Mathematics

Key Stage 2
Revision Book

Compiled by : Robert Thompson EA—SDS

 PLACE VALUE

PLACE VALUE is the value of a digit within a number depending on its position within the number.

Example Decimal Point

7 thousands
6 thousandths
or 7000 2 hundreds
9 units or 0.006
or 200 4 tens 1 tenth 3 hundredths
or 40 or 9
or 0.1 or 0.03

MULTIPLYING & DIVIDING

BY 10, 100 AND 1000

x 10 Move all digits ONE place to the LEFT e.g. 7.32 (x 10)
73.2
 10 Move all digits ONE place to the RIGHT e.g. 98.07 ( 10)
9.807
x 100 Move all digits TWO places to the LEFT e.g. 17.9 (x 100)
1790.
100 Move all digits TWO places to the RIGHT e.g. 394.8 (100)
3.948
x 1000 Move all digits THREE places to the LEFT e.g. 0.741 (x 1000)
741.
 1000 Move all digits THREE places to the RIGHT e.g. 68.1 ( 1000)
0.0681

ROUNDING NUMBERS

Being able to round numbers is very useful for ESTIMATING answers.

T
Examples 78 to the nearest 10 is 80
H
629 to the nearest 100 is 600
Th
2507 to the nearest 1000 is 3000

RULE: If the digit after the place to which you are rounding is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 then ROUND DOWN.
If the digit after the place to which you are rounding is 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 then ROUND UP.
 EQUIVALENT FRACTIONS

EQUIVALENT FRACTIONS are fractions which have the same value. Equivalent
fractions are formed when both the NUMERATOR and DENOMINATOR of a fraction
are MULTIPLIED or DIVIDED by the same number.

Examples
x 3 4

NUMERATOR  3 9 12 3
= =
DENOMINATOR  4 12 20 5
x 3 4

A fraction can be SIMPLIFIED or expressed in LOWEST TERMS by finding the largest

number which will divide exactly into both numerator and denominator.
4 5
Examples
12 3 25 5
= =
16 4 40 8
4 5

A MIXED NUMBER is a number with both a WHOLE and FRACTIONAL part.

1 An IMPROPER FRACTION is a fraction whose numerator is bigger

e.g. 2 than its denominator and can be changed into a mixed number.
3

Whole Fractional e.g. 11 = 2 3

4 4
part part

FINDING FRACTIONS
OF NUMBERS

Example:
3 5
(ii) Find of 36 (i) Find of 24
4 8
1 1
First find (36  4) = 9 First find (24  8) = 3
4 8
3 5
Then find (9 x 3) = 27 Then find (3 x 5) = 15
4 8
3 5
of 36 = 27 of 24 = 15
4 8
 PERCENTAGES

The words PER CENT mean OUT OF 100.

The symbol for percentage is %
To change a fraction to a percentage you must change it into a fraction with a
denominator of 100.
x 4  2
e.g.
9 36 122 61
= 36% = 61%
25 100 200 100
x 4  2

To find percentages of numbers it is usual to change the percentage into a simple

fraction if possible.
1
e.g. 25% of 80 = of 80 = 20
4
Finding 10% is often a useful step to finding other percentages

e.g. find 5%  first find 10% ( 10) then divide by 2 to find 5%

find 15%  find 10%, then find 5% and add together to make 15%

To find more “awkward” percentages such as 8% first find 1% ( 100) then multiply to the
required percentage (x 8)

FRACTIONS/DECIMALS/
PERCENTAGES

The following tables show a list of common equivalences of fractions, decimals and percentages.

Fraction Decimal Percentage Fraction Decimal Percentage

1 4 8
0.5 50% ( ) 0.8 80%
2 5 10
1 1
0.25 25% 0.1 10%
4 10
3 3
0.75 75% 0.3 30%
4 10
1 2 7
( ) 0.2 20% 0.7 70%
5 10 10
2 4 9
( ) 0.4 40% 0.9 90%
5 10 10
3 6 1 1
( ) 0.6 60% 0.333 33 %
5 10 3 3
 MULTIPLE
A is formed when any whole number is multiplied by another
whole number.

e.g. MULTIPLIES of 3 are 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, etc.

