MATHEMATICS Example 1: 18 = 2 x 9

THE REAL NUMBER SYSTEM =2x3x3

The Real Number System Greatest Common Factor (GCF) – The largest natural number that
The following diagram shows the types of numbers that can divide the numbers of a given n-tuple (or factor of the number
form the set of real numbers. given of a given n-tuple).
If a, b, and c are natural numbers and ab = c, then a and b
Real Numbers are called factors of c and c is a multiple of a and b.
The factors of 18 = 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 18
Irrational
Rational Numbers
Numbers
The factors of 60 are 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 10, 12, 30 and 60.
Common factors of 18 and 60 are 1, 2, 3 and 6. Hence, the
Fractions Integers greatest common factor of 18 and 60 is 6, written this way: gcf(18,
60) = 6.
Negative Whole How to find GCF?
Integers Numbers 1. Listing Method
2. Prime Factorization
Zero
Natural Least Common Factor (LCM) – The Least Common Multiple of two
Numbers
nonzero integers c and d is the least positive integer that is a multiple
Natural Numbers – The natural numbers or the counting numbers of both c and d.
are the positive integers consists of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, etc. There are Example: The least common multiple of 30 and 75 is 150. This is
infinitely many natural numbers. The set of natural numbers, { 1, 2, 3, because the positive multiples of 30 are 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180,
4, 5, ……}, is sometimes written N for short. 210, 240, 270, 300, 330, 36, 390, 420, 450,…. and the positive
multiples of 75 are 75, 150, 225, 300, 375, 450,… Thus, the common
Even Number – is a number greater than 1 and has 2 as a
positive multiples of 30 and 75 are 150, 300, 450,…. and the least of
factor. If a is even it can be written as a = 2n when n is a natural
these is 150.
number. Example: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 (Since, 2(1) = 2, 2(2) = 4, 2(3) = 6, Order of Operations
2(4) = 8 and 2(5) = 10)
Odd Number – is a number which is not even. If b is odd,
PEMDAS
it can be written as b = 2n + 1 where n is a whole number. Example: Parenthesis (brackets) Example: (10 + 23 ∙ 3) + 43 – (16 ÷ 2 –
1, 3, 5, 7, 9 (Since, 2(0)+1 = 1, 2(1)+1 = 3, 2(2)+1 = 5, 2(3)+1 = 7 Exponent (Raising to a 1) ∙ 5
and 2(4)+1 = 9 power and extraction of Solution:
Whole numbers (W) – The whole numbers are the natural numbers a root) (one after (10 + 23 ∙ 3) + 43 – (16 ÷ 2 – 1) ∙ 5
together with zero (0). another) (calculate powers)
Integers (Z)– The set of integers is the set of real numbers Multiplication and (10 + 8 ∙ 3) + 64 – (16 ÷ 2 – 1) ∙ 5 (x
consisting of the natural numbers, 0 and the negative of the natural Division (one after and ÷ 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠)
numbers. {……, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3,…..} another) (10 + 24) + 64 – (8 – 1) ∙ 5 ( + and –
Rational Numbers – The rational numbers are those numbers which Addition and in parenthesis)
can be expressed as a ratio between two integers, a and b, where Subtraction (one after 34 + 64 – 7 ∙ 5 (multiplication)
𝑎
b≠0. In , a is called numerator while the non-zero b is its another) 34 + 64 -35 (addition and subtraction)
𝑏
1 2 8
= 63
denominator. Ex. , and
2 3 7
Irrational Numbers – An irrational number is a number that cannot Laws of Addition and Multiplication
be written as a ratio (or fraction). In decimal form, it never ends or
repeats. Ex. 𝜋 = 3.14159265358979 … .., √2 = 1.41421356237309 …. Commutative 𝑚 + 𝑛 = 𝑛 + 𝑚.
and 𝑒 = 2.71828182845904….. Law of 𝐴 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑖𝑠𝑛′ 𝑡𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
Real Numbers – The set of numbers containing all of rational Addition 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑠.
numbers and all of the irrational numbers is real numbers. The real
numbers are “all numbers” on the number line. Commutative 𝑚 ∙ 𝑛 = 𝑛 ∙ 𝑚.
Divisibility Rule Law of 𝐴 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑖𝑠𝑛′ 𝑡𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑡
Multiplication 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠.
Divisibility Example
Rule
1 Any integer is divisible 1, 2, 3, …… Associative (𝑚 + 𝑛) + 𝑘 = 𝑚 + (𝑛 + 𝑘) = 𝑚 + 𝑛 + 𝑘
