saptak, Pao evam Pankh, Kamal ke Phool, Paheli, Khushboo ke Shilalekh, Toose ki
Aag, Sannata, Neeli Rakha, Tuko ke Khel, Satpuda ke Ghane Jungle, Jinhone Mujhe Racha, Kuch
Niti-Kuch Rajniti.
 Harishankar Parsai – Harishankar Parsai (22 August 1922, Jamani Village - Narmadapuram – 10
August 1995) was an Indian writer who wrote in Hindi. He published a literary monthly magazine
named „Vasudha‟ and was the editor of „Prahari‟. Parsai received awards like Padma Shri, Shikhar
Samman of Madhya Pradesh and Sharad Joshi Samman etc.
Compositions -
 Novel – Rani Nagfani Ki Kahani, Tat ki Khoj, Jwala aur Jal.
 Essay Collection – Tab ki Baat Kuch auri thi, Bhoot ke Pav peeche, baimaani Ki parat,
Paghdandiyon ka Jamana, Sadachar ka Tabeez, Shikayat mujhe bhi hai, Kabbhagoda.
 Story Collection – Haste Hai Rote Hai, Jaise Unke din Phire, Bholaram ka Jeev.
 Satire Collection – Vaishanav Ki Phislan, Tirchee Rekhaye, Thithurata Hua Gantantra, Viklang
Shradha ka Daur, Torch bechne Wala, Prem Chandra Ke Phate Jhoote
 Sharad Joshi – Sharad Joshi ( May 21, 1931 in Ujjain – 5 September 1991) was an Indian poet,
writer, satirist and a dialogue and scriptwriter in Hindi films and television. He was awarded Padma
Shri in 1990.
 Essay: Parikraama, Phir kisi Bahane, Jeep par Sawar illiya, Raha Kinare Baith, Dusri Satah, Hum
Bhrastan ke Bhrast Hamare, Pichle Dino, Yatha Sambhav
 Drame: Ek tha katha, Andhon ka Hathi
 Novel: Mein aur Keval Mein
 Story Collection: Tilism
 TV Serial writing: Yeh jo Zindagi hai, Vikram Betaal, Simhasan Battishi, Dane Anaar
Bal Kavi Bairagi –
 Born : February 10, 1931 in Rampur village of the then Mandsaur district.
 His real name was Nandram Das.
Compositions - Bhavi Rakshak Desh ke, Apni Gandh Nhi Bechunga, Do Toonk, Sara Desh
Hamara,Chand me Dhabba, Vishwas, Akash, Jhar Gaye Paat, Ganne mere bhai, Mere desh ke Laal,
Naujawan Aao re.
S.No. Poet Name Place Compositions

1. Prabhu Dayal Srivastava Dharmpura (Damoh) Doosri line, Bachan Geet
Sunata Chal
2. Hari Krishna Devsare Nagod (Satna) Danku ka Beta, Meel ke Pehle
Patthar, Swan Yatra
3. Shri Krishna Saral Ashoknagar Chittagong ka surya,
Anmol bachpan, Jiyo to Aise
Jiyo, Bhagat Singh
4. Atal Bihari Vajpayee Gwalior Mrityu ya Hatya, Meri Ikyavan
Kavitayen, Amar Aag hai,
Rajniti ki Rajpteeli Rahe
5. Dr. Bashir Badr (Urdu Poet) Ayodhya and later Aas (Sahitya Academy Award
shifted to Bhopal in 1994), Hindi Tumhare Liye,
Ujale Apni yaadone ke
6. Kamta Prasad Guru Sagar Hindustani Shisthachar,
Bhaumasur Vadh, Parvati aur
Yashoda (novel
7. Kavi Pradeep Badnagar Song like Dur Hato e Duniya
walo, …..,
Ae Mere Watan ke Logo
8. Girija Kumar Mathur Ashok nagar Naash aur Nirman, Manjir,
Mandar, Dhoop ke Dhan
9. Chandrakant Devtale Jaul Kheda (Betul) Deewaron par Khoon se,
Lakarbaggha has raha hai
10. Naresh Mehta Shajapur Chaitya, Yha Path Bandhu tha,
Prasadparva
11. Malti Joshi Aurangabad later Woh Tera Ghar Yeh Mera
shifted to Indore Ghar
Aaurat ek Raat hai
12. Ram Kumar Verma Sagar Eklavya, Reshmi Tie, Prithviraj
Ki Aankhen
13. Manu Bhandari Bhanpura Ek Plate Sailaab, Mein Haar
(Mandsaur) Gyi
14. Anil Madhav Dave Badnagar (Ujjain) Narmada Samagra (2009).
Shivaji and Suraj (2012).
15. Dwarka Prasad Mishra Unnao (U.P.), later Krishnayana (Epic), Living in
CM of MP an Era (Autobiography).
16. Madhav Rao Sapre Damoh Mahabharata Mimasa, Hindi
Dashbodh, Ek Tokri Bhar Mitti
17. Amrit Lal Vegad Jabalpur district Teere Teere Narmada,