MULTIPLES of 7 are 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49, etc.

Multiples of 2 are called EVEN numbers.

All EVEN numbers end with 0, 2, 4, 6 or 8.

Numbers which are NOT multiples of 2 are called ODD numbers. All ODD
numbers end with 1, 3, 5 ,7 or 9.

 Multiples of 5 all end with 0 or 5.

 Multiples of 10 all end with 0.
 Multiples of 3 can be recognised by adding the digits of the number. If the
total is exactly divisible by 3 the number is a multiple of 3.

Example: 477  4 + 7 + 7 = 18  multiple of 3

FACTOR
A is a number which divides exactly into another number without
leaving a remainder.

Examples: Factors of 12 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12

Factors of 30 are 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 10, 15, 30

PRIME
A number with exactly TWO factors is called a number. The 2
factors will be 1 and the number itself. Example 13  1 and 13.

The following is a list of all the Prime Numbers less than 100.

2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61,
67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97

NOTE: 1 is NOT a Prime Number as it has only ONE factor.

 SQUARE NUMBERS

72 means
12 = 1x1 = 1 72 = 7x 7 = 49
22 = 2 x2 = 4 82 = 8x8 = 64 ‘7 squared’ or
32 = 3 x3 = 9 92 = 9x9 = 81 7 x 7 = 49
42 = 4 x4 = 16 102 = 10 x 10 = 100
52 = 5 x5 = 25 112 = 11 x 11 = 121 This way of writing
62 = 6 x6 = 36 122 = 12 x 12 = 144 ‘7 squared’ is called
INDEX NOTATION

CUBIC NUMBERS

13 = 1x1x1 = 1 43 = 4x4x4 = 64
23 = 2x2x2 = 8 53 = 5x5x5 = 125
33 = 3x3x3 = 27 63 = 6x6x6 = 216
103 = 10 x 10 x 10 = 1000

TRIANGULAR NUMBERS

Triangular numbers are so called because they can be arranged in a triangle shape.

1 3 6 10 15

1, 3, 6, 10, 15, 21, 28, 36, 55……are triangular numbers

Notice this pattern

+2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7

USING A LETTER FOR

AN UNKNOWN NUMBER

In Algebra a letter can be used to stand for an unknown number. Here are some examples.
t + 7 = 12 3a + 1 = 28
t=5 3a = 27 so a = 9
NOTE: ‘3a’ means ‘3 multiplied by a’
 NUMBER SEQUENCES

A number sequence is formed when a rule or pattern is carried out on a number to make a
new number.

Here are some examples:

a) 11, 14, 17, 20, 23….. (adding 3)

b) 8.9, 8.2, 7.5, 6.8 …… (subtracting 0.7)

c) 7, 8, 10, 13, 17, 22…. (+ 1, + 2, + 3, etc. ~ increasing the number

added by 1 each time)
d) 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55 …. (add two previous numbers to give the next
in the sequence)

FUNCTION MACHINES

A function machine has:

an INPUT - a number put into the machine.

a FUNCTION - a rule or operation which is applied to the input.

an OUTPUT - the result when the function is carried out on the input.

Example 14 44 *The OUTPUT at A

9 x 3 + 2 A is 9x3+2= 29
B 20
*To find the INPUT at B you must
Input Function Output reverse the order of the function and
use the inverse operations
INVERSE OPERATIONS
Addition and subtraction are inverse operations x3+2 becomes - 2  3
(e.g. 7 + 3 – 3 = 7)
so are multiplication and division therefore (20 – 2)  3 = 6

MONEY ON A CALCULATOR DISPLAY

If you add £4.39 and £1.81 on a calculator the display will show

This means £6.20 because a calculator doesn’t display unnecessary zeros.

 TIME – 12/24 Hour clock

When writing times in the 24 hour clock system FOUR digits are always used. Only 12
hour clock times are followed by am (before mid-day) or pm (after mid-day).

The following is a list of all “o’clock” times in both systems.

