v(g)er

Zero rector

v =
S()] ,
a
yeR

(b)
let n =

a , beR
,

(4) (9) ( na + =

Yb) by a
n + V do not forms vector
a
space

consider Care 2;

3) (any) (a) a
R

(
=
& =

<
(4) farms a vector
space over the field R
.

5 marks

le+ X= (is)
106)
a =
let
A
(9)
=

n
(ii)
=

x = n =

( % 3) (ii)
+

(3)
le + X =

(= y) = mur

(i)(ii)
nx =

let CER
,
0 3

(ioto
1 .
1 + .

& (X
c) %) (3) EMR
= = =

#X
(ii)
=

X , zer
matrix

Because is
every entry
X
(88) + M()
(ii)(ii)
=

xa =
30 and
non-negative.

(ii) subspace
· is a
:

<
:
AX = XA
 # = R3 = n+ and Unv =
Goy

(i) M (, y 2) ERS n=y 23 k ((0 y 2) y @R3

: : :
=
z
-

, = ,
, ,

H = S( -
z
,
-
2 , 2) ERY

H + k =
( -

2 ,
-
2
, 2) + (0 , y , 2)
( 2 + 0 2 + 2)
z
y
= -
-
+
,
,

=
(-2 ,
-

2 +
y , 22)
H+ k

( I
=

Y
=
R3
22

(ii) for ⑦& RS = U+ V and UNV = 203

consider Hel [0 =
,
0 , 23 + 503
R3 H + K :

HOK R3 H1K is not

is not .
Because an
empty set
(a)

(5
,
X ,
2
, 23 =
aV +
yVz +
zV
=
x( -
1 ,
1 ,
0
, 0) +
y(1 ,
2
,
-
1
, 0) + z(0 ,
0
,
-1 , 1)
(5 , x, -
2 , 2) =
( -
x +
y ,
je
+

y ,
y
-
z
,
z)

5 x
=> x x+
2y z 2
=
2
y
=
y
=
2
- - -

x= -
5
-

5 = x -

y
-
z =
2

X 5 :
0
y
-

X
=
-
G Vector (5 ,
-5 ,
-2 , 23 U
trCAs =
- - ) 3YRRA
(b)

Basis of
&(i) ( i) ] .

(9b)
ACMI) A = a+ d= 0 (i) r = ,
,

. a = d
?

( 9a)
: :

(ii) dimension : 2 or

At (iii) le + 2
( ** )
0 =
-

A =

>
-

At = A

) (222)" (i i) (323)
n
)
ne + z + =

! +
m= =

204
m
(i -i) (ii)
= = +
A 21 w =

: wOz = Mz(R)
:
A =

)! ,
) =
w
 n
(ii) a =
10 % ) #A =

(09)(097
rank A = 2
mm

(1 % )
=

= a =
(ii) Rank [A
+
A) = 2

(i) Rank nullity theom states that the rank &

mullity (dim)
to the number of columns in matrix
sum a
given

(ii) NCAA)
(j % ) (*)
: = 0

x +
y 0
=

(6 )(Y)
NCA) =
%
=

x + 0
y
=

(iii) Show ImSAtA) = IMCA) , MCA)

:
[AuiueMn (R3],

x
(b)
=

[A ASX
+
= x

(2)(b) (b)
=

Im (AtAca))
99(b)" b(9)]
=

A= (bi)(b) =
(b)
(A)
(a(j) b(i)]
Im : +

Im(A) = Im (APAC)
 [ii) 4(A) =
M3(R)

(a aaa (
A = ,

f(x + b) f(x)+ f(b)

= < f(x) :
flau) an
d3
17
sugectie
4 (A) = an + azz
+
933

(i) ↑(A) :
al + Are + abs -

n4(A) =
x(a 1 1 + az + a3)
24(A) =
(na11 + nar + mass)

4 (nA) = nan + narr + Mass =

2 PCA)

4(A) + 4(B) = (an + az +

as) + (b + by + byb)
= (au + bi + az + bx + any + bx)
=
(aeb) + Cath) 22 +
catbybs

↑ (A + B) =
(a + B) 1 + (a + B) zz + (a +
B)3
= an +
Bi + azz + bar + Anzebys = PCA) +
↑(B)

: 4 :
Linear
map.

