CHEMISTRY [41]

[42] PERIODIC TABLE

LECTURE - I
PERIODICITY
DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN PERIODIC TABLE :  Elements with similar properties occupied similar
positions on the curve.
(a) Dobereiner’s Triads :
 Alkali metals having larger atomic volumes
He arranged similar elements in the groups of
occupied the crests.
three elements called as triads , in which the
atomic mass of the central element was merely  Transitions elements occupied the troughs.
the arithmetic mean of atomic masses of other  The halogens occupied the ascending portions
two elements or all the three elements possessed of the curve before the inert gases.
nearly the same atomic masses.
 Alkaline earth metals occupied the positions at
Li Na K about the mid points of the descending portions
7 23 39 7+39 / 2 = 23 of the curve.

Fe Co Ni On the basis of these observations he concluded

that the atomic volumes (a physical property) of
55.85 58.93 58.71 nearly same
the elements are the periodic functions of their
atomic masses
atomic masses.
It was restricted to few elements, therefore
It was discarded as it lacks practical utility.
discarded.

(d) Mendeleev’s Periodic Table :

(b) Newland’s Law of Octave :
Mendeleev’s Periodic’s Law
He was the first to correlate the chemical properties
of the elements with their atomic masses. According to him the physical and chemical
properties of the elements are the periodic
According to him if the elements are arranged
functions of their atomic masses.
in the order of their increasing atomic masses
the eighth element starting from given one is He arranged then known elements in order of
similar in properties to the first one. their increasing atomic masses considering the
facts that elements with similar properties should
This arrangement of elements is called as
fall in the same vertical columns and leaving out
Newland’s law of Octave.
blank spaces where necessary.
Li Be B C N O F
This table was divided into nine vertical columns
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl called groups and seven horizontal rows called
K Ca periods.
This classification worked quite well for the Table-1
lighter elements but it failed in case of heavier
Periods Number of Elements Called as
elements and therefore, discarded
(1)st n = 1 2 Very short period
(2)nd n = 2 8 Short period
(c) Lother Meyer’s Classification : rd
(3) n = 3 8 Short period
th
(4) n = 4 18 Long period
He determined the atomic volumes by dividing
(5)th n = 5 18 Long period
atomic masses with their densities in solid states. (6)th n = 6 32 Very long period

He plotted a graph between atomic masses (7)th n = 7 19 Incomplete period

against their respective atomic volumes for a

The groups were numbered as I, II, III, IV, V, VI,
number of elements. He found the following
VII, VIII and Zero group
observations.
CHEMISTRY [43]

Merits of Mendeleev’s Periodic table:

 It has simplified and systematised the study of elements and their compounds.
 It has helped in predicting the discovery of new elements on the basis of the blank spaces given in its
periodic table.
Mendeleev’s predicted the properties of those missing elements from the known properties of the other
elements in the same group. Eka - aluminium and Eka-silicon names were given for gallium and germanium
(not discovered at the time of Mendeleev’s). Later on it was found that properties predicted by Mendeleev’s
for these elements and those found experimentally were almost similar.
Table-2

eka-aluminium gallium eka-silicon germanium

Proeprty
(predicted) (found) (predicted) (found)
Atomic Mass 68 70 72 72.6
Density / (g/cm3) 5.9 5.94 5.5 5.36
Melting point (K) Low 30.2 High 1231
Formula of oxide E2O3 Ga2O3 EO2 GeO2
Formula of chloride ECl3 GaCl3 ECl4 GeCl4

 Atomic weights of elements were corrected. Atomic weight of Be was calculated to be 3 × 4.5 = 13.5 by
considering its valency 3, was correctly calculated considering its valency 2 (2 × 4.5 = 9)

Demerits in Mendeleev’s Periodic Table : (e) Long form of the Periodic Table or

 Position of hydrogen is uncertain .It has been Moseley’s Periodic Table :

placed in lA and VIIA groups because of its He studied (1909) the frequency of the X-ray
resemblance with both the groups. produced by the bombardment of a strong beam
of electrons on metal target. He found that the
 No separate positions were given to isotopes.
square root of the frequency of X-rays (  ) is
 Anomalous positions of lanthanides and
directly proportional to number of effective
actinides in periodic table.
nuclear charge (Z) of metal i.e. to atomic number
 Order of increasing atomic weights is not strictly and not to atomic mass of the atom of that metal
followed in the arrangement of elements in the (as nuclear charge of metal atom is equal to
periodic table. For example Ar(39.94) is placed
atomic number), i.e.  = a (Z - b).
before K(39.08) and Te (127.6) is placed before
I (126.9). Where ‘a’ is the proportionality constant and ‘b’
is a constant for all the lines in a given series of
 Similar elements were placed in different groups
X-rays. Therefore, he, concluded that atomic
e.g. Cu in IB and Hg in IIB and similarly the
number was a better fundamental property of
elements with different properties were placed
an element than its atomic weight. He then
in same groups e.g. alkali metals in IA and
suggested that the atomic number (Z) instead of
coinage metals in IB.
atomic weight should be basis of the
 It didn’t explained the cause of periodicity. classification of the elements.
[44] PERIODIC TABLE

MODERN PERIODIC LAW  Each period ends with a noble gas with
outermost electronic configuration ns 2np 6
(MOSELEY’S PERIODIC LAW)
except helium having outermost electronic
Physical and chemical properties of the elements configuration as 1s2.
are the periodic functions of their atomic
 Each period starts with the filling of new energy
number. If the elements are arranged in order of
level.
their increasing atomic number, after a regular
interval, elements with similar properties are  The number of elements in each period is twice
repeated. the number of atomic orbitals available in energy
level that is being filled. For illustration.
Periodicity :  Ist period shortest period having only two
elements. Filling of electrons takes place in the
The repetition of the properties of elements after
first energy shell, for which, n = 1, l = 0 (s-
regular intervals when the elements are arranged
subshell) and m = 0.
in the order of increasing atomic number is called
periodicity. Only one orbital (1s) is available and thus it contains
only two elements.
Cause of Periodicity :The periodic repetition  3 rd period short period having only eight
of the properties of the elements is due to the elements. Filling of electrons takes place in the
recurrence of similar valence shell electronic third energy level. For which,
configurations after certain regular intervals. For
example, alkali metals have same valence shell n = 3,  = 0, 1, 2 and m = 0, 3, 5
electronic configuration ns1 , therefore, have
number of orbitals 1 3 5
similar properties.
(3s) (3p) (3d)
The long form of periodic table is the contribution
of Range , Werner, Bohr and Bury. ––––––––––––

This table is also referred to as Bohr‘s table since Total number of orbitals 9
it follows Bohr’s scheme of the arrangements of
elements into four types based on electronic But the energy of 3d orbitals are higher than 4s
configurations of elements. orbitals. Therefore, four orbitals (one 3s and
three 3p orbitals) corresponding to n = 3 are
The modern periodic table consists of horizontal
filled before filling in 4s orbital (next energy level).
rows (periods) and vertical column (groups).
Hence 3rd period contains eight elements not
eighteen elements.
Periods : There are seven periods numbered
as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7.
Groups :
 Each period consists of a series of elements
There are eighteen groups numbered as 1, 2, 3,
having same valence shell.
4, 5, ........... 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18.
 Each period corresponds to a particular principal
Group consists of a series of elements having
quantum number of the valence shell present in
similar valence shell electronic configuration.
it.
 Each period starts with an alkali metal having
outermost electronic configuration as ns1.
CHEMISTRY [45]
Table-3

p–Block Elements
S–Block Elements

1 18
IA VIII A

1 2
H
2 d –Block Elements 13 14 15 16 17
He
II A III A IV A VA VI A VII A
1.007 4.002
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
6.941 9.012 10.811 12.011 14.006 15.999 18.998 20.179
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
III B IV B VB VI B VII B VIII VIII VIII IB II B
22.98 24.30 26.981 28.085 30.973 32.006 35.452 39.948
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
39.08 40.078 44.959 47.88 50.9415 51.996 54.938 55.84 55.933 58.693 63.546 65.39 69.723 72.61 74.921 78.96 79.904 83.80
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
85.46 87.62 88.905 91.224 92.906 95.94 98 101.07 102.905 106.42 107.868 112.411 114.82 118.710 121.757 127.60 126.904 132.29
55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba La* Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
132.90 137.27 138.905 178.49 180.947 183.85 186.207 190.2 192.22 195.08 196.666 200.59 204.383 207.2 207.980 209 210 222
87 88 89 104 105 106 107 108 109 110
114
Fr Ra Ac** Rf Ha Sg Bh Hs Mt Uun
Uuq
223 226 227 261.11 262.114 263.118 262.12 265 266 269

Inner - Transition Metals (f-Block elements)

58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
*Lanthanides 140.115 140.907 144.24 145 150.36 151.965 157.25 158.925 162.50 164.930 167.26 168.934 173.04 174.967
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
**Actinides Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
232.038 231 238.028 237 244 243 247 247 251 252 257 258 259 260

CLASSIFICATION OF THE ELEMENTS  General electronic configuration is [inert gas] ns2

np1-6
It is based on the type of orbitals which receives
the differentiating electron (i.e., last electron).  p-block elements lie on the extreme right of the
periodic table.
(a) s-block elements
 This block includes some metals, all nonmetals
When shells upto (n – 1) are completely filled
and metalloids.
and the last electron enters the s-orbital of the
outermost (nth) shell, the elements of this class  s-block and p-block elements are collectively
are called s-block elements. called normal or representative elements.

 Group 1 & 2 elements constitute the s-block.

(c) d-Block elements
 General electronic configuration is [inert gas]
ns1-2 When outermost (nth) and penultimate shells
 s-block elements lie on the extreme left of the (n – 1) th shells are incompletely filled and
periodic table. differentiating electron enters the (n – 1) d orbitals
 This block includes metals. (i.e., d-orbital of penultimate shell) then elements
of this class are called d-block elements.

(b) p-block elements  Group 3 to 12 elements constitute the d-block.

When shells upto (n – 1) are completely filled  General electronic configuration is [inert gas]
and differentiating electron enters the p-orbital (n – 1) d1-10 ns1-2 (except, palladium which has
of the nth orbit, elements of this class are called valence shell electron configuration 4d10 5s0).
p-block elements.  All the transition elements are metals and most
 Group 13 to 18 elements constitute the p-block. of them form coloured complexes or ions.
[46] PERIODIC TABLE
 d-block elements are classified into four series 1. Ist inner transition or 4 f-series, contains 14
as given below. elements 58Ce to 71Lu. Filling of electrons takes
place in 4f subshell.
(i) Ist transition series i.e. 3d series contains 10
elements and starts from 21Sc – 30Zn. Filling of 2. IInd inner transition or 5 f-series, contains 14
electrons takes place in 3d sub-shell. elements 90Th to 103Lr. Filling of electrons takes
place in 5f subshell.
(ii) IInd transition series i.e. 4d series contains 10
elements and starts from 39Y – 48Cd. Filling of  The actinides and lanthanides have been placed
electrons takes place in 4d sub-shell. at the bottom of the periodic table to avoid the
undue expansion of the periodic table.
(iii) IIIrd transition series i.e. 5d series contains 10
elements and starts from 57La, 72Hf – 80Hg. Filling
of electrons takes place in 5d sub-shell. ILLUSTRATION-1:
(iv) IVth transition series i.e. 6d series contains 10 Elements A, B, C, D and E have the following
elements and starts from 89Ac, 104Rf – 112Uub. electronic configurations :
Filling of electrons takes place in 6d sub-shell
A : 1s2 2s2 2p1
(incomplete series).
B : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1

 Those elements which have partially filled d- C : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3
orbitals in neutral state or in any stable oxidation D : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5
state are called transition elements
E : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2
Which among these will belong to the same
(d) f-Block elements
group in the periodic table ?
When n, (n – 1) and (n – 2) shells are
Solution:
incompletely filled and last electron enters into f-
orbital of antepenultimate i.e., (n – 2)th shell, Out of these, elements A and B will belong to
elements of this class are called f-block elements. the same group of the periodic table because
General electronic configuration is (n – 2) f1-14 they have same outer electronic configuration,
(n – 1) d0-1 ns2 ns2 np1.