12 Hour 24 Hour 12 Hour 24 Hour *Although midnight can be

Midnight 0000 Noon written two different ways
1200 hrs
12.00 am Or 2400 12.00 pm in the 24 hour system
1.00 am 0100 hrs 1.00 pm 1300 hrs 2400 hrs and 0000 hrs,
times just after midnight
2.00 am 0200 hrs 2.00 pm 1400 hrs can only be written in one
way.
3.00 am 0300 hrs 3.00 pm 1500 hrs

4.00 am 0400 hrs 4.00 pm 1600 hrs e.g. 1 minutes past

midnight
5.00 am 0500 hrs 5.00 pm 1700 hrs
0001 hrs
6.00 am 0600 hrs 6.00 pm 1800 hrs

7.00 am 0700 hrs 7.00 pm 1900 hrs 2401 hrs does not exist

8.00 am 0800 hrs 8.00 pm 2000 hrs

9.00 am 0900 hrs 9.00 pm 2100 hrs

10.00 am 1000 hrs 10.00 pm 2200 hrs

11.00 am 1100 hrs 11.00 pm 2300 hrs

TIME FACTS

60 seconds = 1 minute 12 months = 1 year

60 minutes = 1 hour 365 days = 1 year
24 hours = 1 day 366 days = 1 leap year
7 days = 1 week 10 years = 1 decade
2 weeks = 1 fortnight 100 years = 1 century
(14 days)
 THE CALENDAR

The following rhyme will help you remember the number of days in each
month of the year.

Thirty days has September

April, June and November
All the rest have thirty-one
Except February alone
Which has twenty-eight days clear
And twenty-nine in each leap year.

N
A LEAP YEAR occurs every FOUR years.

2008, 2012, 2016 and 2020 are all leap years.

To find out if a year is a leap year, divide the last two digits of the year by 4.
If there is no remainder then it is a leap year.

CAPACITY

CAPACITY is the amount of space in a hollow container such as a bottle or

bin. The standard unit for measuring capacity is the LITRE.

1 litre = 1000 ml 3
litre = 750 ml
4
1
litre = 500 ml 1
litre = 200 ml
2 5
1
litre = 250 ml 1
litre = 100 ml
4 10

 A standard size dinks can holds 330 ml.

 A medicine spoon holds 5 ml.
 VOLUME

VOLUME is the amount of space taken up by a solid object.

The volume of a solid is measured in CUBIC CENTIMETRES cm³ or CUBIC

METRES m³.
To calculate the volume of a CUBOID,
multiply the length by breadth by height.

5 cm Volume = length x breadth x height

4 cm
8 cm Volume = 8 x 4 x 5 = 160 cm³
(not drawn to scale)

WEIGHT

The weight of an object is measured in GRAMS or KILOGRAMS.

1
1 kg = 1000 g kg = 250 g
4
1 3
kg = 500 g kg = 750 g
2 4

 A new born baby would weigh about 3 or 4 kg.

 A 10 -11 year old child would weigh 30 – 45 kg.
 A large adult would weigh about 100 kg.

ºC
TEMPERATURE
10
TEMPERATURE is a measure of how hot or cold something is. A
THERMOMETER is used to measure temperature. At 0ºC water freezes.
NEGATIVE numbers are used for temperatures lower than zero.
0

e.g. To work out the temperature change from 7ºC to - 4ºC use two
steps -10

STEP 1: 7ºC  0ºC is 7ºC altogether

- 20
STEP 2: 0ºC  - 4ºC is 4ºC 11ºC
 LENGTH

There are four metric units of length commonly used:

MILLIMETRES, CENTRIMETRES, METRES AND KILOMETRES

10 mm = 1 cm
100 cm = 1m
1000 mm = 1m
1000 m = 1 km

 A standard ruler is 30 cm long

 Classroom door is approximately 2m high
 Average 10 – 11 year old is 130 – 150 cm tall
 It would take about 10 – 12 minutes to walk 1 kilometre
 An Olympic athlete can run 100 metres in 10 seconds

The distance round a shape is called the PERIMETER

5 cm
The perimeter of the shape
2 cm illustrated is 18 cm.
3 cm
1cm
The perimeter of a square is four
1 cm
times its length.
6 cm

MEASURING INSTRUMENTS

We use different measuring instruments depending on the length to be measured

and how accurate we need to be.