Saundarya ki Devi Narmada,
Amritasya Narmada, Narmada
Tum Kitni Sundar ho
18. Keshav Prakash Vidyarthi Mandsaur Editor of Navjeevan (weekely)
19. Dr. Raghuveer Singh Mandsaur Malwa me Yugantar, Ratlam
ka Pratham Rajya
20. Manzoor Ahtesham Bhopal Kuch Din Aur, Ramadan ki
Mout
Tourism in Madhya Pradesh
MP has huge potential in the field of tourism due to its historical significance, its natural
heritage sites. MP has 3 world heritage sites which are major tourist attraction for the world also its
large plethora of forest land and tribal population and huge natural resources are major attraction for
tourist all across the world and India.
To harness this MP government and union government brought many intiatives which are :
 MP state Tourism Development Corporation - Madhya Pradesh state Tourism Development
Corporation was formed in the year 1978 with a view to develop the tourist destinations of
Madhya Pradesh.
 Formation of Madhya Pradesh Tourism Board – Madhya Pradesh Tourism Board was
constituted on 22 February 2017 under the chairmanship of Hon‟ble Chief Minister.
o It works for the expansion of tourism in the state, attracting private investors, implementation of
tourism policy, overall tourism development and promotion in the state.
 Madhya Pradesh Home stay Establishment (Registration and Regulation) Scheme 2010
(Revised 2018): To facilitate tourists to stay in clean environment including experience of state‟s
culture, traditions and food and to increase employment opportunities to local people, home stay
units are available, On the basis of facilities, provision has been made to provide incentive amount
by dividing in into silver, gold and diamond category.
Madhya Pradesh Tourism Policy
Tourism policies have been made to promote tourism in Madhya Pradesh. In this sequence, the First
tourism policy was formulated by the Madhya Pradesh government in 1995 while succeeding tourism
policy was announced on September 5, 2012, in which tourism was given industry status. This policy
was revised in the year 2014, with the objective of encouraging private investment for the
development and strengthening of tourism sector.
The New Tourism Policy has been implemented by the M.P. government on 16 September 2016 and
tourism cabinet has been formed. This policy came into effect from 1st October 2016.
Madhya Pradesh Tourism Policy 2016 is mainly based on the following principles:
 Proper development of tourism projects based on public-private partnership.
 Establish an effective regulatory process for integrated tourism.
 To take all measurs for tourist welcome, information facilities, security, infrastructure and
cleanliness.
 To establish such an institutional arrangement, which encourages private investment in the
direction of tourists as decided by the government.
 Conservation of heritage and use of this heritage in tourism.
 To motive the general public to create sensitivity towards environmental protection through Eco-
Tourism.
Formation of District Tourism Promotion Council
 Adventure and Camping Policy :- Policy has been implemented to provide license to private
investors for activities related to camping and adventure tourism on additional lands of notified
forest areas of the state.
 Preparation and Allocation of heritage assets bank to private investors for the establishment
of tourism projects: A bank of heritage assets has been created for development and operation in
the form of heritage hotels through private sector.
o During the year, 07 heritage assets (Kyoti Fort Rewa, Royal Hotel Jabalpur, Vijayraghavgarh Fort
Katni, Sheopur Fort Sheopur, Narwar Fort Shivpuri, Lunera ki Sarai Mandu, Baldevgarh Fort
Tikamgarh) have been denotified and 03 Government Assets (mahendra Bhawan Panna, Moti
Mahal Gwalior, Ajaygarh Rest House panna) has been allotted to the tourism department.
 Allocation of Road Facilitation Centers to private investors for setting up tourism projects –
Lease agreements were executed by allotting 11 brown Field Road Facilitation Road Facilitation
Centers during this year under the Road Facilitation Center policy 2016.
Religious and Tourist Places of Madhya Pradesh
 Religious Places of Madhya Pradesh
 Amarkantak
 Amarkantak also known as Teerthraj or the king of pilgrimages is located in Anuppur district.
 It is famous for Narmada udgam, Jwaleswar temple, Kapiladhara waterfall, Achanakmar wildlife
sanctuary, Trimukhi temple, Mother's garden, Narmada kund, Kabir chabutra etc.
 Bawangaja
 Bawangaja is Jain religious place located in Barwani, famous for 84ft high statue of Lord
Rishabh Dev. It is the world's largest megalithic statue.
 Bhojpur
 It is located in Raisendistrict. It is famous for its Shiv Mandir i.e. Bhojeshwar temple which is
known as 'Somnath of Central India’.
 Moreover Jain temple, cave of Parbati, King Bhoja's royal palace are some famous tourist places
in Bhojpur.
 Chitrakoot
 It is located in Satna district. As per the Hindu mythology, the Chitrakoot is considered to be the
birth place of the trinity Gods, Brahma, Vishnu and Mahesh. Lord Rama and Sita also spent their
few years of exile here with Maharishi Atri and Sati Anusuya.
 The famous tourist destinations here are Ramghat, Kamadgiri temple, Jankikund, Gupt Godavari
caves, Hanuman Dhara, Bharat Milap temple, Sati Anusuya Ashram, Sphatic Shila, etc.
 Gomatgiri
 It is located in Indore district. Gomatgiri is a religious place of Jainism. This small hillock has a
21 ft statue of Gomateshwar.
 Maihar
 It is located in Satna district of Madhya Pradesh.
 Maihar is known for the temple of the mother goddess Sharda situated on Trikuta hills. Gola Math
Temple is also situated here which is dedicated to Lord Shiva.
 Omkareshwar
 It is located in Khandwa district. It is a famous pilgrimage centre since historic times. Here the
Jyotirlinga is situated on the sangam (confluence) of Narmada-Kaveri.
 The other famous places here are Omkar Mandhata, Siddhanath Mandir, Saptamatrika Mandir,
Kajal Rani Cave, etc.
 Pushpgiri
 It is located in Dewas district. It is the head branch of Jain religion.
 Ujjain
 It is considered to be a major pilgrimage centre for Hindus.
 The famous Singhastha or Simhastha festival of Ujjain is celebrated in every 12 years as 'Kumbha
Mela'. The famous tourist destinations in Ujjain are Mahakal temple premises, Mangalnath
temple, Kal Bhairav temple, Vikrant Bhairav, Harsiddhi Durga temple, Chausath yogini,
Gadkalika temple, Gopal Mandir, Anant Narayan temple, Navgrah Mandir, temple
Mahakaleshwar temple, Mosque of Khwaja Shakeel, Jama Masjid, Shahi Masjid, etc. Ujjain is
known as City of Statues and Temples.
 Temple of Madhya Pradesh
 Khajuraho Temples – The Khajuraho Group of Monuments is located in Chhatarpur districts.
 It is a group of Hindu and Jain Temple built in Nagara- style by Chandel rulers.
 These temples are famous for their erotic sculpturs and how this form of unconventional art
blends wish religion and spirituality.
 Kandariya Mahadeva Temple belongs to the group of Khajuraho temples. It was built around
1050AD on Hindu beliefs. There is a marble lingam representing Shiva inside the sanctum.
 Chaturbuj Temple
 The name Chaturbhuj literally means one who has four arms and it refers to Lord Rama, an
incarnation of Lord Vishnu.
 Pashupatinath Temple
 In Mandsaur is a famous Hindu temple of Lord Pashupatinath. Here Lord Shiva is depicted in the
form of Pashupatinath and there is a unique Shiv Ling with eight faces of Lord Shiva.
 Mahakaleshwar Jyotirlinga
 Mahakaleshwar Jyotirlinga is one of the well-known Hindu temples devoted to Lord Shiva,
situated in Ujjain.
 Vishnu Temple (Deogarh)
 Vishnu Temple was built in the Gupta Period. Statues of Vishnu were both sculpted in the interior
and exterior walls of the temple.
 Annapurna Temple
 "The Goddess of Food', Annapurna temple is a famous pilgrimage site located in Indore district.
 Omkareshwar Temple
 It is located in Khandwa district on the bank of Narmada River. Omkareshwar is one of the most
popular temples of Madhya Pradesh. It is a famous shrine that is considered among the 12
Jyotirlingas.
 Chausath Yogini Temple
 It is located in Jabalpur district. It is an oldest temple of Madhya Pradesh. It is also known as
'Golki Math'. It was built in 10th century by the rulers of Kalchuri dynasty.
 Laxmi Narayana Temple (Bhopal)
 It is located in Bhopal district. It is known for its beautiful sculptures of the 12th century.
 Temple of Gwalior
 Teli Ka Mandir, Sas Bahu Temple. Chatarbhuj Mandir, and Surya Mandir are the ancient temples
of Gwalior. The Surya Mandir has a gorgeous sculpture of Lord Surya in the temple premises.
The temple's inside has white marble with fabulous construction.
 Sanchi Stupa
 Sanchi Stupa is one of the oldest stone buddhist monuments in India.
 The Stupa was documented by a British officer General Taylor.
 Queen Devi, wife of Ashoka and daughter of a merchant of Vidisha born in Sanchi supervised the
construction of this monument.
 Four ornamental gateways facing four directions and a balustrade surrounding the Stupa were
later added during the Shunga period.
 Bharhut Stupa
 Bharhut is a village in Satna district. It is known for its famous relics from a Buddhist Stupa.
 The Bharhut stupa may have been first built by the Maurya king Ashoka in the 3rd century BC,
but many works of art, particularly the gateway and railings, were apparently added during the
Shunga period.
 The central stupa was surrounded by a stone railing and four Torana gates, in a arrangement
similar to that of Sanchi.
 An epigraph on a pilar of the gateway of the stupa mentions its erection "during the rule of the
Sungas by Vatsiputra Dhanabhuti", The most famous donor for the Bharhut stupa.
 Swastika Shaped Stupas
 Swastika-Shaped' stupas, Singrouli : Survey of India (ASI) has discoverer 11 'swastika-shaped'
stupas, dating to 6th century AD at a place called Buddha Dhanda (Bodh Dand) in the deep forests
of Singrouli District.
Hindu Religious Tourist Places
Place Famous Temples