 All f-block elements belong to 3rd group.

NOMENCLATURE OF THE ELEMENTS WITH
 They are metals
ATOMIC NUMBER> 100 (IUPAC)
 Within each series, the properties of the elements
are quite similar. According to IUPAC, elements with atomic
number greater than 100 are represented by
 The elements coming after uranium are called
three letter symbols.
transuranium elements.
 These symbols are based on first letter of
 They are also called as inner-transition elements numbers from 0 to 9. The names of these number
as they contain three outer most shell are derived from Greek and Latin languages.
incomplete and were also referred to as rare earth
elements since their oxides were rare in earlier  The Latin words for various digits of the atomic
days. number are written together in the order of which
makes the atomic number and suffix ‘ium’ is
added at the end. In case of bi and tri one ‘i’ is
The elements of f-blocks have been classified into omitted.
two series.
CHEMISTRY [47]
Notation for IUPAC Nomenclature of Elements
Table-4

Digit Name Abbreviation

0 nil n
1 un u
2 bi b
3 tri t
4 quad q
5 pent p
6 hex h
7 sept s
8 oct o
9 enn e

Nomenclature of elements
Table-5

Atomic Number Name Symbol IUPAC Official Name IUPAC symbol

104 Unnilquadium Unq Rutherfordium Rf
105 Unnilpentium Unp Dubnium Db
106 Unnilhexium Unh Seaborgium Sg
107 Unnilseptium Uns Bohrium Bh
108 Unniloctium Uno Hassnium Hs
109 Unnilennium Une Meitnerium Mt
110 Ununnilium Uun Darmstadtium Ds
111 Unununium Uuu * *
112 Ununbium Uub * *
113 Ununtrium Uut +
114 Ununquadium Uuq * *
115 Ununpentium Uup +
116 Ununhexium Uuh +
117 Ununseptium Uus +
118 Ununoctium Uuo +

 Official IUPAC name yet to be announced +  The group is predicted from the number of
Elements yet to be discovered electrons in the valence shell or/and penultimate
 IUPAC recommended this nomenclature to be shell as follows.
followed until their names are officially (a) For s-block elements, Group number = the
recognised. number of valence electrons
(b) For p-block elements,
PREDICTION OF PERIOD, GROUP AND BLOCk Group number = 10 + number of valence
electrons
 Period of an element corresponds to the principal
quantum number of the valence shell. (c) For d-block elements,

 The block of an element corresponds to the type Group number = number of electrons in (n – 1)
of subshell which receives the last electron. d sub shell + number of electrons in valence shell.
[48] PERIODIC TABLE
ILLUSTRATION-2:  The metalloids comprise of the elements B, Si,
An element X with Z = 112 has been recently Ge, As, Sb and Te.
discovered. What is the electronic  Oxides of metalloids are generally amphoteric
configuration of the element ? To which group in nature.
and period will it belong ?
Solution: Typical elements :
(a) The electronic configuration of element X is  Third period elements are called as typical
[Rn]86 5f14 6d107s2 elements. These include Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl.
(b) It belongs to d-block as last electron enters in  The properties of all the elements belonging to a
d subshell. particular group resemble the properties of the
(c) As number of electrons in (n – 1)d subshell corresponding typical element of that group. For
and valence shell is equal to twelve i.e. 10 + example, the general properties of alkali metals
2. So it belongs to group 12. (IA) can be predicted from the properties of Na,
(d) It belongs to period 7 of the periodic table as not Li, the first member of the group.
principal quantum number of valence shell is  The properties of the elements of second period
7 (i.e., 7s2).
differ in the many respect belonging to the same
group due to the smaller atomic size and absence
Metals and nonmetals :
of vacant d-orbitals.
 The metals are characterised by their nature of
readily giving up the electron(s) and from Diagonal relationship :
shinning lustre. Metals comprises more than 78%
of all known elements and appear on the left Some elements of certain groups of 2nd period
hand side of the periodic table. Metals are usually resemble much in properties with the elements
solids at room temperature (except mercury, of third period of next group i.e. elements of
gallium). They have high melting and boiling second and third period are diagonally related
points and are good conductors of heat and in properties. This phenomenon is known as
electricity. Oxides of metals are generally basic diagonal relationship. For example, the similarity
in nature (some metals in their higher oxidation between lithium (the first member of group 1)
state form acid oxides e.g. CrO3). and magnesium (the second element in group
 Nonmetals do not lose electrons but take up 2) is called a diagonal relationship.
electrons to form corresponding anions. Diagonal relationship also exist between other
Nonmetals are located at the top right hand side pairs of elements Be and Al, B and Si as shown
of the periodic table. Nonmetals are usually in figure ;
solids, liquids or gases at room temperature with 2nd period Li Be B C
low melting and boiling points. They are poor
conductors of heatand electricity. Oxides of
nonmetals are generally acidic in nature.
3rd period Na Mg Al Si
Metalloids (Semi metals) :
Diagonal relationship arises because of ;
 It can be under stood from the periodic table
that nonmetallic character increases as we move (i) on descending a group, the atoms and ions
from left to right across a row. It has been found increase in size. On moving from left to right in
that some elements which lie at the border of the periodic table, the size decreases. Thus on
metallic and nonmetallic behavior, possess the moving diagonally, the size remains nearly the
properties that are characteristic of both metals same.
and nonmetals. These elements are called semi
(Li = 1.23 Å & Mg = 1.36 Å ; Li+ = 0.76 Å &
metals or metalloids.
Mg2+ = 0.72 Å)
CHEMISTRY [49]
(ii) it is sometimes suggested that the diagonal (f) Metallic bond in Li and Mg both are strong
relationship arises because of diagonal similarity compare to other alkali metals .
in electronegativity values. (g) Their melting and boiling points are high.
(Li = 1.0 & Mg = 1.2 ; Be = 1.5 & Al = 1.5 ; (h) By thermal disintegration of LiNO 3 and Mg
B = 2.0 & Si = 1.8) (NO3)2 ; Li2O and MgO is obtained respectively.
(iii) Be and Al also show a diagonal relationship. In (i) Thermal stability of Li2CO3 and Mg CO3 is very
this case sizes are not so close (Be2+ = 0.45 Å less compare to other alkali metals and they
and Al3+ = 0.535 Å but the charge per unit area liberates CO2 gas easily.
is nearly similar (Be2+ = 2.36 and Al3+ = 2.50)
because the charges are 2+ and 3+ respectively.  Similarly Be shows similarity to Al of IIIA group
compare to other elements of IIA group which
(ionic ch arg e) are as follows.
Charge per unit area =
4
..(ionic radius) (a) These both elements do not provide colour to
3
Bunsen burner.
 Similarities between properties of Li and Mg are
(b) They both are comparatively stable in air.
as follows.
(c) Both are insoluble in NH3 therefore do not form
(a) Li and Mg both reacts directly with nitrogen to blue coloured solution.
form lithium nitride (Li 3N) and magnesium
(d) There is no tendency of making peroxide and
nitride (Mg3N2) whereas other alkali metals of
superoxide by them.
IA group does not form nitride.
(e) Reducing power is very less due to low value of
(b) Fluoride carbonate and phosphate of Li and Mg
standard electrode potential in the form of
are insoluble in water whereas these compounds
oxidation potential.
of other alkali metals are soluble.
(f) The oxides and hydroxides of Be and Al both
(c) Li and Mg both are hard metals, whereas other
are amphoteric in nature.
metals of IA group are soft.
(d) LiOH and Mg(OH) 2 both are weak bases,
whereas hydroxides of other elements of IA
group are strong base.
[50] PERIODIC TABLE

ABHYAAS - I

NCERT QUESTIONS Q-11 What do you understand by isoelectronic

species? Name a species that will be isoelectronic
Q-1 How would you justify the presence of 18
with each of the following atoms or ions.
elements in the 5th period of the Periodic Table?
(i) F– (ii) Ar
(iii) Mg2+ (iv) Rb+
Q-12 What are the major differences between metals
Q-2 The elements Z = 117 and 120 have not yet been
and non-metals?
discovered. In which family / group would you
place these elements and also give the electronic
configuration in each case. Q-13 Write the general outer electronic configuration
of s-, p-, d- and f- block elements.

Q-3 What is the basic theme of organisation in the

periodic table? Q-14 Assign the position of the element having outer
electronic configuration

Q-4 Which important property did Mendeleev use to (i) ns2np4 for n=3
classify the elements in his periodic table and (ii) (n–1)d2ns2 for n=4, and
did he stick to that? (iii) (n–2) f7(n-1)d1ns2 for n=6, in the periodic
table.
Q-5 What is the basic difference in approach
between the Mendeleev’s Periodic Law and the Q-15 Predict the formulas of the stable binary
Modern Periodic Law? compounds that would be formed by the
combination of the following pairs of elements.
(a) Lithium and oxygen
Q-6 On the basis of quantum numbers, justify that
the sixth period of the periodic table should have (b) Magnesium and nitrogen
32 elements. (c) Aluminium and iodine
(d) Silicon and oxygen
Q-7 In terms of period and group where would you (e) Phosphorus and fluorine
locate the element with Z =114?
(f) Element 71 and fluorine

Q-8 Write the atomic number of the element present Q-16 In the modern periodic table, the period indicates
in the third period and seventeenth group of the the value of :
periodic table. (a) atomic number
(b) atomic mass
Q-9 Which element do you think would have been
(c) principal quantum number
named by
(d) azimuthal quantum number.
(i) Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
(ii) Seaborg’s group? Q-17 Which of the following statements related to the
modern periodic table is incorrect?
Q-10 Why do elements in the same group have similar (a) The p-block has 6 columns, because a maximum
physical and chemical properties? of 6 electrons can occupy all the orbitals in a p-
shell.
CHEMISTRY [51]
(b) The d-block has 8 columns, because a maximum Q-6 The electronic configuration of some elements
of 8 electrons can occupy all the orbitals in a d- are given below:
subshell. a. 1s2
(c) Each block contains a number of columns equal b. 1s2 2s2 2p6
to the number of electrons that can occupy that
In which group and period of the periodic table
subshell.
they are placed ?
(d) The block indicates value of azimuthal quantum
Q-7 What are the valence electrons ? For s-block and
number (l) for the last subshell that received
p-block elements show that number of valence
electrons in building up the electronic
electrons is equal to its group number.
configuration.