by 1 Law of 𝐴 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑑𝑜𝑒𝑠𝑛′ 𝑡𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓
2 The last digit is even (0, 10, 2, 4, 100, 26, 58 Addition 𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑠.
2, 4, 6, 8)
3 The sum of the digits is 27 (2+7 = 9 and 9 ÷3 = Associative (𝑚 ∙ 𝑛) ∙ 𝑘 = 𝑚 ∙ (𝑛 ∙ 𝑘) = 𝑚 ∙ 𝑛 ∙ 𝑘
divisible by 3. 3) Law of 𝐴 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑑𝑜𝑒𝑠𝑛′ 𝑡𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑡𝑠
4 The last two digits are 1312 is (12 ÷ 4 = 3) Multiplication 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠.
divisible by 4
5 The last digit is o or 5 5, 10, 15, 20, …..
Distributive (𝑚 + 𝑛) ∙ 𝑘 = 𝑚 ∙ 𝑘 + 𝑛 ∙ 𝑘
6 Is even and divisible by 114 (it is even and Law of 𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑎𝑤 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ
3 (rule 2 and 3) (1+1+4=6 and 6÷3=2) Multiplication 𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑡𝑠.
7 Double the last digit and 672 (Double 2 is 4, 67- over Addition
subtract it from a 4=63, and 63÷7=9)
number made by the
other digits. The result
must be divisible by 7.
8 The last three digits are 5000, 1000, 18000 (last Translating Word Problems: Keywords
divisible by 8. three digits are 0) MATHEMATICAL KEYWORDS
(It includes 000) 109816 (816÷8 = 102) OPERATIONS
9 The sum of the digits is 324 (3+2+4=9÷9=1) Addition Increased by, More than, Combines,
divisible by 9. Together, Total of, Sum, Plus, Added to,
Greater Than
PRIME AND COMPOSITE NUMBERS, GCF AND LCD Subtraction Decreased by, Minus, Less, Difference
Prime Number – A prime number is a natural number greater than 1 Between/of, Less than, Fewer than
that cannot be formed by multiplying two smaller natural numbers or Left, Left Over, After, Save, Smaller than
its only factors are 1 and itself. Multiplication Of, Times, Multiply by, Product of,
Example: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11 Increased/decreased by a factor of (this
Composite Number – A natural number greater than 1 that is not last type can involve both addition or
prime but can be written as the product of prime numbers is called subtraction and multiplication), Twice,
composite number. Triple, Each (“They got three each”)
Example: 4 = 2 x 2 or 4 = 4 x 1
Prime Factorization – The process of finding the prime factors of a Division Per, a, Out of, Ratio of, Quotient Of,
composite number. Percent (Divide by 100)
Equal Pieces, Split, Average
n-tuple – a set containing n elements.
 Equals Is, are, was, were, will be, Gives, Yields, 3. (𝑎𝑚 )𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚𝑛
Sold for, Cost 4. (𝑎𝑏)𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑛
𝑎 𝑎𝑛
5. ( )𝑛 = , 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑏 ≠ 0.
𝑏 𝑏𝑛
Example: Example:
1. Translate “the sum of 8 and y” into an algebraic expression Rule Example
Ans. 8 + y
1. 𝑎𝑚 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚+𝑛 ➢ 22 ∙ 25 = 22+5 = 27
2. Translate “ 4 less than X” into an algebraic expression.
➢ (𝑥 + 𝑦)4 ∙ (𝑥 + 𝑦)5 = (𝑥 +
Ans. X – 4 𝑦)4+5 = (𝑥 + 𝑦)9
3. Translate “x multiplied by 13” into an algebraic expression.
Ans. 13x 𝑎𝑚 𝑎10
2. = ➢ = 𝑎10−2 = 𝑎8
Operations With Integers 𝑎𝑛
𝑚−𝑛
𝑎2
𝑎 , 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎 ≠ (𝑥+𝑦)10
Addition ➢ = (𝑥 + 𝑦)10−2 =
0. (𝑥+𝑦)2
Rules: (𝑥 + 𝑦)8
1. To add integers having the same signs (both are positive 3. (𝑎 ) = 𝑎𝑚 𝑛 𝑚𝑛
➢ (𝑎3 )3 = 𝑎3(3) = 29
or both are negative) add their absolute values and the sum ➢ (𝑥 − 𝑦)2 )3 = (𝑥 − 𝑦)2(3) = 26
takes the common sign of the addends.
Example: 1. (12) + (15) = 27 4. (𝑎𝑏)𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑛 ➢ (5 ∙ 4)2 = 52 42
2. (-12) + (-8) = -20 ➢ (2𝑦)3 = 23 𝑦 3
2. To add integers having different signs: 𝑎 24
5. ( )𝑛 = ➢
2
( )4 =
a. Get the absolute value of the addends. 𝑏
𝑎𝑛
5 54
, 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑏 ≠ 0. 𝑥+𝑦 (𝑥+𝑦)7
b. Subtract the added with smaller absolute value 𝑏𝑛 ➢ ( )7 =
𝑥−𝑦 (𝑥−𝑦)7
from the one with greater absolute value.
c. Let the sum take the sign of the addend with Note: If 𝑎 ≠ 0, then
the greater value. 1. 𝑎0 = 1
Example: 1. (-12) + (15) = 3 1
2. 𝑎−𝑛 = 𝑛 , for
2. (-12) + (8) = -4 𝑎