 A RULER is suitable for measuring short lengths such as a width of a

spelling book.
 A METRE STICK is suitable for measuring the width of the classroom.
 A TRUNDLE WHEEL is suitable for measuring longer distances such as the
length of the corridor or playground.
 A TAPE MEASURE is suitable for measuring around curved objects such as
a wastepaper bin or parts of the body.
 AREA

AREA is the amount of space in a flat surface. Area is usually measured in SQUARE
CENTIMETRES cm².

The area of a square or rectangle is calculated by multiplying the length by the breadth.

5 cm Area = length x bre

3 cm
Area = 5 cm x 3 cm

13 m
Calculate the area of the lawn.

Area of lawn =
LAWN
Area of garden – Area of flower bed 8m
3m

(13 x 8) – (3 x 2) = 104 – 6 = 98 m² Flower

2m
Bed

From this diagram you can see that the Area of a

Triangle is half of the rectangle it fits inside.

4 cm Area =
1
(5 cm x 4 cm)
2
= 10 cm²

5 cm
You can calculate the APPROXIMATE area
of an IRREGULAR shape by counting the
x x WHOLE squares inside the shape and the
squares that are half or more.
x x x x x x
DO NOT COUNT the squares which are less
x x x x x x 1
than inside the shape.
x x x x x x x
2

x x x x x x Approximate Area = 29 cm²

x x
 CONVERTING FROM ONE
METRIC MEASURE TO ANOTHER

kg  g (x 1000) e.g. 1.4 kg = 1400 g, 0.07 kg = 70 g

g  kg ( 1000) e.g. 2070 g = 2.07 kg, 3g = 0.003 kg
l  ml (x 1000) e.g. 0.8 l = 800 ml, 1.04 l = 1040 ml
ml  l ( 1000) e.g. 1475 ml = 1.475 l, 93 ml = 0.93 l
cm  mm (x 10) e.g. 1.3 cm = 13 mm, 0.7 cm = 7 mm
mm  cm ( 10) e.g. 143 mm = 14.3 cm, 51 mm = 5.1 cm
m  cm (x 100) e.g. 1.31 m = 131 cm, 0.6 m = 60 cm
cm  m ( 100) e.g. 186 cm = 1.86 m, 5 cm = 0.05 m
km  m (x 1000) e.g. 1.28 km = 1280 m, 0.01 km = 10 m
m  km ( 1000) e.g. 2300 m = 2.3 km, 780 m = 0.78 km

SCALE DRAWING

A scale drawing is often used to represent, on paper, an object which is

much larger in real life.

Example: Below is a scale drawing of a garden with a path along one side.
1 cm Scale 1cm : 3 m

or 1 cm = 300 cm
PATH

3 cm Grass Area

Actual measurements are 300 times

7 cm larger than the scale drawing.

Grass area: Actual length 6 x 300 = 1800 m (18 m)

Actual width 3 x 300 = 900 cm (9 m)

Path: Actual length 3 x 300 = 900 cm (9m)

Actual width 1 x 300 = 300 cm 3 m)

Actual perimeter of path (2 x 9 m) + (2 x 3 m) = 24 m

 LINES

HORIZONTAL
A line ‘straight across’ (parallel to the Earth’s horizon)

VERTICAL
A line straight ‘up and down’
(at right angles to the
Earth’s horizon)
A line joining opposite corners in a shape

OBLIQUE
A sloping or slanted line

PERPENDICULAR lines meet or cross at right angles to each other

Examples

PARALLEL lines always remain the same distance apart and therefore never meet

Examples

The point where lines meet or cross is the called

the INTERSECTION

INTERSECTION
 QUADRILATERALS

The QUADRILATERAL is a flat shape with four sides. The

following shapes are quadrilaterals with special properties.