Q-8 Write the outer electronic configuration of the

STATE BOARD QUESTIONS following using orbital notation method. Justify.
Q-1 The lanthanides are placed in the periodic table
A. Ge (belongs to period 4 and group 14)
at
B. Po (belongs to period 6 and group 16)
(A) left hand side
C. Cu (belongs to period 4 and group 11)
(B) right hand side
(C) middle
(D) bottom Q-9 La belongs to group 3 while Hg belongs to group
Q-2 If the valence shell electronic configuration is 12 and both belong to period 6 of the periodic
ns2np5, the element will belong to table.
(A) alkali metals Write down the general outer electronic
(B) halogens configuration of the ten elements from La to Hg
together using orbital notation method.
(C) alkaline earth metals
(D) actinides
Q-3 In which group of elements of the modern
Q-10 Why the elements belonging to the same group
periodic table are halogen placed ?
do have similar chemical properties ?
(A) 17 (B) 6
(C) 4 (D) 2
Q-11 In modern periodic table, the period number
Q-4 Which of the atomic number represent the s- indicates the :
block elements ?
(A) atomic number
(A) 7, 15 (B) 3, 12
(B) atomic mass
(C) 6, 14 (D) 9, 17
(C) principal quantum number
Q-5 Which of the following pairs is NOT
(D) azimuthal quantum number
isoelectronic?
Q-12 Chlorides of two metals are common laboratory
(A) Na  and Na chemicals and both are colourless. One of the
metals reacts vigorously with water while the
(B) Mg 2 and Ne
other reacts slowly. Place the two metals in the
(C) Al 3 and B 3 appropriate block in the periodic table. justify
your answer.
(D) P 3 and N 3
[52] PERIODIC TABLE
Q-13 Outer electronic configurations of a few elements Q-15 How many elements are present in the 6th
are given below. period? Explain.
Explain them and identify the period, group and
block in the periodic table to which they belong.

2
He : 1s2, 54Xe : 5s25p6, 16S : 3s23p4,

79
Au : 6s15d10

Q-14 What is the subshell in which the last electron of

the first element in the 6th period enters ?

ABHYAAS - I (MCQs)
LEVEL - I
Q-1 Fill in the blanks: Q-4 Which of the following is/are Doeberiners triad-
a. According to Mandeleev’s the Physical and (i) P, As, Sb (ii) Cu, Ag, Au
Chemical properties of elements are the Periodic (iii) Fe, Co, Ni (iv) S, Se, Te
functions of ______________.
Correct answer is -
b. The Modern Periodic Table Verticle columns
(A) (i) and (ii) (B) (ii) and (iii)
called __________ and horizontal rows
called_________. (C) (i) and (iv) (D) All

c. Moseley’s Periodic law Physical and Chemical Q-5 Which of the following pairs of elements do not
properties of the elements are the periodic follow octave rule -
functions of their _____________. (A) Na, K (B) Ca, Sr
d. There are _____________ periods in long form (C) F, Cl (D) O, S
of periodic table and ____________ vertical Q-6 Atomic wt. or Cl = 35.5 and of I = 127.
columns. According to doeberiner triad rule,
e. The d-block elements are known as At. wt. of Br will be -
___________metals.
(A) 80.0 (B) 162.5
f. Modern periodic law was proposed by
(C) 81.25 (D) 91.5
____________.
Q-7 There are 10 neutrons in the nucleus of the
Q-2 Which of the following is not a Doeberiner triad element zM19. It belongs to -

(A) Li, Na, K (B) Mg, Ca, Sr (A) f-block

(C) Cl, Br, I (D) S, Se, Te (B) s-block

Q-3 Which of the following set of elements obeyes (C) d-block

Newland’s octave rule - (D) None of these
(A) Na, K, Rb Q-8 For Rb(Z = 37), points out the number of
(B) F, Cl, Br electrons present in L and N shells respectively -

(C) Be, Mg, Ca (A) 8 and 18 (B) 18 and 8

(D) B, Al, Ga (C) 8 and 8 (D) 2 and 8

CHEMISTRY [53]
Q-9 The number of elements in 5th and 6th period Q-13 The outer electronic configuration of Gd (Atomic
of periodic table are respectively - number: 64) is:
(A) 8, 18 (B) 18, 18
(A) 4f 3 5d 5 6s 2 (B) 4f 8 5d 0 6s 2
(C) 18, 32 (D) 18, 28
(C) 4f 4 5d 4 6s 2 (D) 4f 7 5d1 6s 2
Q-10 Atomic number of Ag is 47. In the same group
the atomic number of elements placed above Q-14 Which is not anomalous pair of elements in the
and below Ag will be - Medeleeves periodic table -
(A) 37, 67 (B) 29, 79 (A) Ar and K (B) Co and Ni
(C) 39, 69 (D) 29, 65 (C) Te and I (D) Al and Si
Q-11 According to the periodic law of elements, the Q-15 The places that were left empty by Mende leev
variation in properties of elements is related to were, for -
their (A) Aluminium & Silicon
(A) nuclear neutron-proton number ratios (B) Gallium and germinium
(B) atomic masses (C) Arsenic and antimony
(C) nuclear masses (D) Molybdenum and tungsten
(D) atomic numbers.
Q-12 Lanthanoids are
(A) 14 elements in the seventh period (atomic
number = 90 to 103) that are filling 5f sublevel
(B) 14 elements in the sixth period (atomic
number = 58 to 71) that are filling 4f sublevel
(C) 14 elements in the seventh period (atomic
number = 58 to 71) that are filling 4f sublevel
(D) 14 elements in the sixth period (atomic
number = 90 to 103) that are filling 4f sublevel
[54] PERIODIC TABLE

ANSWERS
NCERT QUESTIONS
2

Q-1 n  5,
 5  1  18 elements
2
Q-2 117  7th period, S–block, 17th Group
120  8th period, S–block, 2nd Group
Q-3 Atomic no. (Z)
Q-4 A+. mars (A), No.
Q-5 Mendeleev's Law  A+. mars
Modern Law  A+. no..
Q-6 6th period has 65, 4f, 5d, 6p, i–e
2 + 14 + 10 + 6  32
Q-7 7th Period, p-block , 14th Group
Q-8 Cl (chlorine), Z = 17
Q-9 (i) Lawrencium (Z = 103) (ii) Seaborgium (Z =106)

Q-10 Same no of valence e &

Q-11 Isoelectronic  Same no of e &

F    10e 
 Ne 
 K  
Ar   18e
Mg 2 
 N 3  
 10e
Rb   36e 
 Kr 

Q-12 metals Non-metals

tends to loose e– tends to gain e &

electro +ve electro – ve
good cond. of heat and electricity Poor cond. of heat and electricity
Lustrous Non - Lustrous
oxides are basic oxides are acidic
sonorous Non - sonorous
ductile  wires Non - ductile
Present left side of P.T. Present right side of P.T.
malleable sheets Brittle
Q-13 S block  ns1 2

P block  ns 2 np16

D block   n  1 d110 ns1 2

F block   n  2 f114  n  1 d 01ns 2
CHEMISTRY [55]
Q-14 3rd period, P-block, 16th group Sulphur
4th period, D-block, 4th group
6th period, F-block, 3rd group
Q-15 (a) Li 2 O (b) Ng 3 N 2 (c) AI 3 (d) SiO 2 (e) PF3 (f) LuF3
Q-16 (C) Principal quantum no. (n)
Q-17 (D) d-block  10 columns  maximum 10e– in

STATE BOARD QUESTIONS

Q-1 (D) Q-2 (B) Q-3 (A) Q-4 (B) Q-5 (C, D)
th st
Q-6 (a) 18 Group I period
(b) 18th Group IInd period

Q-7 No. of e & in valence shell

Q-8 (a)  Ar  4s 2 3d10 4p 2 (b)  Xe  4f 14 5d10 6s 2 6p 4 (c) 3d10 4s1

Q-9 57a   Xe  5d1 6 & 2 76Os   Xe  4f 14 5d 6 6 & 2

72Hf   Xe  4f 14 5d 2 6s 2 77Ir   Xe  4f 14 5d 7 6 & 2

73Ta   Xe  4f 14 5d 3 6s 2 78Pt   Xe  4f 14 5d 9 6 &1

74L   Xe  4f 14 5d 4 6 & 2 79Au   Xe  4f 14 5d10 6 &1

75 Re   Xe  4f 14 5d 2 6s 2 80Hg   Xe  4f 14 5d10 6 & 2

Q-10 Since they have same no of valence e & Q-11 (C)

Q-12 s-block  Metal hearts viguously with water
d-block  Metal hearts slowly with water
Colourless Since inner d-Subshell is completely filled.
Q-13 He  Ist Period, 18th Group, p-block,
Xe  5th Period, 18th Group, p-block,
S  3rd Period, 16th Group, p-block,
Au  6th Period, 11th Group, d-block,
Q-14 6S Q-15 2 + 14 + 10 + 6 = 32

LEVEL-I
Q-1 a. Atomic Mass/Atomic Weight b. groups, Periods c. Atomic Number
d. seven, eighteen e. transition f. Moseley Q-2 (B) Q-3 (C)
Q-4 (C) Q5 (B,C) Q-6 (C) Q-7 (D) Q-8 (C) Q-9 (C)
Q-10 (B) Q-11 (D) Q-12 (B) Q-13 (D) Q-14 (A) Q-15 (B)
[56] PERIODIC TABLE

LECTURE - II
THE PERIODICITY OF ATOMIC PROPERTIES Shielding constant for the last 2p electron,

(i) Effective nuclear charge : s = [(3 × 0.35) + (2 × 0.85)] = 2.75

Between the outer most valence electrons and So Zeff for last electron on N+ = 7 – 2.75 = 4.25
the nucleus of an atom, there exists number of
shells containing electrons. Due to the presence (ii) Atomic radius :
of these intervening electrons, the valence Probability of finding the electron is never zero
electrons are unable to experience the attractive even at large distance from the nucleus. Based
pull of the actual number of protons in the on probability concept, an atom does not have
nucleus. These intervening electrons act as shield well defined boundary. Hence exact value of the
between the valence electrons and protons in the atomic radius can’t be evaluated. Atomic radius
nucleus. Thus, the presence of intervening is taken as the effective size which is the distance
(shielding) electrons reduces the electrostatic of the closest approach of one atom to another
attraction between the protons in the nucleus and atom in a given bonding state.
the valence electrons because intervening
electrons repel the valence electrons. The concept Atomic radius can be
of effective nuclear charge helps in
(a) Covalent radius : It is one-half of the distance
understanding the effects of shielding on periodic
between the centres of two nuclei (of like atoms)
properties.
bonded by a single covalent bond as shown in
The effective nuclear charge (Zeff) is the charge figure.
actually felt by the valence electron. Zeff is given
x x
by Zeff = Z – s, (where Z is the actual nuclear
charge (atomic number of the element) and s is A B
the shielding (screening) constant). The value of
s i.e. shielding effect can be determined using
1
the Slater’s rules. rcov alent 
2
AB of element X 

ILLUSTRATION-3  Covalent radius is generally used for nonmetals.

What is the effective nuclear charge at the Single Bond Covalent Radius, SBCR
periphery of nitrogen atom when a extra electron (bond length) -
is added during the formation of an anion. (a) For homodiatomic molecules
Compare the value of Zeff when the atom is
ionized to N+. d AA
dA–A = rA + rA or 2rA so, rA =
2
Solution
(b) For heterodiatomic molecules in which
Ground state electron configuration of
electronegativity remains approximately same.
N(Z = 7) = 1s2 2s2 2p3
dA – B = rA + rB
Electron configuration of N– = (1s2) (2s2 2p4)
 For heteronuclear diatomic molecule, A–B,
Shielding constant for the last 2p electron, where difference between the electronegativity
s = [(5 × 0.35) + (2 × 0.85)] = 3.45 values of atom A and atom B is relatively larger,
 Zeff = Z – s dA – B = rA + rB – 9.0 
So Zeff for last p electron on N– = 7 – 3.45 This formula was given by Stevenson &
= 3.55 Schomaker. Electronegativity values are given
in Pauling units and radius in picometers.
Electron configuration of N+ = (1s2) (2s2 2p2)
CHEMISTRY [57]
Dc = X A – X B where X A and X B are  Vander Waal’s radius does not apply to metal
electronegativity values of high electronegative and its magnitude depends upon the packing of
element A and less electronegative element B. the atoms when the element is in the solid state.
Later on modified and more accurate formula
was proposed by Porterfield as given below ; Comparison of covalent radius and van

dA – B = rA + rB – 7.0 ()2 der Waal’s radius

 The vander Waal’s force of attractions are weak,
(b) Vander Waal’s radius (Collision radius) : therefore, the internuclear distances in case of
It is one-half of the internuclear distance between atoms held by van der Waal’s forces are much
two adjacent atoms in two nearest neighbouring larger than those of between covalently bonded
molecules of the substance in solid state as atoms. Therefore van der Waal’s radii are always
shown in figure. larger than covalent radii.
 A covalent bond is formed by the overlapping of
two half-filled atomic orbitals and in this a part
of the orbital becomes common. Therefore,
covalent radii are always smaller than the van
der Waals radii. For example,

Table-6

Elements H O F S Br
Covalent radius (Å) 0.37 0.66 0.64 1.04 1.11
van der Waal's radius (Å) 1.20 1.40 1.35 1.85 1.95

(c) Metallic radius (Crystal radius) :

It is one-half of the distance between the nuclei of two adjacent metal atoms in the metallic crystal lattice as
shown in figure.

