Unit-1

Theory of Elasticity & Functional Approximating Methods:

Introduction to Theory of Elasticity: Definition of stress and strain – plane stress – plane
strain – stress strain relations in three dimensional elasticity.
Introduction to Variational Calculus: Variational formulation in finite elements – Ritz method –
Weighted residual methods – Galerkin – sub domain – method of least squares and
collocation method - numerical problems
One Dimensional Problems: Discretization of domain, element shapes, discretization
procedures, assembly of stiffness matrix, band width, node numbering, mesh generation,
interpolation functions, local and global coordinates, convergence requirements, treatment of
boundary conditions. Steady state heat transfer analysis : one dimensional analysis
TEXT BOOKS:
1. An introduction to Finite Element Method / JN Reddy / McGraw Hill
2. The Finite Element Methods in Engineering / SS Rao / Pergamon.
References
1. Tirupathi R. Chandrupatla and Ashok D. Belugundu (2011) Introdution to Finite Elements in
Engineering, Prentice Hall.
2. Seshu P., Text Book of Finite Element Analysis, Prentice Hall, New Delhi, 2007.
3. Zienkiewicz O.C., Taylor R.L., Zhu J.Z. (2011), The Finite Element Method: Its basis and
fundamentals, Butterworth Heinmann.
E-RESOURCES: https://nptel.ac.in/courses/112/104/112104193/
https://mecheng.iisc.ac.in/suresh/me237/feaNotes
Unit-2
Analysis of Trusses:Finite element modelling, coordinates and shape functions,
assembly of global stiffness matrix and load vector, finite element equations,
treatment of boundary conditions, stress, strain and support reaction calculations.
Analysis of Beams: Element stiffness matrix for Hermite beam element,
derivation of load vector for concentrated and UDL, simple problems on beams.
Unit-3
Two Dimensional Problems: Finite element modelling of two dimensional stress
analysis with constant strain triangles CST and treatment of boundary conditions,
Higher order and isoparametric elements: Two dimensional four noded
isoparametric elements and numerical integration.
Axisymmetric Problems: Formulation of axisymmetric problems.
Unit-4
Dynamic Analysis: Formulation of finite element model, element consistent and
lumped mass matrices, evaluation of eigen values and eigen vectors, free vibration
analysis.Steady state heat transfer analysis: one dimensional analysis of a fin.
Introduction to FE software.
 “”FEM is a numerical technique to find the approximate solutions
of partial differential equations. It was originated from the need of
solving complex elasticity and structural analysis problems in
Civil, Mechanical and Aerospace engineering.””

Difference between FEM and FEA ??

Finite Element Method (FEM) involves complex mathematical procedures (like a theory
manual, lots of equations and mathematics).

Finite Element Analysis (FEA) involves applying FEM to solve real world/ engineering
problems.

https://www.amazon.com/DonaldsPractical-Stress-Analysis-Elements-Hardcover-d
p-B005KZ2UJE/dp/B005KZ2UJE/ref=mt_other?_encoding=UTF8&me=&qid=
 In structural analysis, FEM
helps in producing stiffness
and strength visualizations. It
helps in minimising the material
and cost of the structures.

Modern FEM packages

(ansys, abaqus ), include
specific components such
as Fluid, thermal, EM and
structural working
environments
Bulk or hydrostatic stress, also known as volumetric stress is a
component of stress which contains uniaxial stresses, but not shear
stresses. A specialized case of hydrostatic stress, contains isotropic
compressive stress, which changes only in volume, but not in shape.

Hydrostatic stress is equivalent to the average

of the uniaxial stresses along three orthogonal
axes
 Poisson's ratio values
0 cork, 0.3 MS, 0.5 Rubber
Limits 0 to .5

Eps v= Eps x+Eps y+Eps z

For cylinder-----------?
And sphere ………..?
=

D = Constitutive matrix
Special cases
Special cases
Special cases
Special cases
Special cases
Special cases
For 3 D problems we have,
Plane Strain
Variational Methods
 Kinematically admissible displacements are those that satisfy the
single-valued nature of displacements (compatibility) and the boundary
conditions.
Principle of virtual work:
TPE-total potential energy
u3
Q.
Q.