 All four sides are equal in length

 All four angles are right angles
 Opposite sides are parallel
 4 lines of symmetry

SQUARE

 Opposite sides are equal in length

 All four angles are right angles
 Opposite sides are parallel
 2 lines of symmetry

RECTANGLE

 All four sides are equal in length

 Opposite angles are equal
 Opposite sides are parallel
 2 lines of symmetry

RHOMBUS

 Opposite sides are equal in length

 Opposite angles are equal
 Opposite sides are parallel
 NO lines of symmetry

PARALLELOGRAM
  2 pairs of ADJACENT sides equal in
length
 One pair of opposite angles are equal
 No parallel sides
 1 line of symmetry

KITE

 No sides equal in length

 No equal angles
 One pair of parallel sides
 No lines of symmetry

TRAPEZIUM

 One pair of sides equal in length

 Two pairs of adjacent angles equal
 One pair of parallel sides
 One line of symmetry

ISOSCELES TRAPEZIUM

CIRCLE

 The CIRCUMFERENCE is the outside

edge of a circle
 A DIAMETER is a line which divides
the circle into TWO SEMI-CIRCLES
DIAMETER  A RADIUS is a line from the centre
to the circumference

 The RADIUS is always HALF the length

of the DIAMETER
 TRIANGLES

The TRIANGLE is a flat shape with three sides. The following are
different types of triangle.

60°

ISOSCELES
EQUILATERAL
 All three sides are equal  Two sides equal in length
 All angles are 60°  Two equal angles
 3 lines of symmetry  One line of symmetry

SCALENE
 All three sides are different lengths
RIGHT-ANGLED  No equal angles
 Contains one right angle  No lines of symmetry

A POLYGON is a flat shape with three or more straight sides.

The following is a list of names of polygons and the number of straight
sides they have.

PENTAGON – 5 sides HEPTAGON – 7 sides

HEXAGON – 6 sides NONAGON - 9 sides
OCTAGON – 8 sides DECAGON - 10 sides

most common less common

A REGULAR shape has all its sides equal in length and all its
angles are equal. A regular shape will have the same number of lines of
symmetry as it does sides.
 TESSELLATION

Shapes TESSELLATE if they fit together without leaving any gaps.

 Squares, rectangles, equilateral triangles, regular hexagons will tessellate.

 Pentagons, circles and octagons do NOT tessellate.

REGULAR HEXAGONS tessellate CIRCLES do not tessellate

CO-ORDINATES
7
THINGS TO REMEMBER
6 B

5 1. Always read the horizontal axis

A
4 first, then the vertical axis.
2. Co-ordinates should be written
3 D
inside brackets and should be
2
separated by a comma.
1
C
0 Examples
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 A is (6, 4) C is (4, 0)
B is (0, 6) D is (1, 3)
 ANGLES

ACUTE RIGHT OBTUSE

Angle Angle Angle
 Less than 90°  Exactly 90°  Greater than 90° but
less than 180°

STRAIGHT REFLEX
Angle Angle
 Exactly 180°  Greater than 180° but less
than 360°

The three angles in a triangle add up to 180°

The four angles in a quadrilateral add up to 360°

Calculate angles a, b and c.

Example a
333° c <b = 180° - 79° = 101°
b 1
79° >c = 360° - 333°= 27°

So <a = 180° - (101° + 27°) = 52°

b Where two lines INTERSECT, opposide

a a angles are equal.
b
Also < a + < b = 180°
 DIRECTION

8 POINT COMPASS
Anti-Clockwise
North
North-West North-East

45° from one point

45° on the compass to
West East
the next point.
90°

South-West South-East
Clockwise
South

TURNING

1 1
turn = 45° = right angle
8 2

1
turn = 90° = 1 right angle
4

3 1
turn = 135° = 1 right angles
8 2

1
turn = 180° = 2 right angles
2

5 1
turn = 225° = 2 right angles
8 2

3
turn = 270° = 3 right angles
4

7 1
turn = 315° = 3 right angles
8 2

1 complete turn = 360° = 4 right angles

 SOLID SHAPES

Solid shapes are also called 3 – Dimensional or 3D shapes because they have
3 dimensions – length, width and height.

The following are 3D shapes and their properties.