 Metallic radius of an element is always greater than its covalent radius. It is due to the fact that metallic
bond (electrical attraction between positive charge of an atom and mobile electrons) is weaker than covalent
bond and hence the internuclear distance between the two adjacent atoms in a metallic crystal is longer
than the internuclear distance between the covalently bonded atom.
For example :
Metallic radius Covalent radius
K 231 pm 203 pm
Na 186 pm 154 pm
[58] PERIODIC TABLE
 THUS, THE COVALENT, VANDER WALL’S AND METALLIC RADIUS MAGNITUDE WISE
FOLLOWS THE ORDER,
RCOVALENT < RCRYSTAL < RVANDER WALLS

Table-7

Variation in a Period Variation in a Group

In a period left to right : In a group top to bottom :

Nuclear charge (Z) increases by one unit Nuclear charge (Z) increases by more than one unit

Effective nuclear charge (Z eff) almost remains constant

Effective nuclear charge (Z eff ) also increases because of increased screening effect of inner shells
electrons.

Number of orbitals (n) remains constant Number of orbitals (n) increases.

As a result, the electrons are pulled closer to the nucleus The effect of increased number of atomic shells
by the increased Zeff., rn  1 overweighs the effect of increased nuclear charge. As a
Z*
result of this the size of atom increases from top to
Hence atomic radii decrease with increase in atomic
bottom in a given group.
number in a period from left to right.

 The atomic radius of inert gas (zero group) is given largest in a period because it is represented as vander
Waals’s radius which is generally larger than the covalent radius. The vander Waal’s radius of inert gases
also increases from top to bottom in a group.
 In the transition series (e.g. in first transition series), the covalent radii of the elements decrease from left to
right across a row until near the end when the size increases slightly. On passing from left to right, extra
protons are placed in the nucleus and the extra electrons are added. The orbital electrons shield the nuclear
charge incompletely. Thus the nuclear charge attracts all the electrons more strongly, hence a contraction
in size occurs. The radii of the elements from Cr to Cu, are very close to one another because the successive
addition of d-electrons screen the outer electrons (4s) from the inward pull of the nucleus. As a result of
this, the size of the atom does not change much in moving from Cr to Cu.

Table-8

Element Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn

Atomic radius (Å) 1.44 1.32 1.22 1.18 1.17 1.17 1.16 1.15 1.17 1.25

 The elements of group 3 belonging to d-block show the expected increase in size as that found in case of s-block
and p-block elements. However, in the subsequent groups that is 4th onwards (upto 12th group), there is increase
in size between the first and second member, but hardly any increase between the second and third elements of
the given group. There are 14 lanthanide elements between lanthanum and hafnium, in which the antepenultimate
4f shell of electrons (exert very poor shielding effect) is filled. There is a gradual decrease in size of the 14
lanthanide elements from cerium to lutetium. This is called lanthanide contraction. This lanthanide contraction
cancels out the normal size increase on descending a group in case of transition elements.
CHEMISTRY [59]
(iii) Ionic radius :
The effective distance from the centre of nucleus of the ion up to which it has an influence in the ionic bond
is called ionic radius.
Table-9
Cation Anion
It is formed by the lose of one or more electrons It is formed by the gain of one or more
from the valence shell of an atom of an element. electrons in the valence shell of an atom
Cations are smaller than the parent atoms because, of an element.
(i) the whole of the outer shell of electrons is usually (i) anion is formed by gain of one or more
removed. electrons in the neutral atom and thus
(ii) in a cation, the number of positive charges on the number of electrons increases but magnitude of
nucleus is greater than number of orbital electrons nuclear charge remains the same.
leading to increased inward pull of remaining electrons (ii) Nuclear charge per electrons is thus reduced
causing contraction in size of the ion.. and the electrons cloud is held less tightly by the
nucleus leading to the expansion of the outer
shell. Thus size of anion is increased.

For example : Na (metallic radius 1.86 Å) Na+ (ionic radius 1.02 Å)

Number of electrons : 11 10
Number of protons : 11 11
Electronic configuration : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1 1s2 2s2 2p6

There is complete removal of one shell leading to decrease in size.

Cl (covalent radius 0.99 Å) Cl– (ionic radius 1.84 Å)
Number of electrons : 17 18
Number of protons : 17 17
So, there is reduction in effective nuclear charge and hence the electron cloud expands in case of Cl–.

 The sizes of ions increases as we go down a group (considering the ions of same charge).
For example :
Li+ (0.76) < Na+ (1.02) < K+ (1.38) < Rb+  (in Å)
Be2+ < Mg2+ < Ca2+ < Sr2+
F– < Cl– < Br – < I–
 The ionic radius decreases as more electrons are ionized off that is as the valency increases
e.g. Cr2+ = 0.80 Å, Cr3+ = 0.615 Å, Cr4+ = 0.55 Å, Cr5+ = 0.49 Å and Cr6+ = 0.44 Å.

 The d and f orbitals do not shield the nuclear charge very effectively .Therefore there is significant reduction
in the size of the ions, just after d or f orbitals have been filled completely. This is called a lanthanide
contraction. Atomic radii of Hf (Hf4+ = 0.71 Å) and Zr (Zr4+ = 0.72 Å), and Nb (Nb3+ = 0.72 Å) and Ta
(Ta3+ = 0.72 Å) are almost identical due to lanthanide contraction.
[60] PERIODIC TABLE
 The species containing the same number of ILLUSTRATION-5
electrons but differ in the magnitude of their Atomic radius of Li is 1.23 Å and ionic radius
nuclear charges are called as isoelectronic of Li+ is 0.76Å. Calculate the percentage of
species. For example, N3– , O2–, F–, Ne, Na+ , volume occupied by single valence electron in
Mg2+ and Al3+ are all isoelectronic species with Li.
same number of electrons (i.e 10) but different
Solution
nuclear charges of +7, +8, +9, +10, +11, +12
and +13 respectively. 4
Volume of Li = × 3.14 × (1.23)3
Within a series of isoelectronic species as the 3
nuclear charge increases, the force of attraction
= 7.79 Å (– Li = 1s22s1 )
by the nucleus on the electrons also increases.
As a result, the ionic radii of isoelectronic species 4
Volume of Li+ = × 3.14 × (0.76)3
decrease with increases in the magnitude of 3
nuclear charges. For example, as shown in figure.
= 1.84 Å (– Li+ = 1s2)
3+ 2+ + – 2– 3–
Al Mg Na F O N
 Volume occupied by 2s subshell
= 7.79 – 1.84 = 5.95 Å.
Ionic radii increase
 % Volume occupied by single valence electron

5.95
As effective nuclear charge decrease. i.e., 2s electron = ×100 = 76.4%
7.79
 Following are the examples of isoelectronic series
(i) S2–, Cl–, K+ , Ca+2 , Sc+3
ILLUSTRATION-6
(ii) SO2, NO3– , CO3 2–,
Select from each group the species which has
(iii) N2 , CO, CN–
the smallest radius stating appropriate reason.
(iv) NH3 , H3O+
(a) O, O–, O2– (b) P3+ , P4+ , P5+
 Pauling’s empirical formula for ionic radius 
Solution
1 (a) O is having smallest radius. Anion is larger than
nuclear ch arg e (only for isoelectronic species). its parent atom. Also the anion of the same
atom with higher negative charge is bigger in
size as compared to anion with smaller negative
ILLUSTRATION-4 charge as proton to electron ratio decreases thus
X – X bond length is 1.00 Å and C–C bond length attraction between valence shell electrons and
is 1.54 Å. If electronegativities of X and C are nucleus decreases. Hence electron cloud
3.0 and 2.0 respectively, then C–X bond length expands.
is likely to be ? (using Stevension & (b) The ionic radius decreases as more electrons are
Schomaker formula). ionized off that is as the valency increases. So
Solution the correct order is P5+ < P4+ < P3+.
rC–X = rC + rX – 0.09 

1.00 1.54 ILLUSTRATION-7

=  – 0.09 [ = 1]
2 2 Mg2+ is smaller than O 2– in size, though both
have same electronic configuration. Explain?
= 1.27 – 0.09 ;
Solution
Ans. C–X bond length = 1. 18 Å.
Mg2+ and O2– both are isoelectronic
CHEMISTRY [61]
i.e., have same number of electrons. But Mg 2+ (a) Size of the Atom :
having 12 protons in its nucleus exerts higher
Ionisation energy decreases with increase in
effective nuclear charge than O 2– having 8
atomic size.
protons and thus valence shell as well as inner
shells electrons are more strongly attracted by As the distance between the outer most electrons
the nucleus in Mg2+ resulting smaller size than and the nucleus increases, the force of attraction
O 2– . between the valence shell electrons and the
nucleus decreases. As a result, outer most
electrons are held less firmly and lesser amount
(iv) Ionisation Energy : of energy is required to knock them out.
Ionisation energy (IE) is defined as the amount For example, ionisation energy decreases in a
of energy required to remove the most loosely group from top to bottom with increase in atomic
bound electron from an isolated gaseous atom size.
to form a cation.