(Or)
 Work potential of the external forces, W

I (Functional) or
Write the expression for the displacement and stress?
1 Dimensional Problems
Ex: Bars
Trusses
Beams
Basic Steps Involved In FEM:
1. Domain Discretization
2. Selection of displacement functions (interpolation)
3. Formation of elemental (stiffness matrix and load vector)
4. Formation of Global (stiffness matrix and load vector) : K U = F
5. Application of boundary condition
6. Solution of simultaneous equations (for unknown nodal
displacements )
7. Calculation of stresses and strains
8. Interpretation of results
1. Domain Discretization

2. Selection of displacement functions

(Specifying the interpolation function order
i.e, Linear or Quadratic approximation)
3. Formation of elemental (stiffness matrix and load vector)

4. Formation of Global (stiffness matrix and load vector)

5. Application of boundary condition

Apply displacement and forced boundary conditions

6. Solution of simultaneous equations

Derivation of 1D linear interpolation function for the displacement function

Or 2 noded bar element Or Linear bar element

Linear interpolation of the displacement function within an element
Coordinates, penalty approach
Natural coordinate system
Linear interpolation of the displacement function within an element
Derivation of 1-D Quadratic interpolation function for the displacement function

Or 3 noded bar element Or Quadratic bar element

Substituting the boundary conditions in eq 1. and solving for unknowns a0, a1, a2 we get
Derivation of strain displacement matrix (using 2 noded bar element)
Potential Energy Approach

It can be written for the 1D problems as

Derivation of Elemental stiffness matrix
We have the equation----1.
 Thermal load= A * thermal stress

Refer..Chandrupatla
3.10 TEMPERATURE EFFECTS
K (global) U = F (global)
For this problem, calculate nodal
displacements, stresses in each
bar, Reactions at the supports
Basic Steps Involved In FEM:
1. Domain Discretization
2. Selection of displacement functions
3. Formation of elemental (stiffness matrix
and load vector)
4. Formation of Global (stiffness matrix and
load vector) : K U = F
5. Application of boundary condition
6. Solution of simultaneous equations (for
unknown nodal displacements )
7. Calculation of stresses and strains
8. Interpretation of results
Concept of assembly

[K]{U}={F}
a2
What is study state heat transfer analysis? Write its governing Equation?
Similar to structural problems
Unit 2
Trusses
Transformation matrix
Strain Energy
2

=
 1. For the truss shown in the figure, a horizontal load P (N) is
applied in the x direction at node 2.

10 m

10 m

E=210 GPa
A= 100 mm^2
Unit 2
Beams
Assumptions used in beam elements are:
Derivation of shape functions for beam element
Element Stiffness Matrix ( K )_4by4
2
We have
Force Vector
E, I

L
Rounding off the values

R2=R2+R4
R3=11*R3 + 4*R1

R4=11*R4 - 3*R1

R3=9*R3 + 5*R2
R4=9*R4 - 20*R2

R3= -R3
R4= -R4

R4=30*R4 - 69*R3
On writing each equation separately one can calculate the unknowns
M2, M3 are zero
From the diagram
https://beamguru.com/online/beam-calculator/
Q.
ql/2 ql/2

qL^2/12 qL^2/12
Q.
Following are due to UDL
2.

P (N) Q(N/m)
Unit 3
Plane Problems (Two Dimensional Problems)
Displacement vector

Stress and strains are,

D

D
Pascal triangle
LINEAR Displacement TRIANGLE or (CST)
A linear triangle is a plane triangle whose field quantity varies linearly with Cartesian coordinates x and y. In stress analysis, a linear
displacement field produces a constant strain field, so the element may be called a constant-strain triangle (CST).
QUADRATIC Displacement TRIANGLE or (LST)_____ displacement field varies quadratically
CST element: (constant strains, linear displacements)
Fig. (a)

Fig. (b)

Fig. (c)
The displacements inside the element are now written using the shape functions
and the nodal values of the unknown displacement field.
Isoparametric Representation
Q.

Ans: N1=0.11, N2=0.21, N3=0.68

Similarly we can write the coordinates:

similarly
(Recall the strains definitions )
 :In fluid mechanics, velocity V=u i + v j + w k

Using the chain rule for partial derivatives of u, (u is the x- displacement of nodes)
 (2 * 2) square matrix is denoted as
J the Jacobian of the transformation, J:
From the knowledge of the area of the triangle, it can be seen that the magnitude of det J
is twice the area of the triangle
=BU
U=

First row of B matrix

uy uy uy
123 231 312
Remember,
y23= y2 - y3,
x13=x1-x3

Taking origin at 1
x1,y1=0,0
x2,y2=0,2
x3,y3=-3,0
Potential Energy Approach

TPE (π) = Strain Energy + External Work done

For plane problems,

=BU
Element Stiffness, Ke

Taking the element thickness (te) as constant over the element and
remembering that all terms in the D and B matrices are constants, we get
Substitute,
Traction force vector

(Or) K U = F
Q.