Amarkantak Karna Temple, Kabir Chabutra, Pataleshwar Mahadev Temple,
Narmada Kund Temple, Keshav Narayn Temple, Shri Yantra Temple,
Mai ki Bagiya, Jwaleshwar Temple
Agar-Malwa Chhintaharan Ganesh Temple, Shri Rani Sati Dadi Ji Temple
Datia Small (Laghu) Vrindavan, Sonagiri, Unnao Sun Temple, Pitambara
Peeth
Morena Mitawali, Padawali and Bateshwar Temples (Group of these temples
are known as Golden Triangle), the country‟s first martyr temple
(Shahid Mandir) has been established in the memory of Ram Prasad
Bismil in Barwai Village of Morena
Gwalior Chaturbhuj Temple, Sahasrabahu Temple, Teli Temple
Sehore Chintaman Siddha Ganesh Temple, Bijasen Mata Temple
Mandsaur Ashtamukhi Pashupatinath Temple, Dharma Rajeshwar Temple
(Sitamau), Kukdeshwar Jain Temple, Hinglaj Temple
Jabalpur Chausath Yogini Temple (Bhedaghat), Gauri Shankar Temple, Tripuri
Temple, Vishnu Temple (Tigwa)
Panna Parvati Temple of Nachna-Kuthar, Temple of Prannath
Ujjain Mahakaleshwar Temple, Kaal Bhairav Temple, Harsiddhi Temple
(King Vikramaditya‟s Kuldevi), Dwarkadhish (Gopal Temple-built by
Bayaji Shinde), Chintaman Ganesh Temple, Mangalnath Temple,
Gadkalika Temple (Adorable Goddess of Kalidas), Shri Ram Janardan
Temple
Khajuraho Laxman Temple, Kandariya Mahadev Temple, Parshvanath Jain
Temple, Chitragupta Temple, Chausath Yogini Temple, Chaturbhuj
Temple, Matangeshwar Temple, Brahma Temple, Vishwanath Temple,
Ghantai Temple, Dulhadev Temple, Varaha Temple
Orchha Ramraja Temple, Laxminarayan Temple, Chaturbhuj Temple
Indore Khajrana Ganesh Mandir, Bada Ganapati Mandir (Largest Idol of
Ganesha), Kanch Mandir (Related to Jainism, built by famous cotton
merchant Hukum Chandra in the 20th century.) Annapurna Temple
Maihar Sharda Mata Temple, Gola Math Temple (built in Nagara style
dedicated to Shiva), Oila Temple, Bhumra Temple (Shiva Temple)
Vidisha Udayeshwara Temple, Maladevi Temple (Gyaraspur), Bijamandal
(Vijaymandir), Heliodorus (Garuda Pillar/Khamb Baba), Dashavatara
Temple
Chhatarpur The Dhanush-Dhari Temple is situated in Alipura Village of Naugaon
(Chhatarpur). The Dussehra meeting ceremony is the major attraction

here
Shahdol The virat temple is situated here, which was built by the kalchuri ruler
Maharaj Yuvraj Dev
Major Sun Temples

Rehli-Sagar Here the rays of the sun fall vertical on the idol of the God Sun
Gwalior It is located at Morar in Gwalior
Mandsaur It is located in Khilchipura
Unnao-Datia The Sun Temple of Unnao is the Oldest Sun temple
Nemawar-Dewas Nemavar Sun Temple is Ardha Sun Temple
Markheda Located in Tikamgarh
Major Vishnu Temples
Chaturbhuj Temple-Gwalior Here the first mention/description of Zero is found
Khajuraho Here is the Idol of Varaha avatar of Vishnu
Dhar
Orchha-Niwari Here Rama is worshipped as a king who is an incarnation of
Vishnu
Major Ganesh Temples
Indore Khajrana Ganesh Temple
Indore Bada Ganpati Temple
Ujjain Chintaman Ganesh Temple
Major Shiv Temples
Mahakeshwar Temple Ujjain
Omkareshwar Temple Khandwa
Neelkanth Temple Mandu, Dhar
Golamath Temple Satna
Bhojpur Temple Raisen
Gauri Shankar Temple Jabalpur
Kandariya Mahadev Temple Khajuraho
Pashupati Nath Temple Mandsaur, On the bank of river Shivna
Tapeshwar Mahadev Mandsaur
Temple
Chauragarh Mahadev Pachmarhi
Temple
Bateshwar Shiva Temple Morena
Ahilyeshwara Temple Maheshwar (Khargone)
Major Devi Temples
Sharda Devi Temple Maihar, Satna
Kavalka Mata Temple Ratlam

Mandre ki Mata Temple Gwalior
Maa Chamunda Tulja Dewas
Bhavani Temple
Maa Pitambara Peeth Datia
Temple
Bijasen Devi Temple Salkanpur (Sehore)
Chandi Devi Temple Sidhi
Jageshwari Devi Temple Chanderi
Note : LMajor Muslim Religious Places are given under sub-heading Mosque, Tomb, Mausoleums
and Dargahs.
Sikh Religious Tourist Places
Data bandi Chhod Gurudwara Gwalior
Gurudwara Betma Sahib/Bowli Gurudwara Indore
Historical Gurudwara Burhanpur
Tekri Sahib Gurudwara Bhopal
Christian Religious Tourist Places

Church
Red Church Indore
Christ Church Gwalior
St. Francis Assisi Cathedral Church Bhopal
St. Raphel‟s Church Sagar
Jain Religious Tourist Places

Gommatgiri Indore
Muktagiri Betul
Sonagiri Datia
Bawangaja Barwani
Pushpagiri Sonkatch (Dewas)
Pisanhari ki Madhiya Jabalpur
Pawagiri Un (Khargone)
Kamadgiri Chitrakoot (Satna)
Mangalgiri Sagar
Matungagiri Dhar
Kundalpur Damoh
Dronagiri Chhatarpur
Hill Stations
 Panchmarhi
 Literal meaning of Panchmarhi is 5 caves.
 Archeologists consider it as a sit of Buddhist era. Panchmarhi is called as "Satpura ki Rani".
Panchamarih was discovered by Captain James Forsyth (1862).
 Priyadarshini and Handikhoh are the two famous valleys here. Other popular spots of
panchmarhi are Apsara Vihar waterfall, Rajat falls, Rajgiri, Lanji Giri, Irene pool waterfall,
Duchess falls, Sunder Kund, Dhoopgarh, Panch Pandav cave, Harper caves, Sardar caves,
Tridhara, Vanshree Vihar, Chhota and Bada Mahadeo, Christ Church, etc.
 Amarkantak (TIRTHRAJ)
 It is the 2nd Hill station of the state, situated in Anuppur district. It is the source of three Rivers :
Narmada, Son & Johila
 Places to Visit are Kapildhara, Dugdha Dhara, Sonmuda, Mai ki Bagiya, Kabeer Chouraha,
Bhrigu Kamandal, Pushkar Bandh etc.
Hill Stations
Pachmarhi Hill Station Hoshangabad (Narmadapuram)
Tamila Hill Station Narmada-Sone Valley
Mandu Hill Station Dhar
Omkareshwar Hill Statioon On the banks of Narmada-Kaveri
Historical Places and Monuments