(IE1 )
M(g)   M+(g) + e– ; (b) Nuclear Charge :
The ionisation energy increases with increase
M+ (g) + IE2  M2+ (g) + e–
in the nuclear charge.
M2+ (g) + IE3  M+3 (g) + e–
This is due to the fact that with increase in the
st nd rd
IE1, IE2 & IE3 are the I , II & III ionization nuclear charge, the electrons of the outer most
energies to remove electron from a neutral atom, shell are more firmly held by the nucleus and
monovalent and divalent cations respectively. thus greater amount of energy is required to pull
out an electron from the atom.
In general, (IE)1 < (IE)2 < (IE)3 < ..............
because, as the number of electrons decreases, For example, ionisation energy increases as we
the attraction between the nucleus and the move from left to right along a period due to
remaining electrons increases considerably and increase in nuclear charge.
hence subsequent ionization energies increase.
 Ionization energies are determined from spectra (c) Shielding or screening effect :
and are measured in kJ mol–1, k Cal mol–1, eV
The electrons in the inner shells act as a screen
(electron volt).
or shield between the nucleus and the electrons
in the outer most shell. This is called shielding
 Factors Influencing Ionisation energy effect. The larger the number of electrons in the
inner shells, greater is the screening effect and
Variation in ionization energies in a period and
smaller the force of attraction and thus ionization
group may or not be regular and can be
energy (IE) decreases.
influenced by the following factors.
[62] PERIODIC TABLE
(d) Penetration effect of the electron : ILLUSTRATION-8
The ionization energy also depends on the type From each set, choose the atom which has
of electron which is removed. s, p, d and f the largest ionization enthalpy and explain
electrons have orbitals with different shapes. An your answer with suitable reasons.
s electron penetrates closer to the nucleus, and (a) F, O, N (b) Mg, P, Ar
is therefore more tightly held than a p electron.
Solution
Similarly p-orbital electron is more tightly held
than a d-orbital electron and a d-orbital electron (a) Fluorine (F) has the largest ionization enthalpy
is more tightly held than an f-orbital electron. If because in moving from left to right in a period,
other factors being equal, ionisation energies are atomic size decreases and electrons are held
in the order s > p > d > f. more tightly. Since F has the smallest size and
maximum nuclear charge. It has the largest
For example, ionisation energy of aluminium is
ionization enthalpy among these elements.
comparatively less than magnesium because
outer most electron is to be removed from 3p- (b) Argon (Ar) has the largest ionization enthalpy
orbital (having lesser penetration effect) in as argon has extra stable fully filled configuration.
aluminium
ILLUSTRATION-9
where as in magnesium it will be removed from
3s-orbital (having larger penetration effect) of First and second ionisation energies of
same energy level. magnesium are 7.646 eV and 15.035 eV
respectively. The amount of energy in kJ needed
to convert all the atoms of magnesium into Mg2+
(e) Electronic Configuration :
ions present in 12 mg of magnesium vapour will
If an atom has exactly half-filled or completely be ? [Given 1 eV = 96.5 kJ ml–1].
filled orbitals, then such an arrangement has
Solution
extra stability.
Total energy needed to convert one Mg atom into
The removal of an electron from such an atom
Mg2+ gas ion,
requires more energy then expected. For example,
= IEi + IEII = 22.681 eV = 2188.6 kJ mol–1.
first ionisation energy of beryllium is greater than
boron because beryllium has extra stable outer  12 mg of Mg = 0.5 × 10–3 mole.
most completely filled outer most 2s orbital while  Total energy = 0.5 × 10–3 × 2188.6
boron has partially filled less stable outer most = 1.0943 kJ Ans.
2p-orbital.
Be (Z = 4) 1s2 , 2s2 B (Z = 5) 1s2 , 2s2 , 2p1 ILLUSTRATION-10
Similarly noble gases have completely filled Following graph shows variation of ionization
electronic configurations and hence they have energies with atomic number in second period
highest ionisation energies in their respective (Li–Ne). Value of ionization energies of Na(11)
periods. will be –
 Metallic or electropositive character of elements
increases as the value of ionisation energy decreases.
 The relative reactivity of the metals in gaseous
phase increases with the decrease in ionisation
energy.
 The reducing power of elements in gaseous phase
increases as the value of ionisation energy
decreases. Amongst alkali metals, the lithium is
strongest reducing agent in aqueous solution.
CHEMISTRY [63]
(A) above Ne ILLUSTRATION-11
(B) below Ne but above O. M(g)  M+ (g) + e– ; H = 100 eV.
(C) below Li M(g)  M2+ (g) + 2e– ; H = 250 eV.
(D) between N and O. Which is/are correct statement(s) ?
Solution (A) IE1 of M(g) is 100 eV
Na is 3rd period element and is bigger than Li. (B) IE1 of M+ (g) is 150 eV.
The distance between the nucleus and outer (C) IE2 of M(g) is 250 eV.
most electron is more as compared to Li. Thus
(D) IE2 of M(g) is 150 eV.
the outer most electron is loosely bound with
nucleus and removal of electron is easier. So Solution
option (C) is correct. M(g)  M+(g) + e– IE1 of M
M+  M2+ + e– IE2 of M but IE1 of M+
M  M2+ + 2e– (IE1 + IE2).
Ans. (A,B,D)
[64] PERIODIC TABLE

ABHYAAS - II
NCERT QUESTIONS Q-10 How do atomic radius vary in a period and in a
group? How do you explain the variation?
Q-1 What would be the IUPAC name and symbol
for the element with atomic number 120?

Q-11 Consider the following species :

N3-, O2-, F-, Na+, Mg2+ and Al3+
Q-2 Considering the atomic number and position in
the periodic table, arrange the following elements (a) What is common in them?
in the increasing order of metallic character : Si, (b) Arrange them in the order of increasing ionic
Be, Mg, Na, P. radii.

Q-12 Explain why cation are smaller and anions larger

Q-3 Which of the following species will have the
in radii than their parent atoms?
largest and the smallest size?
Mg, Mg2+, Al, Al3+.
Q-13 What is the significance of the terms - ‘isolated
gaseous atom’ and ‘ground state’ while defining
Q-4 The first ionization enthalpy   i H  values of the the ionization enthalpy and electron gain
third period elements, Na, Mg and Si are enthalpy?
respectively 496, 737 and 786 kJ mol–1. Predict Hint : Requirements for comparison purposes.
whether the first  i H value for Al will be more
close to 575 or 760 kJ mol –1 ? Justify your
answer. Q-14 Energy of an electron in the ground state of the
hydrogen atom is -2.18  10-18J. Calculate the
Q-5 Which of the following will have the most ionization enthalpy of atomic hydrogen in terms
negative electron gain enthalpy and which the of J mol-1.
least negative? P, S, Cl, F. Hint: Apply the idea of mole concept to derive
Explain your answer. the answer.

Q-6 Using the Periodic Table, predict the formulas of Q-15 Among the second period elements the actual
compounds which might be formed by the ionization enthalpies are in the order
following pairs of elements; Li < B < Be < C < O < N < F < Ne.
(a) silicon and bromine Explain why
(b) aluminium and sulphur.
(i) Be has higher  i H than B

Q-7 Are the oxidation state and covalency of Al in (ii) O has lower  i H than N and F?
[AlCl(H2O)5] 2+ same ?
Q-16 How would you explain the fact that the first
ionization enthalpy of sodium is lower than that
Q-8 Show by a chemical reaction with water that of magnesium but its second ionization enthalpy
Na2O is a basic oxide and Cl2O7 is an acidic is higher than that of magnesium?
oxide.
Q-17 What are the various factors due to which the
Q-9 What does atomic radius and ionic radius really ionization enthalpy of the main group elements
mean to you? tends to decrease down a group?
CHEMISTRY [65]
Q-18 The first ionization enthalpy values (in kJ mol–1) Which of the above elements is likely to be :
of group 13 elements are : (a) the least reactive element.
B Al Ga In Tl
(b) the most reactive metal.
801 577 579 558 589
(c) the most reactive non-metal.
How would you explain this deviation from the
general trend? (d) the least reactive non-metal.
(e) the metal which can form a stable binary
Q-19 Describe the theory associated with the radius halide of the formula MX2(X=halogen).
of an atom as it
(f) the metal which can form a predominantly
(a) gains an electron stable covalent halide of the formula MX
(b) loses an electron (X=halogen)?

Q-20 Would you expect the first ionization enthalpies Q-24 Anything that influences the valence electrons
for two isotopes of the same element to be the will affect the chemistry of the element. Which
same or different? Justify your answer. one of the following factors does not affect the
valence shell?
Q-21 Use the periodic table to answer the following
(a) Valence principal quantum number (n)
questions.
(a) Identify an element with five electrons in the (b) Nuclear charge (Z )
outer subshell. (c) Nuclear mass
(b) Identify an element that would tend to lose (d) Number of core electrons.
two electrons.
(c) Identify an element that would tend to gain Q-25 The size of isoelectronic species — F–, Ne and
two electrons. Na+ is affected by
(d) Identify the group having metal, non-metal, (a) nuclear charge (Z)
liquid as well as gas at the room temperature.
(b) valence principal quantum number (n)
(c) electron-electron interaction in the outer
Q-22 The increasing order of reactivity among group orbitals
1 elements is Li < Na < K < Rb <Cs whereas (d) none of the factors because their size is the
that among group 17 elements is F > CI > Br > I. same.
Explain.
Q-26 Which one of the following statements is
Q-23 The first   i H1  and the second  iH 2  incorrect in relation to ionization enthalpy?
-1
ionization enthalptes (in kJ mol ) and the (a) Ionization enthalpy increases for each
  eg H  electron gain enthalpy (in kJ mol-1) of a successive electron.

few elements are given below: (b) The greatest increase in ionization enthalpy
is experienced on removal of electron from core
Elements H1 H 2  eg H noble gas configuration.
I 520 7300 –60
II 419 3051 –48 (c) End of valence electrons is marked by a big
III 1681 3374 –328 jump in ionization enthalpy.
IV 1008 1846 –295 (d) Removal of electron from orbitals bearing
V 2372 5251 +48 lower n value is easier than from orbital having
VI 738 1451 –40 higher n value.
[66] PERIODIC TABLE
Q-27 Considering the elements B, Al, Mg, and K, the Q-4 Define ionization energy. Name the factors on
correct order of their metallic character is : which ionisation energy depends? How does it
(a) B > Al > Mg > K vary down the group and across a period?

(b) Al > Mg > B > K

(c) Mg > Al > K > B Q-5 How the atomic size vary in a group and across
(d) K > Mg > Al > B a period? Explain with suitable example.

Q-28 Considering the elements B, C, N, F, and Si, the

correct order of their non-metallic character is: Q-6 Give reasons.

(a) B > C > Si > N > F (a) Alkali metals have low ionization energies.
(b) Inert gases have exceptionally high ionization
(b) Si > C > B > N > F
potential.
(c) F > N > C > B > Si
(c) Noble gases possess relatively large atomic
(d) F > N > C > Si > B size.

Q-7 The atomic radii of Cl, I and Br are 99, 133 and
STATE BOARD QUESTIONS 114 pm, respectively.

Q-1 For each of the following pairs, indicate which

of the two species is of large size : Q-8 The ionic radii of F  and Na  are 133 and 98
pm, respectively.
(a) Fe2+ or Fe3+
(b) Mg2+ or Ca2+ Q-9 Ionization enthalpy of Li is 520 kJ mol-1 while
that of F is 1681 kJ mol-1. Explain.
Q-2 Select the smaller ion form each of the following
pairs: Q-10 Why the second ionization enthalpy is greater
+ +
(a) K , Li than the first ionization enthalpy ?
(b) N3–, F–
Q-11 Consider the elements B, Al, Mg and K predict
Q-3 With the help of diagram answer the questions the correct order of metallic character :
given below: (A) B > Al > Mg > K
(B) Al > Mg > B > K
(C) Mg > Al > K > B
(D) K > Mg > Al > B

Q-12 The first ionization enthalpy values of Si, P and

C1 are 780, 1060 and 1255 kJ mo1 -1
respectively. Predict whether the first ionization
enthalpy of S will be closer to 1000 or 1200
kJ mol-1.