CUBOID
CUBE  6 faces (6 rectangles or 4
 6 faces (all square) rectangles and 2 squares)
 8 vertices (or corners)  8 vertices (or corners)
 12 edges  12 edges

NET NET

CYLINDER
 2 flat faces (circular)
SPHERE  1 curved surface
 A ‘ball’ shape  2 curved edges, no vertices
 One perfectly curved surface  Will roll
 No vertices or straight edges
 Will roll NET
 CONE TRIANGULAR PRISM
 1 flat circular face  5 faces (3 rectangles and 2
 1 curved surface triangles)
 1 curved edge  6 vertices
 1 vertex  9 straight edges

NET NET

TRIANGULAR BASED SQUARE BADSED

PYRAMID or PYRAMID
TETRAHEDRON  5 faces (4 triangles and 1 square)
 5 vertices
 4 faces (all triangles)
 8 straight edges
 4 vertices
 6 straight lines

NET
NET

All these solid shapes (except the sphere) belong to either the prism or pyramid family.
A PRISM keeps its shape all along its length
A PYRAMID narrows to reach a point at the top.
Prism and pyramids get their names from the shape of their bases.
 COLLECTING DATA

When collecting data or information TALLY MARKS are often used to record the data.

Tally marks are usually grouped in FIVES which make them easier to count.

e.g. |||| |||| |||| || (17) |||| |||| |||| |||| |||| (24)

PRESENTING DATA

There are many ways to present data using GRAPHS, CHARTS or DIAGRAMS. The following is a
variety of ways to present data.
Graph showing Toothbrush colours in
a P7 Class
Graph showing number of
children in family
10
5
No of children in family

Number of children

4 8

3
6
2
4
1

0 2
Ann Fred Bob Jane Liz
Pupils 0
white
blue

Other
red

green

yellow

Toothbrush Colours

BAR GRAPH BAR-LINE or SPIKE GRAPH

9 YEARS
BOY Greater Not greater
OLD
Y than 10 than 10
Kevin Mark
Alan 14 16 10
Even 2
David 20 8
Peter Kevin Joy
John Claire 19
Odd 11 3 9
Alison 17

VENN DIAGRAM CARROLL DIAGRAM

 Graph showing Temperatures during
a 12 hour period on 4th January
8

4
Temperature ºC

-2

-4
2 4 6 8 10 12 2
am am am am am noon pm

Time

LINE GRAPH

On leaving a Health Centre, 36 patients were

Dr asked the name of their doctor. The pie chart
Foot shows the results.
Dr Bones

Dr 1. What fraction of those surveyed were

O'Harte Dr Ward patients of Dr Bones?
2. How many were patients of Dr O’Harte?
3. To which doctor did 15 patients belong?
4. What percentage were patients of Dr Foot
Dr Kidney
and Dr Bones together?
5. What fraction of the patients were not Dr
Kidney’s?
6. How many people were not patients of Dr
PIE CHART (with sample questions) Bones?

NO Is it a YES
vowel?

NO Is it in the first YES NO Is it a YES

half of the
alphabet? curved
letter?

R H E U

DECISION TREE DIAGRAM

To calculate the MEAN or AVERAGE of a set of numbers add them together and divide
by how many numbers you have added together.

Example: Elaine’s results in daily spelling tests of 20 words were as follows:

Monday 17
Tuesday 13
Wednesday 20
Thursday 18
Friday 17

85
Mean 17 + 13 + 20 + 18 + 17 = = 17
5
5
The RANGE is the difference between the largest and smallest numbers in the set.

The range of Elaine’s results is 20 – 13 = 7

PROBABILITY

PROBABILITY is a judgement of how LIKELY or UNLIKELY an event is to happen.

Many words and phrases can be used to describe how likely it is for something to
happen.

e.g. CERTAIN, UNCERTAIN, IMPOSSIBLE, VERY UNLIKELY, POOR CHANCE, etc.

 I will be younger next year ~ IMPOSSIBLE

 It will get dark tonight ~ CERTAIN

 I will meet the Queen next week ~ VERY UNLIKELY

If an event has the same chance of happening as not happening then we say the
probability is an EVEN CHANCE or FIFTY-FITFY CHANCE.

Examples:
 Getting heads when you toss a coin.
 Throwing an even number on an ordinary dice.

N.B The probability of getting a six on an ordinary dice is LESS THAN EVEN while the
probability of getting a number greater than two is MORE THAN EVEN.