 Khajuraho (Chattarpur)
 The famous Chandel ruler ChandraVerma was the Founder of Khajuraho
 It was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1986.
 The temples of Khajuraho were constructed between 950 AD and 1050AD.
 Total number of temples was 85 but at present 22 temples are left.
 Sanchi (Raisen)
 The stupa of Sanchi was built by Ashoka after taking the initiation of Buddhism.
 It was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1989.
 The Torana (main gate) and boundary wall of the stupa was built by the Shunga rulers.
 Mandu (Dhar)
 'Mandu' also known as „Mandavgarh‟ is situated in Dhar district. It was named as Shahidabad
(City of joy) by Hoshangshah.
 Parmara dynasty made it as their capital.
 Places to Visit are 12 gateways (Parkota) in the fort of Mandu named as: Rampole, Tarapur,
Darwaza, Jahangir Darwaza, Dilli Darwaza etc. in addition there are Jahaj Palace. Hindola Palace,
Tomb of Hoshangshah, Jama Masjid, Asharfi Palace, Rewa Kund. Roopmati Mandap. Neelkanth
Mahal, Hathi Mahal & Lohani Caves.
 Bharhut (Satana)
 Known for the remains of Ashoka's Buddhist stupa discovered by Karnighum in 1854.
 Vidisha
 Vidisha is an area known as Besnagar and Bhelsa, which is located between Betwa and Base
rivers.
 Pillar of Helidoreus (Khamba Baba, Garuda pillar) is situated here, established in the honour of
Vasudeva by Heliodorus.
 Orchha (Niwadi)
 The major scenic spots here are Raja Ram Mahal, Rai Praveen Mahal, Chaturbhuj Temple, Laxmi
Narayan Temple etc.
 Indore
 Peshwa Bajirao I's Subedar Malhar Rao Holkar was made Indore his capital.
 There are scenic spots like Lal Bagh Palace, Rajwara, Kanch Mandir, Khajrana Temple, etc.
 Gwalior
 It is named after Rishi Galav.
 Place to Visit are Gwalior Fort, Gujri Mahal (Built by Raja Mansingh for his beloved Gurjar
Queen Mrignayani), Man Mandir, Suraj Kund, Teli ka Mandir, Saas-Bahu ka Mandir, Jai Vilas
Palace. Statue of Rani Laxmi Bai, Museum. Tomb of Tansen Mohaumad Gaus, Nagar Palika
Museum, Zoo, Gurudwara, Sun Temple etc.
 Bhopal
 The Bhoj Pal built by Raja Bhoj of Parmara dynasty, it was later renamed as Bhopal. It is situated
over the 5 hills. There are 2 lakes here.
 Famous sites of Bhopal are Taj-ul-masjid, Jama Masjid, Saket Mahal, Bharat-Bhavan, Birla
Temple, Indira Gandhi, Museum, Van Vihar etc.
Major Forts of M.P.
 Fort of Gwalior
 It is known as the Gibraltar of East. It was built in the eighth century by Suraj Sen.
 It has 5 entrances – Alamgir Darwaja, Hindola Darwaja, Gujari Mahal Darwaja, Chaturbhuj
Darwaja, Hathifod Darwaja.
 Chanderi
 It is located at Chanderi near Betwa River in Ashoknagar district of Madhya Pradesh. Chanderi
Fort was built by the Muslim rulers of Chanderi.It‟s main gate is known as ‘Khooni Darwaz’.
 Fort of Asirgarh
 It is Known as Gateway of South situated in Burhanpur district. This fort is related to the death
of Mumtaj.
 Ajaygarh Fort
 It is a large & strong fort built by Raja Ajaypal near Panna. GinnaurgarhFort is situated 60
km away from Bhopal which was built by King Udai Vardhan.
 Raisen Fort (Raisen)
 It was constructed by the King Raj Basanti.
 Here, King Rohit's Palace, Badal Mahal, Itradan Mahal etc. are present.
 Dhar Fort (Dhar District)
 This fort was built by Mohammad Bin Tughlak during his South Conquest.
 Here, the Kharbuja Palace, the temple of Goddess Kalka, the tomb of Abdul Saha Changal are
present.
 Bandhavgarh Fort
 It is situated in Bandhavgarh in Umaria district of Madhya Pradesh.
 Regional folklores suggest that Bandhavgarh fort was constructed by the rulers of Gond Empire.
 Archaeological surveys claim that the fort is before Christ period. It was ruled by various
dynasties, including the Kalchuris and the Baghels. Royal Pond and Vishnu temple are present in
the fort.
 Datia Fort
 This fort was built by Naresh Veer Singh Dev in Datia district.
 It is also known as Veer Singh palace.
 It was made in memory of the friendship of Mughal emperor Jahangir and Naresh Veer Singh Ji.
 Deogarh Fort
 It is located in Chhindwara district of Madhya Pradesh.
 It was used to be kingdom of Gonds in late 17th century and hence, believed to be built by them.
 Mandsaur Fort (Mandsaur District)
 It is located on the banks of the River Shivna.
 This fort was built by Alauddhin Khilji.
 Orchha Fort (Niwari District)
 It was constructed by Veer Singh Dev.
 It is located on the banks of the Betwa River.
 The fort has a Chaturbhuj temple, Jahangir Mahal, Ramlala Temple, Laxmi Narayan Temple, etc.
 Fort of Makdai
 It is situated in district Harda.
 It was built by king Makrandshah to defend the state against pindaries.
 Fort of Ginnorgarh
 It is built by king Udayverman in 13th Century.
 Dost Muhamad captured the fort from last Gond King Kamalpati.
 Area is known as "Shuk Kshetra" due to large strength of parrots available here.
Forts of Madhya Pradesh

Forts Palaces
Sendhwa Fort Barwani
Adegaon Fort Seoni
Lanji Fort Balaghat
Gadhakota Fort Sagar
Garhkundar Fort Niwari/Tikamgarh
Rehli Fort Sagar
Malthon Fort Sagar
Rahatgarh Fort Sagar
Khimlasa Fort Sagar
Gourjhamar Fort Sagar
Deori Fort Sagar
Singaurgarh Fort Damoh
Mudiado Fort Damoh
Jatashankar Fort Damoh
Rajnagar Fort Damoh
Deora Fort Chhatarpur
Gulkanj Fort Chhatarpur
Kishangarh Fort Chhatarpur
Baldevgarh Fort Niwari
Ratangarh Fort Neemuch
Singola fort Neemuch
Amadgarh fort Neemuch
Mahidpur Fort Ujjain
Kushalgarh Fort Indore
Kajligarh Fort Indore
Fatehgarh Fort Bhopal
Shergarh Fort Betul
Khedla Fort Betul
Hoshangshah‟s Fort Hoshangabad (Narmadapuram)
Bagra Fort Hoshangabad (Narmadapuram)
Joga Fort Harda
Rani Durgavati Fort Jabalpur
Chaugan Fort (Chauragarh) Narsinghpur
Vijayraghavgarh Fort Katni
Ramgarh Fort Dindori
Kyoti Fort Rewa
Govindgarh Fort Rewa
Major Palaces of M.P.