(a) Which atom should have smaller ionization Q-13 Identify the species having larger radius from the
energy, oxygen or sulfur? following pairs :

(b) The lithium forms +1 ions while berylium (i) Na and Na 

forms +2 ions ?
(ii) Na  and Mg 2
CHEMISTRY [67]

ABHYAAS - II (MCQs)
LEVEL - I
Q-1 Fill in the blanks Q-5 The correct order of size would be -

a. The element of smallest size in 3rd period is (A) Ni < Pd  Pt

___________. (B) Pd < Pt < Ni
b. The ionization enthalpy of nitrogen is
(C) Pt > Ni > Pd
___________ than that of oxygen.
(D) Pd > Pt > Ni
c. Ionic radius ___________ from top to bottom.
Q-6 Which group of atoms have nearly same atomic
radius -
d. Ca2+ has a smaller ionic radius than K+ because
it has _________. (A) Na, K, Rb, Cs
e. The element with highest value of first ionization (B) Li, Be, B, C
enthalpy is _________.
(C) Fe, Co, Ni
f. Metallic radius is __________ than the covalent
(D) F, Cl, Br, I
radius.
Q-7 In the ions P3–, S2– and Cl– the increasing
g. Amongest the elements Na, Mg and Al the
order of size is -
highest value of second ionization enthalpy is
of ________ (A) Cl– < S2– < P3–
h. Amongest the species Na+, Mg+ and Al+, the (B) P3– < S2– < Cl–
smallest size is of __________.
(C) S2– < Cl– < P3–
i. Among the ions Cl  , S 2 and K  the largest ion (D) S2– < P3– < Cl–
is _______ due to _______ nuclear charge.
Q-8 Which of the following has largest radius -
Q-2 The correct order of atomic size of C, N, P, S follows
(A) 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2
the order -
(B) 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p1
(A) N < C < S < P
(B) N < C < P < S (C) 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p3

(C) C < N < S < P (D) 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p5

(D) C < N < P < S Q-9 Arrange the elements in increasing order of
atomic radius Na, Rb, K, Mg -
Q-3 The ionic radii of N 3– , O 2– and F – are
respectively given by - (A) Na < K < Mg < Rb
(A) 1.36, 1.40, 1.71 (B) K < Na < Mg < Rb
(B) 1.36, 1.71, 1.40 (C) Mg < Na < K < Rb
(C) 1.71, 1.40, 1.36 (D) Rb < K < Mg < Na
(D) 1.71, 1.36, 1.40
Q-10 Which of the following sequences is correct for
Q-4 Arrange in the increasing order of atomic radii decreasing order of ionic radius -
of the following elements O, C, F, Cl, Br -
(A) Se–2 > I– > Br– > O–2 > F–
(A) F < O < C < Cl < Br
(B) I– > Se–2 > O–2 > Br– > F–
(B) F < C < O < Cl < Br
(C) F < Cl < Br < O < C (C) Se–2 > I– > Br– > F– > O–2

(D) C < O < F < Cl < Br (D) I– > Se–2 > Br– > O–2 > F–
[68] PERIODIC TABLE
Q-11 The order of size is - Q-15 Highest ionisation potential in a period is shown
(A) S–2 > Cl– > O–2 > F– by -

(B) Cl– > S–2 > O–2 > F– (A) Alkali metals
(B) Noble gases

(C) S–2 > O–2 > Cl– > F– (C) Halogens

(D) S–2 > O–2 > F– > Cl– (D) Representative elements

Q-12 Correct orders of Ist I.P. are - Q-16 In the formation of a chloride ion, from an
isolated gaseous chlorine atom, 3.8 eV energy
(i) Li < B < Be < C
is released, which would be equal to -
(ii) O < N < F
(A) Electron affinity of Cl–
(iii) Be < N < Ne
(B) Ionisation potential of Cl
(A) (i), (ii)
(C) Electronegativity of Cl
(B) (ii), (iii)
(D) Ionisation potential of Cl–
(C) (i), (iii)
Q-17 The element having very high ionization
(D) (i), (ii), (iii) enethalpy but zero electron gain enthalpy is-
Q-13 Ionisation energy increases in the order - (A) H (B) F
(A) Be < B < C < N (C) He (D) Be
(B) B < Be < C < N
(C) C < N < Be < B
(D) N < C < Be < B
Q-14 IP1 and IP2 of Mg are 178 and 348 K.cal mol–1.
The enthalpy required for the reaction
Mg  Mg2+ + 2e– is -
(A) + 170 K.cal mol–1
(B) + 526 K.cal mol–1
(C) – 170 K.cal mol–1
(D) – 526 K.cal mol–1
CHEMISTRY [69]

ANSWERS
NCERT QUESTIONS
Q-1 120 
 Unbinilium

Q-2 Na  Mg  Be  Si  P Q-3 Al 3  Mg 2  A  Mg

Q-4 Na  Mg  A  Si Q-5 C (Chlorine)

Q-6 (i) SiBry (ii) Al 2 S 3

Q-7 OXi. St. = +3
Covalency = 6

Q-8  NaOH  Basic 

Na 2 O  H 2O 

 HClO 4  Acidic 
Cl 2 O7  H 2 O 

Q-9 Atomic Radius  Distance from the centre of nucleus to the outermost shell containing the electrons
Ionic Radius  measure of an atom ion in a crystal lattice and which is a half distance from two ions
that are barely touching each other
Q-10 Down the Group, At radius of left to right, At. radius 

Q-11 Al 3  Mg 2  Na 2  F   O 2  N 3  
 sizetrse

Q-12 A  A  A
11e  10e  9e 
10P  10P  10P 

Q-13 Ground States  Lower energy state Isolated Gaseous Atom  Forces reduced by lowering pressuree

Q-14 I.E.  .E   E1  2.18  10181

18
I.E. per mole of x  atom  2.18  10  N A

Q-15 (i) Be  15 2 25 2  fully felled Orbital

(ii) N  half filled orbital

F  zeff  size1 I.  . 

I.E.2
Q-16 Na    Na   Mg 2
Mg  
2P 5 2P 4 2P 6 3 &1 2P 6

 Stable 

Q-17 Atomic Size, Shielding effect, Nuclear charge

Q-18 B  T  Ga  
A In

  " A " has smaller
Small size Poor shielding
of f-orbitals size, I.E.,
I.E.

Q-19 (a) E. Affinity (b) Ionisation Energy

[70] PERIODIC TABLE

Q-20 isotopes have Same no of e  I.E. will be Same

Q-21 (a) 7N (b) 12Mg (c) 8O (d) Group 17

Gas  C, 
 Metal
iquid  Br 

Iodine  Metal Solid

A+  Metal, Solid

Q-22  size  I.E.  Metallic ch.  Reortivity 

Li  Na  K  Rb  Cs 

Group 17 Fluorine 
 Smallest and most electro ve

 most reactiv
Q-23 (a) v (b) ii (c) iii
(d) iv (e) vi (f) i
Q-24 (C)
Q-25 (A)
Q-26 Orbital with lower ‘n’ are closer to nuclear
 difficult to remove e–
Q-27 (D)
Q-28 (C)

STATE BOARD QUESTIONS

Q-1 (a) Fe+2 (b) Ca+2 Q-2 (a) K+ > Li+ (b) N– 3 > F –
Q-3 (a) S

1e
(b) Li   Li152 fully filled stable (like he)


2e
4  15 2 25 2 
Be   Be 2 stable (like he)
Q-4 I.E. min. amount of energy required to remove one make from the outmost shell of an isolated gaseous
atom/ions
forton :- (i) nuclear charge
(i) shielding by other e &
(i) electronic cough
(i) penetration effect

  R  period  2egg  Size  I.E. 

T  B  Group  size  I.E. 


Q-5 In a Period e is added in smae shell and 2eff   size 

In a Group, e are added to next shell  size  Aes.
CHEMISTRY [71]

Q-6 (a) Alkali metal wants to loose le– to have e nic cough, as that of Noble gas  low I.E.
(b) Inert gases are very stable  remaining an e– requires very large I.E.
(c) Noble gas have large at. size
Due to complete outermost shell and pintu e–e– repulsion

 we consider van dere waals radius which is more than e nic and covalent radii

Q-7  e s and added to next shell
 atomic radii 

Q-8 F  Na 
10e 10e
9p 10p

Q-9 i 
 i   e  I.E. = 520 KJ/moj
15 2 251 1& 2

F 
 F   e I.E.  1681KJ mol
15 2 25 2 2P 5 115 2 25 2 2P 4

 F is more electronegative
 removing am e– from it requires more energy
Q-10 I.E. 2 > I.E.,  once the e is removed and A+ is formed the size  ses
 Force of attraction increases

 more energy is Required to remove Second e . Q-11 (D)

Q-12 16S  2,8,6 or 15 2 25 2P 6 3S 2 3P 4

15P  3S 2 3P 3  half filled stable  I.E., (S) < I. E., (P)

Q-13  25 2 2P 6 3S1  more shell

(i) Na  11e , 11P  

 25 2 2P 6  more size
Na   10e , 11P  

 25 2 2P 6 and 11P 
(ii) Na  

Na 2 
 25 2 2P 6 and 12P   7
 Smaller traders

LEVEL - I
Q-1 a. Chlorine b. larger c. increase d. higher nuclear charge e. helium.
f. larger g. Na h. Na+ i. S 2 , less
Q-2 (A) Q-3 (C) Q-4 (A) Q-5 (A) Q-6 (C) Q-7 (A)
Q-8 (A) Q-9 (C) Q-10 (D) Q-11 (A) Q-12 (D) Q-13 (B)
Q-14 (B) Q-15 (B) Q-16 (D) Q-17 (C)
[72] PERIODIC TABLE

LECTURE - III
(v) Electron Affinity : Endothermi c
O–(g) + e–(g)    O2– (g) ;
The electron gain enthalpy egH, is the change Ea = – 744 kJ mol–1 ;
in standard molar enthalpy when a
egH = 744 kJ mol–1
neutralgaseous atom gains an electron to form
an anion. An element has a high electron affinity if the
additional electron can enter a shell where it
X (g) + e– (g)  X– (g)
experiences a strong effective nuclear charge.
Electron gain enthalpy provides a measure of the
 Group 17 elements (halogens) have very high
ease with which an atom adds an electron to form
negative electron gain enthalpies (i.e. high
anion. Electron gain may be either exothermic or
electron affinity) because they can attain stable
endothermic depending on the elements.
noble gas electronic configuration by picking up
When an electron is added to the atom and the an electron.
energy is released, the electron gain enthalpy
 Across a period, with increase in atomic number,
isnegative and when energy is needed to add an
electron gain enthalpy becomes more negative
electron to the atom, the electron gain enthalpy
because left to right across a period effective
is positive.
nuclear charge increases and consequently it will
Although the electron gain enthalpy is the be easier to add an electron to a small atom.
thermodynamically appropriate term, much of
 As we move in a group from top to bottom,
inorganic chemistry is discussed in terms of a
electron gain enthalpy becomes less negative
closely related property, the electron affinity, Ea
because the size of the atom increases and the
of an element which is the difference in energy
added electron would be at larger distance from
between the gaseous atoms and the gaseous ions
the nucleus.
at T = 0.
 Noble gases have large positive electron gain
Ea = E (X, g) – E (X–, g),
enthalpies because the electron has to enter the
Electron affinity is conventionally defined as the next higher energy level leading to a very unstable
energy released when an electron is added to electronic configuration.
the valence shell of an isolated gaseous atom.
 Negative electron gain enthalpy of O or F is less
F + e–  F– Ea = 328 kJ mol–1 ; than S or Cl. This is due to the fact that when an
egH = – 328 kJ mol–1 electron is added to O or F, the added electron
Although the precise relation is egH = – Ea – goes to the smaller n = 2 energy level and
experiences significant repulsion from the other
5 5
RT, the contribution 2 RT is commonly electrons present in this level. In S or Cl, the
2
electron goes to the larger n = 3 energy level
ignored.
and consequently occupies a larger region of
A positive electron affinity indicates that the ion space leading to much less electron-electron
X– has a lower, more negative energy than the repulsion.
neutral atom X. The second electron gain
 Electron gain enthalpies of alkaline earth metals
enthalpy, the enthalpy change for the addition
are very less or positive because the extra electron
of a second electron to an initially neutral
is to be added to completely filled s-orbitals in
atom, invariably positive because the electron
their valence shells.
repulsion out weighs the nuclear attraction.
Exothermic
 Nitrogen has very low electron affinity because
O(g) + e–(g)    O– (g) ;
there is high electron repulsion when the
Ea = 140.9 kJ mol–1 ; incoming electron enters an orbital that is already
egH = – 140.9 kJ mol–1 half filled.
CHEMISTRY [73]
1 ILLUSTRATION-15 The amount of energy when million
 (i) Electron affinity 
Atomic size atoms of iodine are completely converted into I–
(ii) Electron affinity  Effective nuclear charge (zeff) ions in the vapour state according to the
equation, I (g) + e– (g)  I– (g) is 5.0 × 10–13 J.
1
(iii) Electron affinity  . Calculate the electron gain enthalpy of iodine in
Screening effect
terms of kJ mol–1 and eV per atom.
(iv) Stability of half filled and completely filled
Solution
orbitals of a subshell is comparatively more and
the addition of an extra electron to such an The electron gain enthalpy of iodine is equal to
system is difficult and hence the electron affinity the energy released when 1 mole of iodine atoms
value decreases. in vapour state are converted into I– ions.

