PAPER

VARIOUS MI OR SD LEARNING METHODS

Arranged by:
RAMADHANIA

Supporting lecturer:
NASRIA S.Ag, M.Pd

MADRASAH IBTIDAIYAH TEACHER EDUCATION (PGMI)

FACULTY OF TARBIYAH AND TEACHING
TEBO INSTITUTE OF ISLAMIC RELIGION (IAI).
2024
 FOREWORD

We give all our thanks to Allah SWT because because of His

abundance of mercy and grace we were able to complete our paper with
the title " VARIOUS MI OR SD LEARNING METHODS".
Don't forget to always give prayers and greetings to our great
prophet, namely Prophet Muhammad SAW, who has conveyed the
guidance of Allah SWT to all of us, which is the most correct guidance,
namely the perfect Sharia of the Islamic religion and is the single
greatest gift for us. the whole universe.
Furthermore, we humbly ask for criticism and suggestions from
readers for this paper so that we can revise it later. Because we are very
aware that the paper we have written still has many shortcomings.
We would like to express our deepest thanks to every party who
has supported and helped us during the process of completing this paper
until the completion of this paper.
That is what we can say, we hope that the paper we have written
will be able to provide benefits to every reader.

Muara Tebo, 28 May 2024

Writer

ii
 LIST OF CONTENTS
PAPER………………………………………………………………...i
FOREWORD…………………………………………………………ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS…………………………………………….iii
CHAPTER I…………………………………………………………..1
INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………1
1.1 Background…………………………………………………….....1
1.2. Problem Formulation…………………………………………......1
1.3 Writing Objectives………………………………………………...2
CHAPTER II………………………………………………………….3
DISCUSSION………………………………………………………...3
2.1 Understanding Learning Methods…………………………….......3
2.2 Various Learning Methods……………………………………......4
2.2.1 Lecture Method…………………………………………………4
2.2.2 Discussion Method………………………………………….......8
2.2.3 Group Method………………………………………………......9
2.2.4 Mixed Methods………………………………………………...11
2.3 Basic concepts of learning methods……………………………..12
CHAPTER III………………………………………………………..14
CLOSING……………………………………………………………14
Bibliography…………………………………………………………15

iii
 PIG
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background
A method is a method that functions as a tool to achieve a goal.
The better the method, the more effective it will be in achieving the
goal. Thus, objectives are the main factor in determining whether or not
the use of a method is good.
In terms of teaching methods, apart from objective factors,
students, situation, facilities and teacher factors also determine whether
the use of a method is effective or not. Therefore there are many
teaching methods and it is difficult to classify them. It is even more
difficult to determine which method has the highest effectiveness.
Because a method that is "not good" in the hands of one teacher can
become a method that is "very good" in the hands of another teacher
and a good method will fail in the hands of a teacher who does not
master the implementation technique.
However, there are general characteristics found in one method
that are not found in the other method. By looking for these general
characteristics, it becomes possible to recognize various common and
practical methods to be implemented in the teaching and learning
process.
Teaching and learning is a complex activity. Considering that
teaching and learning activities are complex activities, it is impossible
to show and conclude that a particular teaching and learning method is
superior to other teaching and learning methods in achieving all lessons,

1
in situations and conditions, and forever. For this reason, below we will
discuss several methods that may be used in educational learning, such
as lecture methods, discussion methods, group methods and mixed
methods.

1.2. Formulation of the problem

The problem formulation in this paper is as follows:
1. What is meant by learning methods?
2. What are the various MI/SD learning methods?
3. What are the basic concepts of learning methods?

1.3 Purpose of Writing

1. To understand what is meant by learning methods.
2. To find out what the various MI/SD learning methods are.
3. To know the basic concepts of learning methods.

2
 CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION

2.1 Understanding Learning Methods

Method comes from the Greek "Methodos" which means the way
or path taken. Knowledge about teaching methods is very necessary for
educators, because whether students learn successfully or not really
depends on whether or not the teaching methods used by the teacher are
appropriate. So Learning Method is a science that studies ways to carry
out systematic activities in an environment consisting of educators and
students interacting with each other in carrying out an activity so that
the learning process runs well in the sense that the teaching objectives
are achieved. For example, at the beginning of teaching, the teacher
provides an explanation using the lecture method, then uses examples
through demonstrations and ends with a discussion or question and
answer. Here, not only teachers are active in speaking, but students are
also encouraged to participate.
The conditions that a teacher must pay attention to when using
learning methods are as follows:
1) The method used must be able to arouse students' motives,
interest or passion for learning.
2) The method used can stimulate students' desire to learn further.
3) The method used must be able to provide opportunities for
students to realize their work.
4) The method used must be able to guarantee the development of
students' personality activities.