 Rani Rupmati Palace (Mandu)
 It was built by Baz Bahadur for his beautiful queen Rupmati. It is situated on the banks of River
Narmada. It is built in Afghan architectural style.
 Jahangir Palace (Orchha)
 The Palace was built by Raja Vir SinghBundela in honor of Mughal Emperor Jahangir.
 It is a three storied palace built mainly with red and yellow sandstone and has 136 rooms
decorated with wall paintings. The architectural style is a confluence of Hindu and Islamic
architectures.
 Gwalior Palace
 It was the residence of Jiwajirao Scindia, which is a museum now. The Gujri Mahal of Gwalior
was built by king Maansingh for his beloved Gurjar Queen Mrignayani. One more Moti Mahal
was built by Jiwaji Rao. Palace has an official court painted with Golden colour.
 Shaukat Mahal and Sadar Manzil
 It was designed by a Frenchman set to be a descendant of an offshoot of the Bourbon Kings of
France.
 Baghelin Palace
 This palace is situated in Mandla district of Madhya Pradesh. This palace is situated on the bank
of Narmada River.
 Madan Palace
 This palace was constructed by Gond King Madanshah in Jabalpur district of Madhya Pradesh.
 Palace of Dia
 This is situated in Mandu district of Madhya Pradesh. Important art facts are found in this palace.
 Rajwara Palace
 This palace was constructed in Indore, Madhya Pradesh in 1747 by MalharRaoHolkar, the
founder of Holkar dynasty. This palace has lower floors made of stone and upper floors made of
wood.
Major Palaces of Madhya Pradesh
Gujari Mahal / Mrignayani Mahal Gwalior
Man Mandir Palace Gwalior
Moti Mahal Mandla
Gulara Mahal Burhanpur
The Baghelin Palace Mandla
Madan Mahal Jabalpur
Kharbuja Palace Dhar
Raja Rohit palace Raisen
Hawa Mahal Chanderi
Satkhanda Mahal Datia
Raja Aman Palace Ajaygarh, Panna

Jahangir Mahal Orchha
Raj Mahal Orchha
Ashrafi Mahal Mandu, Dhar
Naukhanda Palace Chanderi, Ashoknagar
Dai Palace Mandu, Dhar
Rani Roopmati Palace Mandu, Dhar
Jahaz Mahal Mandu, Dhar
Hindola Mahal Mandu, Dhar
Koshak Mahal Chanderi, Ashoknagar
Sheesh Mahal Orchha
Beautiful Palace Orchha
Lal Bagh Palace Indore
The Kaliadeh Palace Ujjain
Chhapan Mahal Mandu, Dhar
Badal Mahal Raisen and Neemuch
Itradar Mahal Raisen
Rai Praveen Mahal Orchha
Vikram Mahal Gwalior
Major Caves in Madhya Pradesh

 Adamgarh Caves
 These are situated in the Adamgarhhills, Hoshangabad district of Madhya Pradesh.
 The pictures of animals, birds, human wars, hunting, riding, worshipping, etc are carved on these
caves.
 Bagh Caves
 These are located at a distance of 97 km from Dhar district.
 Bagh caves are the finest example of Buddhist culture in Western Madhya Pradesh.
 These are renowned for mural paintings.
 They are believed to have been built by Satavahana dynasty during the 5-7th century.
 Bhimbetka Caves
 These rock shelters are situated in the Raisen district of Madhya Pradesh.
 UNESCO declared it as World Heritage Site in 2003. The caves belong to the early Stone
Age or Paleolithic age and exhibit the earliest traces of human life on Indian subcontinent. It was
discovered by VS Wakankar.
 Bhartrihari Caves
 These caves are situated on the bank of river Shipra, near Gadkalika temple of Ujjain.
 Bilauva Caves
 These are situated in Gwalior, district of Madhya Pradesh. Shaiva rock statues are found in these
caves.
 Mrigendra Nath Caves
 These caves are situated in Raisen district.
 These caves were searched by Archaeological department in 2009.
 Mara Caves
 These caves of Buddhist era are situated in Sidhi district.
 Pandav Caves
 These caves are situated in Panchmarhi.
 The mythology behind these caves is the Panch Pandav brothers with their wife, Draupadi had
spent a part of their life here for about 13 years.
 Shankaracharya Caves
 These caves are situated in Omkareshwar, Khandwa district of Madhya Pradesh.
 Udayagiri Caves
 Udaygiri caves are a series of rock cut caves carved into 24 m long sandstone ridge, 6 km.west of
Vidisha and very close to Sanchi.
 These are the finest example of classical Gupta arts.
 There are about 20 rock cut caves carved into an outcrop of sandstone and most are just niches
however some form columned temples.
 Cave 4 known as Bina Cave. An impressive Shiva Lingam is there inside this Cave.
 Cave no 5 depicts Vishnu in a massive carving as Varaha (Boar) incarnation.
 Cave 6 has a doorway ornatly carved with figures of river goddesses and images of Vishnu.
 Cave no. 13 is an open cave of 12 ft long, remarkable for its large rock-cut sculpture of Lord
Sheshashayi Vishnu.
 Cave 19 is notable for its figures of Ganga and Yamuna.
Major Caves in Madhya Pradesh
Caves Places
Saru-Maru Caves Panguraia (Sehore)
Bilaua Caves Gwalior
Devnala Caves Dindori
Jatashankar Caves Pachmarhi
Reechgarh Caves Satpura National Park (Hoshangabad)
Bandhavgarh Caves Bandhavgarh National Park (Umaria)
Kajalrani Caves Mandhata (Khandwa)
Govinda Bhagvatpad Caves Omkareshwar (Khandwa)
Siddhachal Jain Temple Caves Gwalior
Caves of Siddhababa Niwari
Likhi Dant Cave Chanderi (Ashok Nagar)
Likhi Chhaj Cave Karsa (Morena)

Lakhwaria Cave Shahdol
Lohani Cave Dhar
Jhinjhari Cave Katni
Saath Kothari Caves Dhar
Abchand Caves Sagar
Rock Shelter Caves Sagar
Pahargarh Caves Morena
Radha Devi Caves Chhindwara
Jamwant Caves Satyanagari (Dewas)
Khandagiri Caves Vidisha
Chandrashekhar Azad Caves Tikamgarh
Caves of Alha-udal Maihar (Satna)
Satmatrika Caves Khandwa
Naveri Cave Bhopal
Caves of Ambamai Betul
Caves of Gudhi Suture
Caves of Gupteshwar Chhindwara
Parvati Caves Raisen
Jagdish Hill Caves Satna
Silhara Caves Anuppur
Major Moseques of Madhya Pradesh
 Jama Masjid
 It is located in Burhanpur
 Ruler Adil shah built it.
 It is also known as Bibi Ki Masjid.
 Taj-ul-Masjid
 It is located in Bhopal district. It is one of the largest Mosque in India. It was constructed by
Nawab Shahjahan Begum.
 Moti Mosque
 It is located in Bhopal district. It was built by Sikandar Jahan Begum in 1860 AD.
 Bhojshala Mosque
 It is located in Dhar district. Initially it was a temple built by Raja Bhoj. Later it was converted
into Mosque by Alauddin Khalji.
 Dhai Sidhi Mosque
 It is located in Bhopal district. It was the first mosqu of Bhopal. It was built by Dost
Mohammad. It is the smallest mosque in the world.
Muslims Religious Tourist Places