5.0  10 –13  6.023  10 23

=–
ILLUSTRATION-12 10 6

Consider the elements N, P, O and S and = – 30.1 × 104 J = – 301 kJ.

arrange them in order of increasing negative Electron gain enthalpy of iodine in eV per atom
electron gain enthalpy. –301
= = –3.12.
Solution 96.5
Order of increasing negative electron gain
enthalpy is N < P < O < S. For detail refer text. ILLUSTRATION-16
Account for the large decrease in electron affinity
ILLUSTRATION-13 between Li and Be despite the increase in
Why do halogens have high electron gain nuclear charge.
enthalpies (i.e. –egH) ? Solution
Solution The electron configurations of Li and Be are
The valence shell electronic configuration of [He]2s1 and [He]2s2, respectively. The additional
halogens is ns2np5 and thus they require one electron enters the 2s orbital of Li but the 2p
electron to acquire the stable noble gas orbital of Be and hence is much less tightly
configuration ns2np6. Because of this they have bound. In fact, the nuclear charge is so well
strong tendency to accept an a d d i t i o n a l shielded in Be that electron gain is endothermic.
electron and hence have high electron gain
enthalpies. (vi) Electronegativity :
Electronegativity is a measure of the tendency
ILLUSTRATION-14 of an element to attract shared electrons towards
itself in a covalently bonded molecules.
Which will have the maximum value of electron
affinity Ox,Oy,Oz [x,y and z respectively are 0,–1 The magnitude of electronegativity of an element
and –2]? depends upon its ionisation potential &
electronaffinity.
(A) Ox (B) Oy
Higher ionisation potential & electron affinity
(C) Oz (D) All have equal.
values indicate higher electronegativity value.
Solution
 With increase in atomic size the distance between
Being neutral atom oxygen will have higher nucleus and valence shell electrons increases,
electron affinity as there is electrostatic repulsion therefore, the force of attraction between the
between additional electron and negative ion in nucleus and the valence shell electrons decreases
case of O– and O2–. So option (A) is correct. and hence the electronegativity values also decrease.
[74] PERIODIC TABLE
 With increase in nuclear charge force of Hence with increase in the oxidation state of
attraction between nucleus and the valence shell element, its electronegativity also increases.
electrons increases and, therefore, Charge on cation  electronegativity of the atom.
electronegativity value increases
 The electronegativity also increases as the s-
 In higher oxidation state, the element has higher character in the hybrid orbitals increases.
magnitude of positive charge.
Hybrid orbital sp3 sp2 sp
Thus, due to more positive charge on element, it
s-character 25% 33% 50%
has higher polarising power.

Electronegativity increases
Table-10

Variation of electronegativity in a group Variation of electronegativity in a period

On moving down the groups, Z increases but Zeff While moving across a period left to right, Z,
almost remains constant, number of shells (n) Zeff increases & r n decreases. Therefore,
increases, r n (atomic radius) increases. Therefore, electronegativity increases along a period. `
electronegativity decreases moving down the
groups.

There is no direct method to measure the value Paulings’s electronegativity P is related to

of electronegativity, however, there are some Mulliken’s electronegativity M as given below.
scales to measure its value.
P = 1.35 (M)1/2 – 1.37

(a) Pauling’s scale : Linus Pauling developed a Mulliken’s values were about 2.8 times larger
method for calculating relative electronegativities than the Pauling’s values.
of most elements. According to Pauling
 = XA – XB (c) Allred–Rochow’s Electronegativity (AR):
Allred and Rochow defined electronegativity as
= O.208 E.A  B  E A  A  E B  B
the force exerted by the nucleus of an atom on
EA-B = Bond enthalpy/ Bond energy of A – B its valence electrons :
bond.
0.359 Z effective
EA - A = Bond energy of A – A bond AR = + 0.744
r2
EB –B = Bond energy of B – B bond
(All bond energies are in kcal / mol) where Zeffective is the effective nuclear charge and
r the covalent radius in Å.
 = XA – XB = O.1017 E.A  B  E A  A  E B  B
35.90 Zeffective
All bond energies are in kJ / mol. or 0.744 +
(r / pm)2

(b) Mulliken’s scale : Electronegativity  (chi)  According to the Allred-Rochow definition,

can be regarded as the average of the ionisation elements with high electronegativity are those
energy (IE) and the electron affinity (EA) of an with high effective nuclear charge and the small
atom (both expressed in electron volts). covalent radius. Such elements lie close to
IE  EA fluorine.
M =
2
CHEMISTRY [75]
Application of Electronegativity : ILLUSTRATION-17
(a) Nomenclature : Calculate the electronegativity of carbon from
Compounds formed from two nonmetals are the following data :
called binary compounds. Name of more EH–H = 104.2 kcal mol–1 ,
electronegative element is written at the end and
EC–C = 83.1 kcal mol–1
‘ide’ is suffixed to it. The name of less
electronegative element is written before the EC–H = 98.8 kcal mol–1| , XH = 2.1
name of more electronegative element of the Solution
formula. For example - Let the electronegativity of carbon be X C ,
Correct formula Name applying Pauling equation,
(a) I+ Cl– Iodine chloride 1
XC–XH = 0.208 [EC–H – (EC-C + EH–H)]1/2
(b) Cl+ F– Chlorine fluoride 2
+
(c) Br Cl –
Bromine chloride X
1
C– 2.1 = 0.208 [98.8 – (83.1 + 104.2)]1/2
(d) IBr Iodine bromide 2
 X = 2.5 Ans. 2.5
(e) OF2 Oxygen difluoride C

(f) Cl2O Dichlorine oxide

ILLUSTRATION-18
(b) Metallic and Nonmetallic Nature : If electronegativity of x be 3.2 and that of y be
Generally values of electronegativity of metallic 2.2, the percentage ionic character of xy is –
elements are low, whereas electronegativity (A) 19.5 (B) 18.5
values of nonmetals are high.
(C) 9.5 (D) 29.5.

(c) Partial Ionic Character in Covalent Solution

bonds: ENx – ENy = 3.2 – 2.2 = 1.
Partial ionic characters are generated in covalent D=1
compounds by the difference of electro- [D = difference of electronegativity values
negativities. between x and y].
Hanney and Smith calculated percentage of % ionic character = 16 + 3.52 = 19.5.
ionic character from the difference of Ans. (A)
electronegativity.
Percentage of ionic character
ILLUSTRATION-19
= 16(XA – XB) + 3.5(XA – XB)2
Which of the following relation is correct ?
= 16 + 3.52
(A) 2 IP – E.A. – EN = 0
= (0.16 + 0.0352) × 100
(B) 2EN – IP – EA = 0
XA is electronegativity of element A (Higher)
XB is electronegativity of element B (Lower) (C) 2EA – IP – EA = 0

 = XA – XB (D) EN – IP – EA = 0
Solution
(d) Bond Strength & Stability : On Mulliken’s scale :
As the difference in the electronegativities between
I.P.  E.A.
two bonded atoms in a molecule increases, the E.N. =
2
bond strength and stability increase. For example
H–F > H–Cl > H–Br > H–I 2E.N. – I.P. – E.A. = 0 Ans. (B)
[76] PERIODIC TABLE
(vii) Periodicity of Valence or Oxidation States: (except noble gases which having completely filled
The valence of representative elements is usually shells have rather positive electron gain enthalpy
(though not necessarily) equal to the number of values). This results in high chemical reactivity at
electrons in the outermost orbitals and / or equal the two extremes and the lowest in the centre.
to eight minus the number of outermost electrons. Thus, the maximum chemical reactivity at the
Nowadays the term oxidation state is frequently extreme left (among alkali metals) is shown by
the loss of an electron leading to the formation of
used for valence.
cation and at the extreme right (among halogens)
Consider the two oxygen containing compounds: shown by the gain of an electron forming an
OF2 and Na2O. The order of electronegativity of anion. The loss and gain of electron can be related
the three elements involved in these compounds with the reducing and oxidizing behaviour of the
is F > O > Na. Each of the atoms of fluorine, elements respectively. However, it can also be
with outer electronic configuration 2s22p5, shares directly related to the metallic and nonmetallic
one electron with oxygen in the OF2 molecule. character of elements. Thus, the metallic character
Being highest electronegative element, fluorine of an element, which is highest at the extremely
is given oxidation state –1. Since there are two left decreases and the nonmetallic character
fluorine atoms in this molecule, oxygen with increases while moving from left to right across
outer electronic configuration 2s22p4 shares two the period. The chemical reactivity of an element
electrons with fluorine atoms and thereby exhibits can be best understood by its reactions with
oxidation state +2. In Na2O, oxygen being more oxygen and halogens. Elements on two extremes
electronegative accepts two electrons, one from of a period easily combine with oxygen to form
each of the two sodium atoms and thus, shows oxides. The normal oxide formed by the element
oxidation state –2. On the other hand sodium on extreme left is the most basic (e.g. Na2O),
with electronic configuration 3s 1 loses one whereas that formed by the element on extreme
electron to oxygen and is given oxidation state right is the acidic (e.g. Cl2O7). Oxides of elements
+1. Thus, the oxidation state of an element in a in the centre are amphoteric (e.g. Al2O3, As2O3)
particular compound can be defined as the or neutral (e.g., CO, NO, N2O). Amphoteric
charge acquired by its atom on the basis of oxides behave as acidic with bases and as basic
electronegative consideration from other atoms with acids, whereas neutral oxides have no acidic
in the molecule. or basic properties.
There are many elements which exhibit variable In general, metallic oxides (O2–), peroxides (O22–)
valence. This is particularly characteristic of and super oxides (O21–) are ionic solids.
transition elements and actinoids. The tendency of group IA metals (alkali metals)
to form oxygen rich compounds increases from
(viii) Periodic Trends and Chemical Reactivity: top to bottom i.e. with increasing cation radii
As the periodicity is related to electronic and decreasing charge density on the metal ion.
configuration, all chemical and physical IIA metals also show the similar trend. Except
properties are a manifestation of the electronic Be, the IIA metals react with oxygen at normal
configuration of elements. conditions to form normal ionic oxides and at
high pressure of O2, they form peroxides (CaO2,
The atomic and ionic radii, as we know, generally
SrO2, BaO2). Oxides of metals are called as basic
decrease in a period from left to right. As a
anhydrides as most of them combine with water
consequence, the ionization enthalpies generally
forming hydroxides with no change in oxidation
increase (with some exceptions) and electron
state of metals.
gain enthalpies become more negative across a
period. In other words, the ionization enthalpy Oxides of IA and IIA dissolve in water forming
of the extreme left element in a period is the least basic solutions where as other oxides do not
and the electron gain enthalpy of the element dissolve in water.
on the extreme right is the highest negative Na2O + H2O  2NaOH
CHEMISTRY [77]
Oxygen combines with many nonmetals to form In a particular group, the increase in atomic and
covalent oxides such as CO, CO2, SO2, SO3, ionic radii with increase in atomic number
P4O10, Cl2O7 etc. Nonmetals with limited supply generally results in a gradual decrease in
of oxygen usually form oxides in which ionization enthalpies and a regular decrease
nonmetals are present in lower oxidation states (with exception in some third period elements)
where as with excess of oxygen, oxides with in electron gain enthalpies in the case of main
higher oxidation state are formed. Oxides of group elements. Thus the metallic character
nonmetals are called as acid anhydrides as most increases down the group and nonmetallic
of them dissolve in water forming acids or oxy- character decreases. This trend can be correlated
acids. with their reducing and oxidizing property.
P4O10 + 6H2O  4H3PO4; SO3 + H2O In the case of transition elements, however, a
reverse trend is observed. This can be explained
 H2SO4 ; Cl2O7 + H2O  2HClO4 .
in terms of atomic size and ionization enthalpy
 In a group, basic nature of oxides increases or as shown in figure.
acidic nature decreases. Oxides of the metals
are generally basic and oxides of the nonmetals
Electron Gain Enthalpy
are acidic. The oxides of the metalloids are