3
 5) The method used must be able to educate students in self-study
techniques and how to acquire knowledge through personal
effort.
6) The method used must be able to instill and develop students'
values and attitudes in everyday life.

2.2 Types of Learning Methods

2.2.1 Lecture Method
The lecture method depends on the quality of the teacher's
personality, namely voice, language style, attitude, procedures, fluency,
ease of language, and the teacher's regularity in giving explanations:
which cannot be easily possessed by every teacher. The lecture method
is a way of teaching or presenting material through oral narrative and
application by the teacher to students. So that students are effective in
the teaching and learning process using the lecture method, students
need to be trained to develop thinking skills to understand a process by
asking questions, providing responses and recording their reasoning
systematically.
1. The advantages of the lecture method:
a) In a relatively short time, as much material as possible can be
delivered.
b) Class organization is simpler, there is no need to group students
as in other methods.
c) Teachers can control the entire class easily, even though the
number of students is quite large.

4
 d) If the lecturer is successful, it can create enthusiasm, constructive
creativity, which stimulates students to carry out a task/work.
2. Disadvantages (negative):
a) It is difficult for teachers to know children's understanding of the
materials provided.
b) Sometimes teachers really try to convey as much material as
possible, so it only becomes pumping.
c) Listeners tend to be passive and may even be less precise in
drawing conclusions, because the teacher conveys the material
verbally.
d) If the lecturer does not pay attention to the psychological and
didactic aspects of the students, the lecture can be rambling and
boring. On the other hand, teachers can try too hard to arouse
students' interest.

Steps/Stages of the Lecture Method

1. Lecture Development Stage
The lecture development stage or main discussion stage is the
core activity in implementing the use of the lecture method. At this stage
the lecturer or teacher presents the lesson content that has been
previously organized. The factors that teachers should pay attention to
at the lecture development stage are:
a) Brief and clear information.
b) Use a whiteboard. The main issues explained need to be written
on the board clearly and in an orderly manner. This method also
makes it easier and encourages students to take notes.

5
 c) Rephrase using clearer terms or other words.
d) Detail and expand the lesson.
e) Look for as much feedback (feedhack) as possible during the
lecture. Teachers really need to get feedback from students about
the lectures they carry out.
f) Arrange lecture time allocation. Teachers should realize that
lectures that are too long will bore students. To reduce boredom,
teachers can allocate lectures interspersed with other activities
after a maximum of 15 minutes.
2. Final Stage of Lecture
Based on the description of lectures, it appears that the lecture
method is not the easiest method for teachers to implement. Every
teacher may claim to be able to carry out lectures, but not be able to use
meaningful lecture methods. To improve and enhance teachers' abilities
in carrying out lectures, Tjipti Utomo and Ruijiter suggest that teachers
be willing to:
1) Be aware of what you want to achieve with the lectures given in
your teaching,
2) Analyze the things he does as a teacher when giving lectures, and
3) Practice, because no change is successful "one time".

2.2 Discussion Method

1. Understanding Discussion Methods
The discussion method is a teaching and learning activity that
discusses a topic or problem carried out by two or more people (can be
a teacher, students and other students). Where the people who are

6
talking have the same attention to the topic or problem that is the subject
of discussion, so that they get various alternative answers to the topic
being discussed.
2. Purpose of Using the Discussion Method
What educational goals are best achieved through discussion
methods? The answer is to develop critical thinking, democratic
attitudes, higher order cognitive goals, and social-emotional
development. From the purpose of using the discussion method, it is
argued that the use of the discussion method is not just to convey
information to students. The important thing about conveying
information is the creation of favorable conditions for students to
manage their learning gains.
3. Advantages and Disadvantages of the Discussion Method
a) Advantages of the Discussion Method
1) The data discussion method stimulates students to be more
creative, especially in providing ideas and ideas.
2) Can train to get used to exchanging ideas in solving every
problem.
3) Can train students to be able to express opinions or ideas
verbally. Apart from that, discussions can also train
students to respect other people's opinions.
b. Weaknesses of the Discussion Method
1) It often happens that the conversation in the discussion is
controlled by 2 or 3 students who have speaking skills
2) Sometimes the discussion in the discussion expands, so
that the conclusions become unclear.