Mosques
Tal-ul-Masjid Bhopal
Lat Masjid Dhar
Bhojshala Masjid Dhar
Moti Masjid Bhopal
Dhai seedhi masjid Bhopal
Major Dargahs of MP
Hazrat Nizamuddin Bhikari Burhanpur
Hazrat Syed Burhanuddin Shah Burhanpur
Hazrat Ali Muttaki Burhanpur
Hazrat Peer Bakhshullah Shah Burhanpur
Khwaja Mohammad Hasim Qasmi Burhanpur
Hyed Syed Shah bahadur Bhopal
Pir Baba Syed Ali Shah Jahangirabad
Hazrat Syed Kamaluddin Chisti Dhar
Hazrat Abdullah Shahattri Mandu
Hazrat Ghaus Gwaliori Gwalior
Hazrat Khwaja Khanoon Gwalior
Hazrat Nuruddin Ghazi Indore
Shah Syed Ali Karim Indore
Hazrat Qutub Abdullah HUssaini Indore
Hazrat Fateh-Ullah Shiraji Raisen
Syed Ali Qurban Shah Rajgarh
Hazrat Shah Warsi Shahjahanpur
Hazrat Khwaja Mauj Chisti Ujjain
Sheikh Moghisuddin Chisti Ujjain
Qazi Ishaq Dargah Ujjain
Mausoleums
Mausoleum Place
Mausoleum of Mohammad Ghaus (Construction- Gwalior
By Akbar)
Mausoleum of Hoshang Shah Mandu, Dhar
Nawab hasan Siddiqui Bhopal
Abdullah Shah Changal Dhar
Mosque of Kamal Maula Dhar
Mausoleum of Pirbudhan Sawara, Shivpuri
Mausoleums of Baj Bahadur and Rani Roopmati Sarangpur, Rajgarh
Mausoleum of Balijati Shah and mastana Ali Shah Dhamoni, Sagar

Grave of mumtaz Mahal Burhanpur
Mausoleum of Hazrat Shah Baziah-uddin (Khwaja Chanderi, Ashoknagar
Makdoom Shah Vilayat)
Mausoleum of Daulat Khan Lodi Burhanpur
Mausoleum of Baba Shahabuddin Neemuch
Grave of Mulla Do piyaja Handia, Harda
Major Tombs of Madhya Pradesh

 Tomb of Rani Laxmi Bai (Gwalior)
 The tomb is in the Phool Bagh area of Gwalior, where the Rani died while fighting the British
during the Revolt of 1857.
 Tomb of Tansen (GWALIOR)
 The legendary singer Tansen was buried in Gwalior
 It is built in Mughal architectural style.
 Tomb of Rani Avanti Bai (Mandla)
 Rai Avanti Bai Lodi was the Queen of Ramgarh state. She died fighting the British during the
Revolt of 1857.
 Tomb of Muhammad Ghaus
 It is located in Gwalior district. Muhammed Ghaus was famous Sufi saint and the first mentor
of Tansen.
 Tomb of Abdullah Shah Changal
 It is located in Dhar district. It is the tomb built in the Sultanate era.
 Tomb of Nawab Hasan Siddiqui
 It is located in Bhopal district. It is built of marble.
 Tomb of Hoshang Shah
 It is located in Mandu in Dhar district. The Malwa ruler Hoshang shah built this tomb. It is India's
first tomb built of marble.
Tombs (Maqbara)
Tombs place
Tomb of Tansen (Constructed by Akbar) Gwalior
Tomb of Baiju Bawra Chanderi, Ashoknagar
Tomb of Peshwa Bajirao Ravarkhedi, Khargone
Tomb of Matsyendra Pir Ujjain
Tomb of Queen Sankhyaraje Shivpuri
Tomb of Queen Durgavati Barela, Jabalpur
Tomb of Queen of Jhansi Gwalior
Tomb of Queen Avantibai Balapur, Dindori
Tomb of Jhalkari Bai Gwalior

Tomb of Girdhari Bai Mandla
Tomb of Tatya Tope Near Jadhav Sagar in Shivpuri
Tomb of Madhavrao Scindia Shivpuri
Tomb of Kanha Baba Sodalpur, Harda
Tomb of Malharrao Holkar Alampur, Bhind
Tomb of Maharaja Chhatrasal Dhubela, Chhatarpur
Tomb of Ahilyabai Holkar Maheshwar, Khargone
Major Natural Tourist Sites of Madhya Pradesh

MP is a state with large Forest Land, Rivers, Mountains and National Parks due to this MP
has large number of Eco-tourism sites, 11 National Parks, 24 Wildlife Sanctuaries with another
11 New Wildlife Sanctuaries proposed. MP also has 7 Tiger reserves and 4 Ramsar Wetland
sites.
Eco - Tourism
Samardha Eco Jungle Camp Bhopal
Kathotiya Eco Jungle Camp Bhopal
Matkuli Eco Jungle Camp Narmadapuram
Parsapani (Satpura Tiger Reserve) Eco
Sohagpur (Narmadapuram)
Jungle Camp
Kukru Eco Jungle Camp Betul
Kheoni Eco Jungle Camp Kannod (Dewas)
Ranesh Falls Eco Jungle Camp Chhatarpur
Pench Eco Jungle Camp Kurai (Seoni)
Payli Eco Jungle Camp Jabalpur Bargi Dam
Hinota Eco Jungle Camp Panna
Eco Jungle Camp Deori Morena
Gandhi Sagar Abhiyan Eco Jungle Camp Mandsaur
Kerwa Eco Jungle Camp Bhopal
Boriyamal Eco Jungle Camp Khandwa
Major Ramsar Sites of Madhya Pradesh

Bhojtal Bhopal
Jashwant Sagar Gambhir River
Sirpur Lake Indore
Sankhya Sagar Lake Shivpuri (madhav National Park)
National Parks
Name District
Kanha Mandla
Bandhavgarh Umaria
Madhav Shivpuri
Panna Panna/Chhatarpur
Sanjay Sidhi
Pench (Indira Priyadarshini National Park) Seoni, Chhndwara
Satpura Hoshangabad
Van Vihar Bhopal
Fossil Mandla, Dindori
Dinosaur Fossil Park (2010) Dhar
Omkareshwar (2004) Khandwa
Kuno National Park (2018) Sheopur
Wildlife Sanctuaries
Name District
Bagdara Sidhi
Bori Hoshangabad
Phen Mandla
Gandhi Sagar Mandsaur
Ghati Gaon Gwalior
Karera Shivpuri
Ken (Gharial Sanctuary) Chhatarpur
Kheoni Dewas-Sehore
National Chambal Morena
Nauradehi (Biggest) Sagar/Damoh
Pachmarhi Hoshangabad
Panpatha Shahdol/Umaria
Pench Seoni, Chhindwara
Ratapani Raisen/Sehore
Sanjay (Dubri) Sidhi
Sindhori Raisen
Son (Gharial Sanctuary) Sidhi-Shahdol
Sardarpur Dhar
Sailana Ratlam
Rala Mandal (Smallest) Indore
Orchha Niwari
Narsinghgarh Rajgarh
(Rani Durgavati Sanctuary) Damoh Damoh