Electron Gain Enthalpy

generally amphoteric in nature. The oxides of Ionization Enthalpy

Ionization Enthalpy
Electronega tivity

Be, Al, Zn, Sn, As, Pb and Sb are amphoteric. Atom ic Radius

 In a period the nature of the oxides varies from lic charac

ter
non meta r
basic to acidic. characte
metalic

Na2O MgO Al2O3 SiO2

Atomic Radius
Strongly basic Basic Amphoteric Electronegativity

P4O10 SO3 Cl2O7

Weakly acidic Acidic Strongly acidic ILLUSTRATION-20
 Oxides of the elements E in H2O produce EOH. Arrange the following in decreasing basic nature
If electronegativities of E and O is greater than LiOH, NaOH, KOH, CsOH.
that of H and O in H2O then EOH is basic due Solution
to the formation of OH–.
The basic nature of hydroxides of elements of
+ –
E—O—H + H2O  [EOH2] + OH group 1st increases on descending the group with
If electronegativities of E and O is less than that increase in size of cation as CsOH > RbOH >
of H and O in H2O then EOH is acidic due to KOH > NaOH > LiOH.
the formation of H3O+.
E—O—H + H2O  H3O+ + EO– ILLUSTRATION-21
Across the 3d-series from left to right, the change Arrange the following compounds in increasing
in atomic radii is much smaller as compared to order of acidic strength Al2O3, SiO2, P2O3 and
those of representative elements. The change in SO 2.
atomic radii is still smaller among inner-
Solution
transition metals (4ƒ series). The ionization
enthalpies of transition metals are intermediate Along the period acidity of oxides increases as
between those of s- and p-blocks. As a result, the electronegativity difference between element
they are less electropositive than group 1 and 2 and oxygen decreases.
metals. Ans. Al2O3 < SiO2 < P2O3 < SO2.
[78] PERIODIC TABLE

ABHYAAS - III
NCERT QUESTIONS Q-4 Consider the oxides Li2O, CO2, B2O3.

Q-1 Which of the following pairs of elements would (a) Which oxide would you expect to be the most
have a more negative electron gain enthalpy? basic?

(i) O or F (b) Which oxide would be the most acidic?

(ii) F or Cl (c) Give the formula of an amphoteric oxide.

Q-5 Write the chemical equations for reaction, if any,
of
Q-2 Would you expect the second electron gain
enthalpy of O as positive, more negative or less (i) Na2O and
negative than the first? Justify your answer. (ii) Al2O3 with HCl and NaOH both.
Correlate this with the position of Na and Al in
the periodic table, and infer whether the oxides
Q-3 What is the basic difference between the terms are basic, acidic or amphoteric.
electron gain enthalpy and electronegativity?
Q-6 The elements Li, Be, B, C, Be and N have the
electronegativities 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0,
Q-4 How would you react to the statement that the respectively on the Pauling scale.
electronegativity of N on Pauling scale is 3.0 in
all the nitrogen compounds? Q-7 Al is a metal, Si is a metalloid and P is a
13 14 15
nonmetal.
Q-5 Considering the elements F, Cl, O and N, the
correct order of their chemical reactivity in terms Q-8 Cu forms coloured salts while Zn forms colourless
of oxidizing property is : salts.
(a) F > Cl > O > N
(b) F > O > Cl > N Q-9 Explain : electronegativity and electron gain
(c) Cl > F > O > N enthalpy. Which of the two can be measured
experimentally?
(d) O > F > N > Cl

Q-10 Ge, S and Br belong to the groups 14, 16 and

STATE BOARD QUESTIONS 17, respectively. Predict the empirical formulae
Q-1 Define : of the compounds those can be formed by
(a) Ionic radius (i) Ge and S, (ii) Ge and Br.
(b) Electronegativity
Q-11 Identify the element with more negative value of
Q-2 Compare chemical properties of metals and non electron gain enthalpy from the following pairs.
metals. Justify.
(i) C1 and Br

Q-3 Fluorine has less electron affinity than chlorine. (ii) F and O
CHEMISTRY [79]

ABHYAAS - III (MCQs)

LEVEL - I
Q-1 Fill in the blanks: Q-6 Which of the following configuration will have
a. The most electropositive element in first period least electron affinity -
is ___________ whereas the most (A) ns2np5 (B) ns2np2
electronegative element is ____________ . (C) ns2np3 (D) ns2np4
b. Metallic character _________ from top to bottom
in a group. Q-7 Correct order of electronegativity of N, P, C and
Si is -
c. Oxidation state of the noble gases is generally
__________. (A) N < P < C < Si

d. The electronegativity is the property of an atom (B) N > C > Si > P

in ________ state. (C) N = P > C = Si
e. The energy released when an electron is added (D) N > C > P > Si
to a neutral gaseous atom is called ________ of
the atom. Q-8 Outermost electronic configuration of the most
electronegative element is -
f. In boron family, down the group,
electronegativity first ________ from B to Al (A) ns 2 np3 (B) ns 2 np6
and then_______ marginally-because of
(C) ns 2 (D) ns 2 np5
discrepancies in atomic size of the elements
Q-2 The correct order of electron affinity is - Q-9 Electronegativity of the following elements
(A) Be < B < C < N increases in the order -

(B) Be < N < B < C (A) O < N < S < P

(C) N < Be < C < B (B) P < S < N < O

(D) N < C < B < Be (C) P < N < S < O

(D) S < P < N < O
Q-3 In the process Cl(g) + e–  Cl–(g), H is-
H
Q-10 Which one of the following is incorrect ?
(A) Positive (B) Negative
(A) An element which has high electronegativity
(C) Zero (D) None always has high electron gain enthalpy
(B) Electron gain enthalpy is the property of an
Q-4 Second electron affinity of an element is -
isolated atom
(A) Always exothermic
(C) Electronegativity is the property of a bonded
(B) Endothermic for few elements
atom
(C) Exothermic for few elements
(D) Both electronegativity and electron gain
(D) Always endothermic enthalpy are usually directly related to
nuclear charge and inversely related to
Q-5 The electron affinity values for the halogens
atomic size
shown the following trend -
1 2 3 4 5
(A) F < Cl > Br > I Q-11 H C  C C H  C H  C H 3 Which carbon atom
(B) F < Cl < Br < I will show minimum electronegativity -
(C) F > Cl > Br > I (A) Fifth (B) Third
(D) F < Cl > Br < I (C) First (D) Second
[80] PERIODIC TABLE
Q-12 Which of the following has the highest electron 
Q-15 Give the decreasing order of  eg H of the
gain enthalpy. Give reasons.
following elements: B, C, N, O.
2 3
(A)  N e  3 s 3 p

2 4 Q-16 Calculate the percentage of ionic character in

(B)  N e  3 s 3 p
Cs-Cl bond in CsCl molecule. The
2 5 electronegatively values of Cs and Cl are 0.7 and
(C)  N e  3 s 3 p
3.0 respectively.
2 6
(D)  N e  3 s 3 p
Q-17 The ionic resonance energy of C-H bond is
Q-13 Arrange the elements with the following  6.0 kcal mol 1 . The EN of H is 2.1. Calculate
electronic configuration of valence electron in
decreasing order of valence e–. EN of carbon? Given :  C H  6.0 kcal mol 1

(A) 3 s 2 3 p 4 (B) 2 s 2 2 p 4

(C) 2 s 2 2 p 3 (D) 2 s 2 2 p 5

Q-14 Which one of the following pairs has higher

 eg H  ?

 
(A) S ,O (B) N ,P

 
(C) S , O (D) O ,S
CHEMISTRY [81]
ANSWERS

NCERT QUESTIONS
Q-1 (i) F  0 (ii) Cl  F

Q-2  O 26
O 5 
2P 2P


 on adding e more force of repulsion
 Energy is absorbed (+ve)

Q-3 E  gain enthalphy is tenderly of an isolated atom in it’s gaseous state to accept an additional e to form a
–ve con.

Eleetsovity is the tendencyofan atomto attract the Shared pair of e & towards it in a covalent bond. It Is
the prop. of atoms in molecules.
Q-4 Electronegativity is different in different compounds.
 The Statement is wrong ex ! NH3 and NO2
Q-5 (B)

STATE BOARD QUESTIONS

Q-1 (a) Ionic radius is the distance bfore the nucleus and e in the outermost shell an con.


(b) Electivity is the tendency of an atom to attract the shared pair of e & towards it in a covalent
bond. It is the prop. of atoms in molecules.

Q-2 metals Non-metals

tends to loose e– tends to gain e &

electro +ve electro – ve
good cond. of heat and electricity Poor cond. of heat and electricity
Lustrous Non - Lustrous
oxides are basic oxides are acidic
sonorous Non - sonorous
ductile  wires Non - ductile
Present left side of P.T. Present right side of P.T.
malleable sheets Brittle

Q-3  F is smaller in size

 inter electronic repulsion are present

 E. A. 

Q-4 (a) Li 2 O (b) CO 2 (c) Al 2 O 3

[82] PERIODIC TABLE
Q-5 (i) Na2O + 2HCl  2NaC1 + H2O
Na2O + NaOH  No reaction
As Na2O reacts with an acid to form salt and water it is a basic oxide. This is because Na is a
reactive metal lying on the extreme left of the periodic table.
(ii) Al2O3 + 6HCI  2AlCl3 + 3H2O

Al 2O3 2NaOH  2Na AlO2 + H2O

As Al2O3 reacts with an acid as well as base to form a salt and water. It is an amphoteric oxide. Al
is a moderately reactive element lying in the centre of main group elements in the periodic table.

Li Be B C N
Q-6  electronegativity

1 1.5 2 2.5 3

Q-7 Al Si P
Metal Metalloid Non-metal
 2,8, 3   2,8, 4   2,8,5 

Q-8 Cu 2  3d 9 Cu 2  3d10
Li 1unpaired – Li No unpaired e–
 d – d transition in parts colour  Colourles
Q-9 Electron Gain enthalpy  is measured expt. in KJ/mol or ev/atom
Q-10 (i) Ge S2 (ii) Ge Br4
Q-11 (i) C (ii) F

LEVEL - I
Q-1 a. hydrogen also hydrogen b. increase c. zero
d. bonded e. electron affinity f. decrease, increase

Q-2 (B) Q-3 (B) Q-4 (D) Q-5 (A) Q-6 (C) Q-7 (D) Q-8 (D)
Q-9 (B) Q-10 (A) Q-11 (A)
Q-12 (c) the highest (-ve) electron gain affinity value due to its very small size.
Q-13 c>b>a>d(N>O>S>F)

Q-14 (a) S  O (b) N   P (c) O  S (d) O  S Q-15 N>B>C>O Q-16 55.31

Q-17  C  0.52  2.1  2.62

CHEMISTRY [83]