ADVANCED ALGEBRA

UNIT-5:MODULES

Dr. SHIVANGI UPADHYAY

ACADEMIC CONSULTANT
UTTRAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY
HALDWANI(UTTRAKHAND)
[email protected]

Dr. Shivangi Upadhyay Advanced Algebra 1 / 19

Overview
1 Modules
left R-module
Unital Module and Right R-module
Examples
Elementary Properties
2 Sub-modules
Definition
Theorem
3 Direct Sum
Definition
Theorem
4 Quotient Module
5 Module Homomorphism

Dr. Shivangi Upadhyay Advanced Algebra 2 / 19

 Modules

Modules

Definition
Let (R, +, .) be a ring and let M be anon empty set. Then M is calles a
left R-module or simply a left module over R if the following are
satisfied:
(M, +) is an abelian group
∀ r ∈ R and ∀ m ∈ M =⇒ rm ∈ M
This law satisfies the following conditions:
(1) r (m + n) = rm + rn
(2) (r + s)m = rm + rn
(3) (rs)m = r (sm)
∀ r , s ∈ R and all m, n ∈ M.

Dr. Shivangi Upadhyay Advanced Algebra 3 / 19

 Modules

Unital Module
If R has unity element 1 such that 1 m = m∀m ∈ M, then M is called a
Unital Module

Right R-module
If in the definition of Left R-module we replace r m by m r , then we
have right R-module.

If R is a field, then a unital module M is a vector space over R.

Dr. Shivangi Upadhyay Advanced Algebra 4 / 19

 Modules Examples

Example 1
A ring R is an R-module over its subring
Sol. Let S be a subring of R.
Since R is a ring.
Therefore it is an additive abelian group.
Taking the multiplicative in R is scalar multiplication we can see that
∀ m ∈ R and ∀ r ∈ S =⇒ rm ∈ R
further
(i) (r (m + n) = rm + rn for all m, n ∈ R, r ∈ S (∵ left distributive law in
R)
(ii) (r + s)m = rm + sm for all m ∈ R, r , s ∈ S (∵ Right distributive law
in R)
(iii) (rs)m = r (sm) for all r , s ∈ S and m ∈ R (∵ Associativity in R)
Hence R is an R-module over S.

Dr. Shivangi Upadhyay Advanced Algebra 5 / 19

 Modules Elementary Properties

Elementary Properties

Theorem 1
Let R be a ring and M be an R− module. Then
(i) r 0 = 0 ∀ r ∈ R
(ii) 0m = 0 ∀ m ∈ M
(iii) (−r )m = −(rm) = r (−m) ∀ r ∈ R m ∈ M
(iv) r (m − n)m = rm − rn ∀ r ∈ R m, n ∈ M
(v) (r − s)m = rm − sm ∀ r , s ∈ R m ∈ M

Proof
(i)Since 0 + 0 = 0, 0 is the identity of M.
=⇒ r (0 + 0) = r 0 ∀ r ∈ R
=⇒ r0 + r0 = r0
=⇒ r0 + r0 = r0 + 0
=⇒ r 0 = 0 (∵ cancellation law in M)

Dr. Shivangi Upadhyay Advanced Algebra 6 / 19

 Modules Elementary Properties

(ii)Since 0 + 0 = 0, 0 is the identity of M.

=⇒ (0 + 0)m = 0m ∀ m ∈ M
=⇒ 0m + 0m = 0m
=⇒ 0m + 0m = 0m + 0
=⇒ 0m = 0 (∵ cancellation law in M)

Dr. Shivangi Upadhyay Advanced Algebra 7 / 19

 Modules Elementary Properties

(iii) For r ∈ R, r + (−r ) = 0

=⇒ [r + (−r )]m = 0m ∀ m ∈ M
=⇒ rm + (−r )m = 0 (Using (ii))
=⇒ (−r )m = −(rm)
Similarly
m + (−m) = 0
=⇒ r [m + (−m)] = r 0
=⇒ r [m + (−m)] = 0
=⇒ rm + r (−m) = 0
=⇒ r (−m) = −(rm)
Hence r (−m) = −(rm) = (−r )m ∀ r ∈ R ∀ m ∈ M

Dr. Shivangi Upadhyay Advanced Algebra 8 / 19

 Modules Elementary Properties

(iv) For r ∈ R, m, n ∈ M
r (m − n) = r [m + (−n)]
= rm + r (−n)
= rm − rn (from (iii))
(v) For rs ∈ R, m ∈ M
(r − s)m = [r + (−s)]m
= rm + (−s)m
= rm − sm (from (iii))

Dr. Shivangi Upadhyay Advanced Algebra 9 / 19

 Sub-modules

Sub-modules

Definition
Let M be an R-module over ring R
A non void subset N of M is said to be Sub-modules of M if N itself is
an R module under the operation of addition and scalar multiplication
given for M restricted to N.

Every R-module M has two submodules M and {0}. These are

called Improper Submodule.
An R-module M is said to be Irreducible Sub-module if its only
submodule are {0} and M.

Dr. Shivangi Upadhyay Advanced Algebra 10 / 19

 Sub-modules Theorem

Theorem

Theorem 2
Let R be a ring and let M be an R-module. A non-void subset N of M
is submodule of M iff
(i) x − y ∈ N, for all x, y ∈ N (ii) rx ∈ N, for all x ∈ N, r ∈ R

Proof
If N is a submodule of N.
Then N is an abelian group under addition and is closed under scalar
multiplication
Therefore (i) and (ii) hold.