Gangau (Panna Wild life Sanctuary Panna
Keoni Dewas, Sehore
Mandhata (Proposed) Khandwa
Surmania (Proposed) Khandwa
Kalibheet (Proposed) Betul
Kattiwada (Proposed) Alirajpur
Mayor Sanctuary Jhabua
Kamdhenu Cow Sanctuary Salaria Village Agarmala
Other Tourist Places

Chhatris
Chhatri of Durgadas Ujjain
Chhatris of Udaji Pawar‟s Descendants Dhar
Rana Bakhtawar Memorial Dhar
Chhatri of Krishna Bai Holkar Indore
Chhatri of Ranoji Shinde Shajapur
Sati Chhatri Ashoknagar
Chhatri of Swan (Hansh) Ashoknagar
Martyrs Memorial (Shahid Smarak) Bhopal
Chhatris of Nayapura Ashoknagar
Chhatri of Chen Singh Sehore
Chhatri of Devi Singh Ashoknagar
Chhatri of Durjan Singh Ashoknagar
Chhatri of Sakanji Rajgarh
Chhatri of Bharatshah Ashoknagar
Chhatri of Bhanu Tikait Neemuch
Chhatri of Veer Singh Bundela Niwari
Chhatri of Maharaja Parikshit Datia
Chhatri of Bhavani Singh Datia
Chhatri of Maharaja Pratap Singh Chhatarpur
Chhatri of Maharaj Indrajit Datia
Major dialects of Madhya Pradesh

 Gondi
 The Gondi dialect is spoken by Gondi people of Madhya Pradesh. The Gondi dialect is spoken in
Betul, Mandla, Hoshangabad, Balaghat, Chhindwara, Shivni and Dindori.
 Malwi
 This dialect has influence of Shauraseni of Maharashtra and Hadoti of Rajasthan. This dialect is
spoken in Malwa region of Madhya Pradesh.
 Bhili
 This is the dialect of Bhil people. It is spoken in Dhar, Ratlam, Alirajpur, Khargone, Sirpur and
Jhabua.
 Nimari
 It is the widely spoken dialect of Nimar territory i.e. Khandwa, Khargone, Burhanpur, Barwarni
districts of M.P.
 George Grierso called the Nimari as Dakshini Hindi.
 Bagheli
 It is the modified version of Ardh-Magadhi. It is spoken in Rewa, Satna, Sidhi & Singrauli
districts of the state.
 It is also called as baghelkhandi, Rimahi and Rivai.
 Bundeli
 It was named as Bundeli by George Grierso, and is an Apbhransh (narrated form) of Shaurseni.
 It is mainly spoken in Bundelkhand and also in the southern part of M.P. extended to
Maharashtra.
 Pure form of the dialect is widely spoken in Tikamgarh, Sagar, Narsinghpur and Panna districts of
M.P.
 Braj Bhasha
 This dialect is spoken in Gwalior, Morena, Bhind and Sheopur districts.
 Panchmahli
 This dialect is spoken in Gwalior, Bundelkhand, Pichhora and Bhitarwar of Madhya Pradesh.
 Korku
 This dialect is the language of Korku tirbe. This dialect is spoken in Eastern Nimar, Hoshangabad
and Betul of Madhya Pradesh.
 Jatwari
 This dialect is spoken in Gwalior and Gohad of Bhind.
 Nahal
 This dialect is spoken in Betul district of Vidarbha area by the Nathal tribes.
 Bhadawari
 This dialct is spoken in Bhind, Morena and Gwalior district of Madhya Pradesh.
 It is also known as Gauvanshi, Antarvedi and Buland language.
 Torgarhi
 The dialect is spoken in Porsa tehsil, Western side of Gohad tehsil and Morena tehsil in Madhya
Pradesh.
IMPORTANT TRIBAL PERSONALITIES OF MADHYA PRADESH

Tribal Personalities of Madhya Pradesh
Tantya Bheel/Tantya Mama (1842-4 December, 1889)
 He was a dacoit as per British records active in India between 1878 and 1889. He is recognized by
Indians as a heroic figure.
 Tantya Bhil was one of the greatest revolutionaries who waged an armed struggle against the
British rule for twelve years and endeared himself to the masses by virtue of his indomitable
courage and passion to uproot the foreign rule.
 He was skillful in Guerilla warfare. He was also a great shooter and proficient in traditional
archery. Dava or Falia was his main weapon. He had also learnt to handle gun.
 He used to plunder the government treasuries of the British government and wealth of their
sycophants used to distribute it among the poor and needy. He was popularly called Mama by
people of all age groups. This address of Tantya became so popular that the Bhils still feel proud
in being addressed as Mama.
 The news of the arrest of Tantya Bhil was prominently published in the 10 November 1889 issue
of the New York Times. In this news he was described as the Robin Hood of India. He was
hanged on charges of Sedition by the British Government on 4 December 1889.
 It is generally believed that after hanging his body he was thrown near Patalpani railway station
on Khandwa rail route near Indore. The spot where his wooden effigies were placed is considered
to be the Samadhi of Tantya Mama. Even today all the train drivers stop the train for a moment as
a mark of respect to Tantya Mama.
 His mausoleum is located at Patalpani of Indore.
 He was cinematographed in a 1988 Indian Hindi-language movie Do Waqt Ki Roti.
 He is known as the Pride of Neemar and was recognised as Indian Robinhood by the Britishers.
Shankar Shah
 Shankar Shah of Gondwana was born in 1783. His father's name was Sumer Shah.
 Shankar Shah was the king of Garha Kingdom, which was situated in the Indian region of
Gondwana. He led an uprising against the British colonial occupiers of India, and was put to death
along with his son. His son's name was Kunwar Raghunath Shah.
 He led the 1857 revolt from Gadmandla and played a prominent role in holding the banner of
revolt from Jabalpur during 1857.
 On 16 September, 1857, both Shankar Shah and Sumer Shah were assassinated through canons on
account of waging a war against the British.
Bhima Nayak/ Bheema Nayak

 He was an Indian revolutionary born in Barwani district of Madhya Pradesh who fought against
the Britishers in the Indian Rebellion of 1857.
 When Bhima was convicted by the British government, he was kept in Port Blair and Nicobar. He
was hanged in Port Blair on 29 December, 1876.
 He was also known as Nimad's Robin Hood.
 A government scheme, Shaheed Bhima Nayak Pariyojna in Madhya Pradesh is named after him.
CM Shivraj Singh Chauhan dedicated a Bhima Nayak Memorial at village Dhaba Bawdi of
Badwani district on January 21, 2017.
Veersa Gond
 He was a tribal revolutionary born in Narmada valley region of Madhya Pradesh who gave a new
impetus to the freedom movement in his region.
 He campaigned with the tribal revolutionaries of Ghodadongri-Shahapur under the leadership of
Vishnu Gond on 19 August, 1942.
Khajya Naayak
 He was born at Sangli village of Nimar region (Madhya Pradesh) in 1830.
 He was a soldier in Bhil platoon of the British who was posted to keep a vigilance on 24 mile
route of Sengva Jamli Chowki to Sirpur Chowki.
Jamuna Devi
 Popularly known as Bua, she was born on 19 November, 1929 at Sardarpur (District - Dhar).
 She dedicated her life for the service of the poor. She kept working for the upliftment of the
scheduled castes and tribes since 1952.
 She was a member of Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly and served as the leader of
Opposition and deputy chief minister of the state. She was elected as Lok Sabha member from
Jhabua (1962-67). She was also the member of Rajya Sabha from 1978 to 1981.
 She became the first woman Deputy CM of Madhya Pradesh in 1998.
 She was awarded Bharat Jyoti Samman in 2001 and Sansadeey Jeevan Samman in 2003 on
completing 50 years as a parliament arian. She passed away on 24 December, 2010.
Ganjan Singh Korku