Subtraction – Let a and b an integers, then a – b = a + 3. 𝑎1 = 𝑎

(-b) 4. 00 is indeterminate.
𝑎 𝑏
Example: Express the following subtraction 5. ( )−𝑛 = ( )𝑛 , 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎, 𝑏 ≠ 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑚, 𝑛 ∈ ℤ .
𝑏 𝑎
sentences and find the sum: 6.
𝑎𝑚
=
1
, 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎, 𝑏 ≠ 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑚, 𝑛 ∈ ℤ .
𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑛−𝑚
1. (-15) – (5) = (-15) + (-5) = -20
Example: Write the following as expressions with nonnegative
2. 51 – (-9) = 51 + 9 = 60
exponents, using laws of exponents.
Multiplication
1. (22 )3 = 2(2)(3) = 26 = 64
Rules:
2. (5𝑥 3 𝑦 4 )2 = 52 𝑥 3(2) 𝑦 4(2) = 52 𝑥 6 𝑦 8 = 25𝑥 6 𝑦 8
1. The product of two integers having the same signs (2𝑎−2 𝑏0 )−3 2−3 𝑎−2(−3) 2−3 𝑎6 1
(either both are positive or both are negative) is 3. = = = =
(2𝑎5 𝑏2 )2 22 𝑎5(2) 𝑏2(2) 22 𝑎10 𝑏4 22−(−3) 𝑎10−6 𝑏 4
positive. 1
=
1
25 𝑎 4 𝑏 4 32𝑎4 𝑏4
2. The product of two integers having different signs is
Concepts Pertaining to Polynomials
negative.
• Constant is a symbol that does not change its value.
Example: Find the product of the following:
• Variable is a symbol used to represent any element of a
1. (5) (6) = 30
replacement set.
2. (-3) (-4) = 12
• Algebraic expression is a constant, a variable or
3. (-11) (5) = -55
operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication,
Division
division, and extraction of roots involving constants and
Rules:
variables.
1. The quotient of two integers having the same sign is
• Numerical Coefficients is a numerical factor of a term.
positive.
• Literal Coefficient is a literal factor of a term.
2. The quotient of two integers having different signs is
• A term is an expression between + or – signs in polynomial.
negative.
Terms are called like terms if their literal coefficients are
Note: Division is defined only when the divisor is not zero.
exactly alike. Otherwise, they are called unlike terms.
Some facts about zero in division:
0 • Like (Similar) Terms are terms having the same variables
1. = 0, 𝑎 ≠ 0. raised to the same power/exponent.
𝑎
𝑎
2. , is undefined for any 𝑎 ≠ 0. • Polynomial is an algebraic sum involving only nonnegative
0
3.
0
, is indeterminate. integer exponents on its variables.
0
o Monomial: one-term polynomial (example: 5, 6x,
Example: Find the quotient of the following:
9x4y7)
1. (-15) ÷ (3) = -5
o Binomial: two-term polynomial (example: x+6,
2. (-100) ÷ (-4) = 25
11x+7, 18x4y7+ y4)
RATIO AND PROPORTION
𝑎 o Trinomial: three-term polynomial (example: 2x2 +
Ratio – is a quotient of dividing one number by another denoted by .
𝑏 4x + 1, 3x2 - 6y5 – 2z6, 9x4y +9 x7+ 10)
Proportion – an equality of two ratios. For instance, a:b = c:d o A polynomial with more than three terms is named
(extremes and means) simply by its number of terms. For instance, a
Direct and Indirect Proportion polynomial with six terms is called six-term
In a direct proportion, an increase in one polynomial.
quantity results in an increase in the other quantity and • Degree of Monomial – is the sum of the exponents of its
decrease in one quantity results in a decrease in the other variables.
quantity. Evaluation/Value of an Algebraic Expression
In an indirect proportion, an increase in one The process of calculating a numerical value of an