Dr. Shivangi Upadhyay Advanced Algebra 11 / 19

 Sub-modules Theorem

Converse
Let N be non empty subset of M sucht that (i) and (ii) hold.
Now
(i) =⇒ N is additive subgroup of M.
Therefore N itself is an abelian group under addition.
(ii) =⇒ N is closed under scalar multiplication
The remaining axioms for scalar multiplication hold for all elements in
N as they hold in M.
Hence N is a submodule of M.

Dr. Shivangi Upadhyay Advanced Algebra 12 / 19

 Direct Sum

Direct Sum

Definition
Let M be an R-module and let M1 , M2 ,.......,Mn be submodule of M.
Then M is called the direct sum of M1 , M2 ,.......,Mn if every element
m ∈ M is uniquely expressed as
m = m1 + m2 + ..... + mn where
m1 ∈ M1 , m2 ∈ M2 , ........, mn ∈ Mn
M = M1 ⊗ M2 ⊗ ...........Mn Symbollically it is denoted as

Dr. Shivangi Upadhyay Advanced Algebra 13 / 19

 Direct Sum Theorem

Theorem

Theorem 3
Let M be an R-module and let N1 , N2 ,.......,Nk be submodule of M.
Then the following statements are equivalent:
(i) M = N1 ⊗ N2 ⊗ ...........Nk
(ii) If n1 + n2 + ..... + nk = 0, then n1 = n2 = ..... = nk = 0 for ni ∈ Ni
(iii) Ni ∩ {N1 + ...... + Ni + Ni+1 + ........... + Nk } = {0}

Proof.
(i) =⇒ (ii)
Let M is the direct sum of N1 , N2 ,.......,Nk
and n1 + n2 + ..... + nk = 0 for ni ∈ Ni , i = 1, 2, ..., k
Since every element of M has unique expression 0 ∈ M which is
written as
0=0+0+.......+0 implies that n1 = n2 = ..... = nk = 0.

Dr. Shivangi Upadhyay Advanced Algebra 14 / 19

 Direct Sum Theorem

(ii) =⇒ (iii)
Let x ∈ (Ni ∩ {N1 + ...... + Ni + Ni+1 + ........... + Nk }). So there exist
n1 ∈ N1 , n2 ∈ N2 , ........, ni−1 ∈ Ni−1 , ni+1 ∈ Ni+1 , ............. nk ∈ Nk
such that
x = n1 + n2 + .... + ni−1 + ni + ..... + nk
=⇒ n1 + n2 + .... + ni−1 + (−x) + ni + ..... + nk = 0
=⇒ n1 = n2 = .... = ni−1 = x = ni = ..... = nk = 0.
Since x ∈ Ni =⇒ −x ∈ N − i
i.e., −x is the ith element in the sum.
Hence
x = 0 and Ni ∩ {N1 + ...... + Ni + Ni+1 + ........... + Nk } = {0}

Dr. Shivangi Upadhyay Advanced Algebra 15 / 19

 Direct Sum Theorem

(iii) =⇒ (i)
Let us assume that for m ∈ M, we have two different representations
m = m1 + m2 + ..... + mk = n1 + n2 + ..... + nk
Then 0 = (m1 − n1 ) + (m2 − n2 ) + ....... + (mk − nk )
=⇒ (m1 − n1 ) =
(n1 −m1 )+........+(ni−1 −mi−1 )+(ni −mi )+(ni+1 −mi+1 )+...+(nk −mk )
Now (mi − ni ) ∈ Ni and
[(n1 − m1 ) + ...... + (ni−1 − m1 ) + (ni−1 − mi−1 ) + (ni − mi ) + (ni+1 −
mi+1 ) + ... + (nk − mk )] ∈ (N1 + ...... + Ni−1 + Ni + Ni+1 + ........... + Nk )
So (mi − ni ) ∈ (N1 + ...... + Ni−1 + Ni + Ni+1 + ........... + Nk ) = {0}
=⇒ mi = ni ∀ i.
Thus m ∈ M has unite representations
Hence M is the direct sum of N1 , N2 ,.......,Nk .

Dr. Shivangi Upadhyay Advanced Algebra 16 / 19

 Quotient Module

Quotient module

Quotient Module
Let M be an R-module over ring R and let N be submodule of M.
then the set

M/N = {N + x : x ∈ M}
is called quotient module.

Dr. Shivangi Upadhyay Advanced Algebra 17 / 19

 Module Homomorphism

Module Homomorphism

Module Homomorphism
0
Let M and M be R-modules.
0
A mapping f : M → M is called an R-module homomorphism if
(i) f (x + y ) = f (x) + f (y), for all x, y ∈ M and
(ii) f (rx) = rf (x) for all r ∈ R, x ∈ M and
if R is a ring with unity then we can combine (i) and (ii) as

f (rx + sy) = rf (x) + sf (y )

Dr. Shivangi Upadhyay Advanced Algebra 18 / 19

 Module Homomorphism

THANK YOU

Dr. Shivangi Upadhyay Advanced Algebra 19 / 19