 He was born in Ghodadogri of Betul district He was a Gandhian and an eminent freedom fighter.
He led the Jungle Satyagraha in 1930, inspired by Gandhi's Salt Satyagraha, for which Britishers
announced a bounty of Rs. 500 on him. He passed away in the year 1963.
Bhuri Bai
 She is an Indian Bhil artist, born in Pitol village (situated on the border of Madhya Pradesh and
Gujarat but Pitol is a village of Jhabua district in Madhya Pradesh).
 She belongs to the community of Bhils, the largest tribal group of India.
 She is the first tribal painter belonging to the tribal community to use paper and canvas.
 She was awarded Shikhar Award (1986-87), Ahilyabai Award (1998), Rani Durgavati Award
(2009) by Madhya Pradesh State Government and Padma Shri by the Union Government in 2021.
 Bhuri Bai came to work in Bhopal in the 80's. Today she works as an artist in the Adivasi Lok
Kala Academy and raised awareness about Bhil life through her paintings.
 Among the Bhils of Jhabua Pithora painting is a ritual held in great esteem. Pithora horses are
painted by the lekhindra, the traditional painter and offered to the devas.
Pema Fatya
 She was born at Chandra Shekhar Azad Nagar (Jhabua). She is one of the most renowned painters
of Bhil tribal`s Pithora paintings.
 Pema Fatya, the Bhil artist of Jhabua preferred to live in Jhabua. His work in Pithora houses adorn
the walls of the Museum of Mankind at IGRMD, in Bhopal, where in the mythology trail, he has
depicted the Bhil myth of Pithora Kunwar.
Jangarh Singh Shyam
 He was the first Gond artist to use paper and canvas for his art. His talent was soon recognized,
and his work was exhibited all over the country.
 His paintings grace one of the domes of Bharat Bhawan; he has drawn a huge aircraft on one of
the walls of the State Legislative Assembly; and his clay relief of the Narmada can be seen at the
Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Manav Sangrahalaya (IGRMS) museum in Bhopal.
 He was awarded Shikhar Samman in 1986.
 Jangarh Singh Shyam passed away when he was still in his 40s. He was in Japan on a three month
painting assignment with the Mithila Trust when he took his own life.
 The reasons for his action are still a mystery. But his name will remain eternal, along with the
present genre of Gond painting which he started, and is named Janagarh Kalam in his honour.
Raja Nareshchandra Singh (21 November 1908-11 September 1987)

 He was a ruler of Sarangarh state in Raigarh District, Chhattisgarh.
 He was made the first Minister for Tribal Welfare in M.P. in 1955 and continued in this post till
he became the Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh in 1969.
He also served as the 6th Chief Minister of undivided Madhya Pradesh for a short duration of 13 days (13
March 1969-25 March 1969).
Dileep Singh Bhuria (1944-24 June 2015)
 Dileep Singh Bhuria
 Dileep Singh Bhuria (1944-24 June 2015) was resident of Jhabua District.
 He was elected to Lok Sabha from Ratlam Lok Sabha constituency s member of Congress from 1980
to 1998.
He had been the chairman of National Commission on Schedule Tribe
Kantilal Bhuria
 He was born in Jhabua district of Madhya Pradesh.
 He is an Indian politician and a member of Indian National Congress.
 Bhuria was elected to the Lok Sabha in 1998, 1999 and 2004 from Jhabua constituency in
Madhya Pradesh and in 2009 and 2015 from Ratlam.
 He lost in 2019 General Election again, but was elected to Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha later in
2019 when he won a bye-poll in Jhabua (Vidhan Sabha constituency).
 Banjari Singh KorkuBanjari Singh Korku was an associate to Sardar Ganjan Singh Korku lead
Ghoda – Dongari Satyagraha.
 Virsa Gond and Jirra Gond
 Tribe of Betul led by Virsa Gond and Jirra Gond de-eracted the railway tract near Ghoda-Dongari
Station. The crowd also put a timber depo on fire.
 Virsa Gond was arrested and died in jail.

History & Culture English Final

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

History & Culture English Final

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

History & Culture English Final

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Build Your Own Success Story!

S.No. Topic Page No.

MAJOR EVENTS AND MAJOR DYNASTIES

Neolithic Age Mesolithic Age

Malwa culture of chalcolithic period

ANCIENT HISTORY OF M.P.

 Harshavardhan was defeated by Pulkeshin-II at the Southern side of Narmada according to

Founder: Founder: Sumitra

 He constructed Rajwada in Indore.

Independence Movement in Madhya Pradesh

Freedom struggle of 1857 in Bundelkhand

Non-cooperation Movement in Bhopal

Jhanda (Flag) Satyagraha

1. Civil Disobedience Movement in Jabalpur

Civil Disobedience Movement in Baghelkhand Region

Civil Disobedience Movement in Bhopal Region

QUIT INDIA MOVEMENT (1942)

 Born : 2 August, 1877

Tribal Personalities in the Freedom Movement

Major Art & Sculpture

On the basis of Establishment On the basis of Dynasty

Ancient Medieval Modern Ancient Medieval Modern

 Forts Palaces Architecture Gupta- Mughal Holkar

Mughal Malwa/Mandu Farooqui Gond Bundela & Baghel

 Shiva Temple of Nohta (Damoh).

MAJOR TRIBES & DIALECTS of MADHYA PRADESH

Madhya Pradesh Tribal Finance & Development Corporation

Tribes and their Sub tribes

Tribes and their Dance

Dialects of Madhya Pradesh

 It is also known as Baghelkhandi, Rimhi and Riwai.

Major Festivals,Folk Music, Folk Arts, Folk Literature of Madhya Pradesh

Laxman Kuti Fair Hata (Damoh)

 In these 9 days, women worship Maa Durga and Keep fast.

Krishnarao Samaroh Gwalior

Folk Singing and Music

Malwa Nimar Bundelkhand Baghelkhand

Barsati Barta  Sant-Singaji Bhajan Alha Singing Bagheli Fag

Metal Craft of Mandla

Major Folk Dramas of Madhya Pradesh

Malwa Nimar Bundelkhand Baghelkhand

Maach Gammat  Swang Khamb Swang

Major Folk Dances of Madhya Pradesh

Malwa Nimar Bundelkhand Baghelkhand

Malwa Style Bundeli Style Gwalior Style

The types of Malwa folk painting style are –

IMPORTANT LITERATOR OF MADHYA PRADESH

S.No. Poet Name Place Compositions

17. Amrit Lal Vegad Jabalpur district Teere Teere Narmada,

Tourism in Madhya Pradesh

Hindu Religious Tourist Places

Place Famous Temples

(Chhatarpur). The Dussehra meeting ceremony is the major attraction

Major Sun Temples

Kavalka Mata Temple Ratlam

Christian Religious Tourist Places

Jain Religious Tourist Places

Historical Places and Monuments

Forts of Madhya Pradesh

Major Palaces of M.P.