quantity results in a decrease in the other quantity and the expression is called evaluation or finding the value. To evaluate an
decrease in one quantity results in increase in the other algebraic expression, we substitute the given value for each variable.
quantity. Example:
ALGEBRA 1. Evaluate the algebraic expression 2a + 3bc, given that a = 1, b = 2
and c = 3.
Integral Exponents Solution: 2a + 3bc = 2(1) + 3(2)(3) = 20
For any real or complex valued expression a and positive integer n, the Fundamental Operations on Polynomials
nth power of a denoted by 𝑎𝑛 is defined as 𝒂𝒏 = 𝒂 ∙ 𝒂 ∙ 𝒂 ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙ 𝒂. That Distributive Property of Multiplication over Addition (DPMA):
is, 𝒂 is multiplied by itself n times. The expression 𝒂 is called the base For any, 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 𝜖 ℝ,
and the integer n is called the exponent. 𝑎(𝑏 + 𝑐) = 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑎𝑐
Laws of Exponents (𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑐 = 𝑎𝑐 + 𝑏𝑐
(𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑥𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑚, 𝑛 ∈ ℤ) Addition/Subtraction. Combine like (similar) terms by adding or
1. 𝑎𝑚 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚+𝑛 subtracting their numerical coefficients and affix their literal
𝑎𝑚
2. = 𝑎𝑚−𝑛 , 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎 ≠ 0. coefficients in their sum or difference.
𝑎𝑛
Example: Perform as indicated and simplify. Addition or Subtraction. Use the property: For 𝑏, 𝑑 ≠ 0,
1. 3ab + 2a2b – 5ab2 + 4ab(3ab + 5a – 4b) 𝑎 𝑐 𝑎 𝑐
𝑎 𝑐 𝐷 ∙ (𝑏 + 𝑑 ) 𝐷 ∙ 𝑏 + 𝐷 ∙ 𝑑
Solution: + = =
𝑏 𝑑 𝐷 𝐷
3ab + 2a2b – 5ab2 + 4ab(3ab + 5a – 4b) = 3ab + 2a2b – where D is the Least Common Multiple of 𝑏, and d, or D is
5ab2 + (12a2b2 + 20a2b – 16ab2) simply the LCD.
= Example: Perform the indicated operations and simplify.
12a2b2 + 22a2b - 21ab2 + 3ab 1 3 3
1. − +
Multiplication. Use DPMA and laws of exponents 2 4 2
1 3 3 1 3 3
4( − + ) 4∙2−4∙4+4∙2
Example: Perform as indicated and simplify. Solution: 2 − 4 + 2 =
1 3 3 2 4 2
= =
2(1)−1(3)+2(3)
=
4 4 4
1. 4a2b3(2ab2 + 5ab – 2a3b) 2−3+6 5
=
Solution: 4a2b3(2ab2 + 5ab – 2a3b) = 8a3b5 + 20a3b4 – 8a5b4 4 4

Special Products Rational Exponents and Radicals

Let 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑 be any algebraic expressions. Rational Exponents
Name Formula If m and n are positive integers and 𝑛√𝑎 is a real number, then
1
Square of a Sum (𝑎 + 𝑏)2 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎 + 𝑏) 1. 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑛√𝑎
= 𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏2 𝑚
2.
𝑛
𝑎 𝑛 = ( 𝑛√𝑎)𝑚 = √𝑎𝑚
Square of a Difference (𝑎 − 𝑏)2 = (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑎 − 𝑏) 𝑚 1
= 𝑎2 − 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏2 3. 𝑎 −
𝑛 = 𝑚 , 𝑎 ≠ 0.
𝑎𝑛
Difference of Two 2 2
𝑎 − 𝑏 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎 − 𝑏) Example:
Squares 1. Write the following in radical form.
Sum of Two Cubes (𝑎 + 𝑏)( 𝑎2 − 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏2 ) = 𝑎3 + 𝑏3 1
a.
5
Difference of Two (𝑎 − 𝑏)( 𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏2 ) = 𝑎3 − 𝑏3 𝑧 5 = √𝑧
2
Cubes
3
b. 𝑥 = √𝑥 2 3

Product of Two ➢ (𝑥 + 𝑎)(𝑥 + 𝑏) = 𝑥 2 + (𝑎 + 2. Write the following in exponential form.