(i) p() :
( % ) (2) =

u(j) 3) ! ) y -)
=
+ +

ker(p)
(a) = 7 + ) ! )""( i)
=

(ii) Ridin (
(i)

( %00 (
O -
I
R3 : RS -
R ,
-
- 8

Basis : (( :) (i) ] ,

(ii) p
n() y):)
+
(i) (ii)( (
= =
+

rank : 2

nullity :
 B= EU ,
U2 , 133 P : Ver ↑/(1) = U2

↑ (u2) =
Us

↑ (u3) 0
=

V (B) &U nc Us Y
:
, ,

↑(n ) + 4(42)
= . + ↑ (4s)
=
P(n1) +
H(ur]
= uz + 43

((
=
+
(i) 4(2)
(i) n(j) ( :)
=

+ +

t)is"))
as marix :

4 -

1 = 0

It hi) ,
I -
17
=

(1 -
x(((3 x)) - -
1
-x) +
+] [C + -
1 -

x) +
3) -

[113(3 x)] - = 0

(1 x)(3 x) C -1 x)
- - - -
(1 -

1) + C -

1 -

x) + 3
-
1 -
3(3 -
x) = 0

(1 x)(3 X)( - -
-
1 -

x) -
14x -
1 -
1 + 3 -

1 -
9 + 3x =
0

(1 x)(3 1)(
-
- -
1 -

x)
-

9 + 3x =
0

(1 -

x)(3 x)( - -
1 -
1) -

3(3 -

x) = 0

(3 -
x)[(1 -
x)( - 1 x) -
-

3) = 0

(3 -
x)[ -
1 +x =
3) = 0

(3 -

x) (n 4) -
= 0

(3 x))x + 2)(x 2) -
= 0

( inn)
-

3x2 -
12 -
x3 + 4x 0
=

Chamcteristic
↑ 3x2 4x + 12 0

polymonial
-
-
=

(ii) Eigenvalue : x= 3 X = 2 . X= -

%it I
-
I
when A3 ,

I
-
M

(ii) (b) f() (i) + =

=

i) (i)(ii) El =

( = ) (i) =

x= - 2
Rbx
Ry : Rs +

S i)
3 y z 0
=
-
-

j x +
5y z 0
=
+

3
na yo
(e)
1
-

-
3x +
y + z =
3y + y
+ 2
u =

=0
-

4(y) 44
=

(i)
0 :

(iii)
4y
=
-
= =
z
 let B= [ (1 ,
-
1
, 4) <
(-1, 0 , 1) , (1 , 1 ,
-

1) 3
↑
(a) (2) =
=
2
(h) 0( + ) + +
0 (i)
4) ) (a) = =
·
(i) 2 ( : ) + +
(i)
↑
( ! ) (2) =
=

0(2) +(i) - +
+(i)
12 (
order 08
base :

O F
lineany
Pig because it
independent and dim 3
diagonalizable
is :

(b)

A , BE M3(c) ,
rank B = 3 : rank A = 3

(i) (A - 12) = 0
1
XI =
A A = CDC

1000) (0 % ) =

x= 1 + 0 because A is
diagonalisable
(ii) if A = CDC
2
B2 ( B)
100
= =

(0 &
=

(0400
D =

(c)

) 0)
A= land2 only
eigenvalue
=
o
x= )
B = 2

D= (nuz) p :
(02)
if nor is
eigenvector
,
: X+
B =
eigenvalue
·

X 1
B
:
2 &B =
12 :
3 100
=

: n
Feigenvecti