Answer To Tutorial 1 and Examples

For tutorial 1
Q1
The true errors (second): 6, -5, -2, 4, 3, 4, 0, -2, -1, -1, 6, 3
According to the definition of variance,
12
∑ ε 2i
σ^ 2= 1
=13.08
12
The standard deviation = 3.6
Q2
The true value of a discrepancy is zero, and therefore the discrepancies are true
errors. According to the definition the variance of the discrepancy should be
❑
2
∑
❑
2
di
σ d=
n
The discrepancy is the difference between forward run and backward run, i.e., d = f –
b. Using the error propagation, the variance of the difference is 2 times of the variance
of the forward run or backward run, i.e.,
2 2
❑d =2❑
where is the variance for one-way run. The variance of the mean of the forward
and backward runs is /2. And therefore the variance of the mean is the variance of
the discrepancy /4, i.e.,
❑
2
∑
❑
2
di
σ mean=
4n
Q3
Based on the definition of covariance,
9
σ 12=( ∑ ξ i ηi)/9 = 1.33
1
The standard deviations for #1 and #2 observations are


The correlation coefficient
σ 12
ρ= =0.11
σ1σ 2
Q4
b sinC 106.00m*sin (120007’)/sin (29039’) = 185.345m
c= =¿
sinB
sinC bcosC sinC cosB
dc= db + dC−b dB=1.7485 db−107.514 dC−325.604 dB
sinB sinB sinB
2
2
σ c= (1.7485)2 (0.06m)2 + (107.514m)2 (2/3438)2 + (325.604m)2 (1/3438)2
= (0.0110 + 0.0039 + 0.0090) m2
= 0.0239 m2
c= 0.155m
For examples (I)

(1) The variances for both (x+y) and (x-y) are the same as
2 2
σ x +σ y
(2) Given the variance of each observation 
(a) The variance of the mean of n observations = /n
(b) The variance of the summation of n observations = n*
(3) Assume the variance of height difference for each set-up is 
(a) The variance of the height difference for a leveling line his n* based on
the above 2(b).
(b) Based on the length of a leveling line, the variance of the height difference for
a leveling line h= S(km), where is the variance for a 1 km leveling
line, and S(km) is the length of the leveling line in km. The derivation is as
follows:
( Ss ) σ = 1000 S(km)
σ 2h=n σ 2 = 2
s
2 2
σ =σ S (km)
1
where s is the average length in m for each set-up and S is the total length of
the leveling in m.
(4) Let L1, L2, and L3 are the readings to targets 1, 2 and 3, respectively, with the
same variance . Then
][ ]
L1
[ ][ ][
β1
=
1 S 2 −1 1 0
β2 2 S 3
=
0 −1 1
L2
L3
Using the formula to compute the covariance between 1S2 and 2S3 with
[] [] [ ]
−1 0 2
σ ¿
vector a= 1 , vector b= −1 , C= 2 2
0 1 σ ¿σ
- 
(5) Using the formula to compute the variances for angle 1 and 2, they are the same
of 2. The V-C matrix for 1 and 2 is
[ ]
2 2
2 σ −σ
−σ 2 2 σ 2
For examples (II)

(1) Given R=24m, H=36m, R=5cm, and H = 6cm
Volume V= R2 H = 3.14*(24)2*36 m3 = 65111.04 m3
dV= 2R HdR +R2 dH  V2 = (2R H)2R2+ (R2)2H2
V2 = (2)22+ (2)22
= 73601.520 + 11776.243
= 85377.763 m6
V = 292.195 m3
(2) Using cosine law
AC= √ BA2 + BC 2−2 BA∗BC∗cosB=132.288 m
BA−BCcosB BC −BAcosB BA∗BC∗sinB
dAC = dBA+ dBC + dB
AC AC AC
= 0.18898dBA+0.75593dBC+98.19773dB
 AC= (0.18898)22+ ()22+(98197.73)22
2
= 0.89284 +14.28575+22.66480 = 37.84338 mm2

AC = 6.2 mm
Area A = 0.5BC*BA sinB = 6495.19 m2

dA = 0.5BAsinB dBC + 0.5 BC sinB dBA + 0.5BC*BAcosB dB
= 43.3 dBC + 64.95 dBA + 3750 dB
A2= (43.3)22+ ()22+(3750)22
= 0.185388 m4
A = 0.43 m2
(3) EP = EB + S sinBP
NP = NB + S cosBP
d EP = sinBP dS + S cosBP dBP = 0.866dS + 50 dBP
d NP = cosBP dS - S sinBP dBP = 0.5 dS – 86.6 dBP
EP2= (0.866)22+(50000)22= 24.625 mm2
NP2= (0.5)22+(-86600)22= 23.877 mm2
EN = (0.866*0.5)2-(50000*86600)2= 0.648 mm2
The V-C matrix:
[ 24.625
0.648 ]
0.648 mm2
23.877

Answer To Tutorial 1 and Examples

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For tutorial 1

The standard deviations for #1 and #2 observations are

For examples (I)

For examples (II)

= 0.89284 +14.28575+22.66480 = 37.84338 mm2

Area A = 0.5BC*BA sinB = 6495.19 m2

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