Binomials with Similar 𝑏)𝑥 + 𝑎𝑏 3
5
a. √𝑤 5 = 𝑤 3
Terms (FOIL Method) ➢ (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)(𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑) = 𝑎𝑐𝑥 2 + 1
(𝑎𝑑 + 𝑏𝑐)𝑥 + 𝑏𝑑 b. √𝑓 = 𝑓
7
7

➢ (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦)(𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦) = 𝑎𝑐𝑥 2 + Radicals

(𝑎𝑑 + 𝑏𝑐)𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑑𝑦 2 If n is a positive integer that is greater than 1 and a is a real
Example: Perform the following using special product techniques. number then the expression 𝑛√𝑎 is called a radical. The symbol n is
1. (3𝑥 + 5) (3𝑥 − 5) = (3𝑥)2 − 52 = 9𝑥 2 − 25. called the index of the radical, a is called the radicand, and √ is a
2. (𝑥 + 𝑦)2 = (𝑥)2 + 2(𝑥)(𝑦) + (𝑦)2 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2
1 1 1 1
radical sign. The expression √𝑎 means the index is 2.
3. ( − 2𝑥)2 = ( )2 − 2 ( ) (2𝑥) + (2𝑥)2 = − 𝑥 + 4𝑥 2 Simplification of Radicals
4 4 4 16
Division. Let P and D be algebraic expressions. If P is divided by D, A radical expression is in simplest or simplified form if:
𝑃
where 𝐷 ≠ 0, then we call P the dividend and D the divisor ( ). 1. the radicand has no factor whose exponent is greater
𝐷
than or equal to its index;
Example: Perform the indicated operation and simplify.
10𝑥 5 −4𝑥 3 +20𝑥 2 2. there is no fraction in the radicand;
1. 3. the index of the radical can no longer be reduced; and
−2𝑥 2
10𝑥 5 −4𝑥 3 +20𝑥 2 10𝑥 5 4𝑥 3 20𝑥 2
Solution: = − + = −5𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 − 10 4. there is no radical appears in the denominator.
−2𝑥 2 −2𝑥 2 −2𝑥 2 −2𝑥 2
If the divisor consists of more than one term, use the “Long Division” Rationalizing the Denominator
method. Rationalizing denominator is the process of
Factoring Polynomials simplifying the radicand to get rid of the radicals in the
Factoring means separating it into two or more terms which denominator.
could be multiplied together to give the original polynomial. Example: Rationalize the denominator and simplify the
1. Factoring out the GCF following radicals.
Example: 1. 10𝑥 2 𝑦 3 − 8𝑥 3 𝑦 3 + 4𝑥 5 𝑦 4 = 2𝑥 2 𝑦 3 (5 − 4𝑥 + 1. √2 =
1 √1
=
1 √2
∙ √22 =
√2
.
2𝑥 3 𝑦). √2 √2 2

2. 27𝑎3 𝑏5 − 18𝑎9 𝑏3 + 81𝑎7 𝑏8 = 9𝑎3 𝑏3 (3𝑏2 − 2.