7
 3) Requires quite a long time, which sometimes does not
match what was planned.
4) In discussions, emotional differences of opinion often
occur that are uncontrolled. As a result, sometimes there
are parties who feel offended, which can disrupt the
learning climate.

2.2.3 Group Method

The term group can be interpreted as the work of a number of
students, either as members of the class as a whole or divided into
smaller groups, to achieve a certain goal together. Apart from that,
group work is also characterized by:
1) There is a joint task,
2) Division of tasks into groups, and
3) There is cooperation between group members in completing
group tasks.
Based on the definition of group work above, the group work
method can be interpreted as a teaching and learning format that focuses
on interaction between one member and another member in a group in
order to complete learning tasks together.
Purpose of Using Group Methods
1) Cultivate the will and ability to collaborate among students,
2) Increase students' socio-emotional and intellectual involvement
in the teaching and learning process, and
3) Increase attention to the process and results of the teaching and
learning process in a balanced manner.

8
Advantages and Disadvantages of Group Methods
1. Advantages
a. From an educational perspective, student group activities will
improve personality qualities, such as: cooperation, tolerance,
critical thinking, discipline and so on.
b. From a psychological perspective, positive competition will
arise, because children will be more active in working in their
respective groups.
c. Viewed from a didactic perspective, clever children in their group
can help their less intelligent friends, especially in order to win
the "competition" between groups.
2. Negative aspect.
a. The group method requires somewhat complicated preparations
when compared to other methods; for example the lecture
method.
b. If there is negative competition, work results will worsen.
c. For lazy children there is an opportunity to remain passive in
the group and will most likely influence the group, so that the
group's efforts will fail.

2.2.4 Mixed Methods

Mixed Methods or Electic Methods can be interpreted as a
mixture, combination or hodgepodge in Indonesian (chosen methods).
The electic method is a way of presenting lesson material in front of the
class through various combinations of several methods, for example;

9
lecture methods with discussion methods and even demonstration
methods are simultaneously used/applied in a teaching condition.
Therefore, this method is a mixture of the elements contained in
the methods.
In practice, this mixed method can be applied by a teacher in a
teaching situation in front of the class, with good preparation and
seriousness in practicing this method.
This is because the teacher's ability to master the material itself
requires continuous practical training in order to be able to master
various methods. It is a must for a teacher to master various methods
and apply them in a variety of ways seriously.

Basic concepts of learning methods

1. Philosophy
The learning process basically involves essential efforts in
forming and perfecting the human personality with the various demands
of life. Philosophically, learning means reminding humans about the
meaning of life which can be achieved through the process of imitating,
understanding, observing, feeling, studying, doing and carrying out all
the truth so that everything makes it easier to achieve everything that
humans aspire to.
2. Sociological
Humans are social and individual creatures, so through learning
individuals can learn about social interactions, friends who live together
and finally, through learning, humans are able to build society to the
state and nation. Communication, Psychology

10
 CHAPTER III
CLOSING

3.1 Conclusion
Based on the explanation above, it can be concluded as follows:
1. Learning methods are the methods or techniques for presenting
learning materials that will be used by teachers when presenting
learning materials, either individually or in groups.
2. There are four types of MI/SD learning methods,
a. Lecture method
b. Discussion method.
c. Group method
d. Mixed Methods or Electic Methods
3. The basic concept of learning methods is:
a. Philosophy
b. Psychology
c. Sociology
d. Communication

11
 Bibliography

Ahmad Sabri, Teaching and Learning Strategies for Micro

Teaching, Jakarta: Quantum teaching, 2005
Hafni Ladjid, Curriculum Development Towards a Competency
Based Curriculum, Quantum Teaching, 2005
http://method
campuranelecticmethods.blogspot.com/2011/01/method-campuran-
electic-methods.html/diaksespada 01November 2019

12
13