Coordinates are in mm
Q.

Coordinates are in mm
Q.
or
0
0
0
-1000
0
0
0
0
0
-1000
0
0
 wL / 2

L/3 2L/3
W=4
L=6

2WL/6 WL/6
=8 N =4N
Axisymmetric Solids Subjected to Axisymmetric Loading
Axisymmetric element:
Q.. Calculate the stiffness matrix for the axisymmetric element
Shown in the figure
Higher Order elements
Isoparametric Element

Similarly we can write the geometric coordinates:

(Or)
After substituting the coordinates, we will get the following form

2
 Similarly becomes

The displacements are

 Displacements of any point P,
inside the quadratic element

Using Isoparametric representation,

we can write the geometric coordinates of Point “P”
Replacing f with u and v separately we get,
 [B]

Strain Displacement Matrix

Q.
P
Q.
Where,
Replacing f with u and v separately we get,
Numerical Integration
Gauss quadrature of linear polynomial
Gauss quadrature of Cubic polynomial
 Unit 4
Dynamic Analysis:
Formulation of
finite element model,
element consistent and lumped mass matrices,
Evaluation of eigenvalues and eigenvectors,
Free vibration analysis.
Steady state heat transfer analysis:
one dimensional analysis of a fin.
Introduction to FE software.
Types of analysis of a Problem
1. Static Analysis
Types of analysis of a Problem
2. Eigen Value Analysis
Types of analysis of a Problem
3. Transient Dynamic Analysis

4. Frequency Response Analysis

**One can eliminate the 1st row and column to reduce computation
we express
displacement u in terms of
the nodal displacements q,
using shape functions N

In dynamic analysis,
the elements of q are dependent on time,
while N represents (spatial) shape functions.

The velocity vector is then given by

The kinetic energy

This mass matrix is consistent with

the shape functions chosen and is
called the consistent mass matrix.
Determine the natural frequencies of a stepped
bar as shown in the figure. (E=250 GPa, density
7850 kg/m^3
Eq-1

Eq-2
 u2 u3
-84769 -55553 0
-55553 -36106 solution -0.00218 0.00333

1st Mode shape

u3 = 3.33 mm

u2= -2.18 mm
For second mode shape
43278 -28214 0
-28214 18571

u2 u3

solution 0.00367 0.00563

 u3=5.63mm

u2=3.67mm
[ K-𝜆 M ] {U} = { 0 }

𝜆 -------- Eigen Value (Frequency)

U or u -------- Eigen Vector (Mode shape)
[ K-𝜆 M ] {U} = { 0 }
What is study state heat transfer analysis? Write its governing Equation?
Similar to structural problems
FE Equation for 1D heat conduction element

Thermal
stiffness
matrix
 FE Equation for 1D heat conduction and Convection element

Thermal [K] = [Kc] + [Khe]

[Kc] =

(Free end convection matrix)

[Khe] =
 One dimensional analysis of a fin
Fin (extended surface)
A fin subjected to conduction and convection

If at free end convection exist

Then

K = Kc + Kh + Khe
A fin (length 120mm, 20mm wide and 4mm thick) is
attached to a furnace wall temperature of 180 C.
Determine the temperature at the midpoint of the fin
assuming the tip of the fin is open to atmosphere,
which is at 25 C(take fin’s conductivity 350 W/mK
And convection coefficient of atmosphere 9
W/m^2K)
Global finite element equation
T1=180 C

Writing the 2nd and 3rd rows

-0.46592 T1 + 0.93832 T2 - 0.46591 T3 = 0.162

- 0.46592 T2 +0.46916 T3 = 0.081

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ANSYS – Analysis of Systems

Full Form of APDL is

ANSYS Parametric Design Language
Basic overview: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ePA9csthHNM
Tutorials: https://sites.ualberta.ca/~wmoussa/AnsysTutorial/BT/BT.html