5
=
5
∙
√𝑥 5√𝑥
= √𝑥2 =
5√𝑥
√𝑥 √𝑥 √𝑥 𝑥
2𝑎6 + 9𝑎4 𝑏5 ).
Some Properties of Radicals
2. Factoring Special Products Let n be a positive integer greater than 1 and both a and b
Example: 1. 𝑥 2 − 16 = 𝑥 2 − 42 = (𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 − 4) are positive real numbers.
2. 4𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 + 1 = (2𝑥)2 + 2(2𝑥)(1) + 12 =
2
Properties Examples
(2𝑥 + 1)
1. √𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎
𝑛 3 3
3. Factoring by FOIL method √8 = √23 = 2
2. √𝑎𝑏 = 𝑛√𝑎 ∙ √𝑏
𝑛 𝑛 5 5 5 5
Example: 1. 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 24 = (𝑥 − 6)(𝑥 + 4) √160 = √32 ∙ 5 = √32 ∙ √5
5
2. 𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 − 5 = (𝑦 − 5)(𝑦 + 1) = 2√5
4. Factoring by Grouping
𝑛
𝑛 𝑎 √𝑎 4
3. √ = 𝑛
4 16 √16 2
Example: 1. 3𝑤 + 4𝑤𝑥 + 12𝑦 + 16𝑦𝑧 = (3𝑤 + 4𝑤𝑥) + 𝑏 √𝑏 √ = =
81 4√81 3
(12𝑦 + 16𝑦𝑧)
𝑚
= 𝑤(3 + 4𝑥) + 4𝑦(3 + 4𝑧) 4. √ 𝑛√𝑎 = 𝑚𝑛√𝑎 3
√ 2√729 = 6√729 = 3
= (3 + 4𝑥) + (𝑤 + 4𝑦)
Rational Expressions Operations with Radicals
A rational expression is a quotient of two polynomials. Example: 3, Addition and Subtraction. To add or subtract is like adding or
2
𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝑥 2 𝑦−5
. subtracting the coefficients of similar radicals. Making sure that the
𝑥 𝑥 5 𝑦+5𝑥𝑦
radicals are reduce or simplified to combine similar terms.
To simplify a rational expression, factor completely the numerator and
Example: Perform the indicated operations and simplify.
denominator and apply Law of Cancellation. For 𝑏, 𝑐 ≠ 0,
𝑎𝑐 𝑎 1. 5√𝑎 + 4√𝑎 = (5 + 4)√𝑎 = 9√𝑎.
= 2. √12 − 3√75 = √4 ∙ 3 − 3√25 ∙ 3 = 2√3 − 3 ∙ 5√3 =
𝑏𝑐 𝑏
Example: Simplify the following rational expression. 2√3 − 15√3 = −13√3.
1.
𝑥 2 −4𝑥 Multiplication and Division
𝑥 2 −16 𝑛
√𝑎
1. When indices are the same, use: 𝑛√𝑎 ∙ √𝑏 = √𝑎𝑏 𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝑛 𝑛
𝑥 2 −4𝑥 𝑥(𝑥−4) 𝑥 =
Solution: 𝑥 2 −16
=
(𝑥−4)(𝑥+4)
=
𝑥+4
. 𝑛
√𝑏
𝑛 𝑎
Operations on Rational Expressions √𝑏 , 𝑏 ≠ 0.
Multiplication and Division. To multiply or divide rational
2. When the indices are different, convert it to the radicals with
expressions, use the following properties: For 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑 ≠ 0,
the same indices using the LCD then apply the laws of
𝑎 𝑐 𝑎𝑐 𝑎 𝑐 𝑎 𝑑 𝑎𝑑
∙ = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ÷ = ∙ = , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑦. radicals.
𝑏 𝑑 𝑏𝑑 𝑏 𝑑 𝑏 𝑐 𝑏𝑐
Example: Perform as indicated and simplify. Example: Perform the indicated operations and simplify.
30𝑥 2 𝑦 16𝑥 5 𝑧 6 1. √32 ∙ √2 = √32 ∙ 2 = √64 = 8.
1. ∙ 1 1 2 5 1
12𝑥 3 𝑦 5 15𝑦5 𝑧 3
2.
5 10 10
√5 ∙ √2 = 55 ∙ 22 = 510 ∙ 210 = (52 ∙ 25 )10 = √25 ∙ 32 = √800
30𝑥 2 𝑦 16𝑥 5 𝑧 6 30∙16𝑥 7 𝑦𝑧 6 2∙3∙5∙2∙2∙2∙2𝑥 7−3 𝑧 6−3
Solution: 12𝑥3𝑦5 ∙ 15𝑦5 𝑧3 = 12∙15𝑥3𝑦10𝑧3 = 2∙2∙3∙3∙5𝑦10−1
= 3
3
√𝑥 2
2
𝑥3
4
𝑥6 6 𝑥4 6
3 1
3. 6
√𝑥 2 ÷ √𝑥 = 6 = 1 = 1 =√ = √𝑥 3 = 𝑥 6 = 𝑥 2 = √𝑥
2∙2∙2𝑥 4 𝑧 3 8𝑥 4 𝑧 3 √𝑥 𝑥6 𝑥6 𝑥
=
3𝑦 9 3𝑦 9