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Localglobalnonlocalvariables

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22 views5 pages

Localglobalnonlocalvariables

These are 8 pdf files

Uploaded by

shahane
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Contents

Python Variable Scope.............................................................................................................................1


Python Local Variables............................................................................................................................1
Python Global Variables..........................................................................................................................2
Python Nonlocal Variables......................................................................................................................4

Python Variable Scope


In Python, we can declare variables in three different scopes:
local scope, global, and nonlocal scope.

A variable scope specifies the region where we can access a


variable. For example,
def add_numbers():
sum = 5 + 4

Here, the sum variable is created inside the function, so it can


only be accessed within it (local scope). This type of variable is
called a local variable.

Based on the scope, we can classify Python variables into three


types:

1.Local Variables
2.Global Variables
3.Nonlocal Variables
Python Local Variables
When we declare variables inside a function, these variables will
have a local scope (within the function). We cannot access them
outside the function.

These types of variables are called local variables. For example,


def greet():

# local variable
message = 'Hello'
print('Local', message)

greet()

# try to access message variable


# outside greet() function
print(message)

Output

Local Hello
NameError: name 'message' is not defined
Here, the message variable is local to the greet() function, so it
can only be accessed within the function.
That's why we get an error when we try to access it outside the
greet() function.
To fix this issue, we can make the variable named message
global.

Python Global Variables


In Python, a variable declared outside of the function or in global
scope is known as a global variable. This means that a global
variable can be accessed inside or outside of the function.

Let's see an example of how a global variable is created in


Python.
# declare global variable
message = 'Hello'

def greet():
# declare local variable
print('Local', message)

greet()
print('Global', message)

Output

Local Hello
Global Hello
This time we can access the message variable from outside of the
greet() function. This is because we have created the message
variable as the global variable.
# declare global variable
message = 'Hello'
Now, message will be accessible from any scope (region) of the
program.

Python Nonlocal Variables


In Python, nonlocal variables are used in nested functions whose
local scope is not defined. This means that the variable can be
neither in the local nor the global scope.

We use the nonlocal keyword to create nonlocal variables.For


example,
# outside function
def outer():
message = 'local'

# nested function
def inner():

# declare nonlocal variable


nonlocal message

message = 'nonlocal'
print("inner:", message)

inner()
print("outer:", message)

outer()

Output
inner: nonlocal
outer: nonlocal
In the above example, there is a nested inner() function. We have
used the nonlocal keywords to create a nonlocal variable.

The inner() function is defined in the scope of another function


outer().

Note : If we change the value of a nonlocal variable, the changes


appear in the local variable.

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