ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY

(UNIT-2)

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. State the following theorems (a) Stokes theorem and (b) Divergence theorem.
2. What is displacement current? Write the expression for displacement current density.
3. Maxwell proposed that Ampere’s law require modification. Explain why?
4. Explain equation of continuity.
5. Which equation shows that isolated magnetic poles do not exist?
6. Write Maxwell equation in differential form.
7. Write Maxwell equation in integral form.
8. What is Poynting theorem and Poynting vector?
9. What is propagation constant?
10. What do you mean by depth of penetration?
11. What happens to an electromagnetic wave when it enters a conducting medium.
12. Discuss the nature of electromagnetic waves.
13. What do you mean by impedance of a wave?
14. What is the difference between conduction current and displacement current?
15. What is the difference between electromagnetic wave and matter wave?

LONGANSWER QUESTIONS

1. Explain the concept of Maxwell’s displacement current and show how it led to the modification of the
Ampere’s law.
2. Deduce the expression for equation of continuity.
3. Using Maxwell’s equations deduce electromagnetic equation in vacuum and prove that wave propagate
with speed of light.
Or
Deduce Maxwell’s equation for free space and prove that the electromagnetic waves are transverse. Also
1
prove that the velocity of plane electromagnetic wave in the vacuum is given by = .
√𝜇0 𝜖0
𝛛𝐁
4. Show that Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction can be expressed as ∇xE = − .Write down its
𝛛𝐭
integral form.
𝝏𝟐 𝑬
5. Show that the wave equation for the electric field in free space is given by 𝛁 𝟐 E =𝝁𝟎 𝝐𝟎 [ ].
𝝏𝒕𝟐
𝜕𝐷
6. Using Maxwell’s equation∇ × 𝐵 = 𝜇0 [𝐽 + ]. Prove that 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝐷 = 𝜌.
𝜕𝑇
7. Write down Maxwell’s equations for free space and show that EM waves are transverse in nature.
Propagation forms a set of orthogonal vectors.
8. Deduce electromagnetic wave equations in conducting medium and discuss its solution.
9. Deduce Poynting theorem for the flow of energy in an electromagnetic field. Give its physical significance
also.
10. Define depth of penetration. Deduce expressions for skin depth as well as for intrinsic impedance of an
electromagnetic wave in good conductors.

NUMERICALS

1. If Ø (x, y, z) = 3x2y-yz2, Calculate grad Ø at point (1, 2, -1)

2. Given vector A =x2yi+(x-y)k. Calculate (a) 𝛁. 𝑨 𝒂𝒏𝒅 (𝒃) 𝛁 × 𝑨

3. Calculate the total current in circular conductor of radius 4 mm if the current density varies according to
J = 104/r A-m-2Answer: 251.2 Amp
4. Calculate the conduction current and displacement current densities in a material having conductivity of
10-3 mhos/m and relative permittivity ε = 2.45. The electric field in the material is given by E = 4 x10-6
sin (9 x 109 t) volt/m.
Answer: Jc= 4 X 10-9sin (9 X 109t) A/m & JD = 7.8 X 10-7cos (9 X 109t)

5. For a medium, conductivity σ = 58 x 106 Seimen/m, εr =1. Calculate the conduction and displacement
current densities if the magnitude of electric field intensity is given by E= 150 Sin (10 10t) volt/m.
Answer: Jc = 8.7x109 Cos (1010t) A/m2, Jd = 13.275Cos (1010t) A/m2

6. If a plane electromagnetic wave enters in free space has a magnitude of H 1 A/m. Calculate the
magnitude of E. Answer: 376.72 Vm-1

7. If the earth receives 2 cal min-1 cm-2 solar energy, calculate the amplitudes of electric and magnetic
fields of radiation. Answer: 1026.8 Volt/m, 2.726 Amp-turn/m

8. For a dielectric material having µr= 1, εr= 40, σ = 20 S/m Calculate the attenuation constant, phase
constant, propagation constant and intrinsic impedance at a frequency of 9 GHz
Answer: α = 645 neper/m and β = 1557 rad/m,k = 2557.39 m-1, η = 42.1 Ohm

9. Calculate the magnitude of Poynting vector at the surface of the sun. Given that power radiated by sun =
3.8×1026watts and radius of sun = 7×108m.
Answer: 6.17 x 107 W/m2

10. If the upper atmospheric layer of earth receives 1360 watt-m-2 energy from the sun. Calculate the peak
value of electric and magnetic field at the layer?
Answer: 3.37 x 10-6Wb/m2

11. Assuming that all the energy from a 1000 watt lamp is radiated uniformly, calculate the average values
of the intensities of electric and magnetic fields of radiation at a distance of 2m from the lamp. Answer:
86.62 Volt/m 0.2297 Amp-turn/m

12. For silver, μ= μ0 and σ = 3 x107 mhos/m. Calculate the skin depth at 10 Hz frequency.
Answer: 9 X 10-4 cm

13. The conductivity of sea water is 4s/m and the permeability is 4π×10-7H/m and the frequency is 30kHz.
Calculate the skin depth Answer: 0.4338 m

14. Show that for frequency ≤109 Hz, a sample of silicon will act like a good conductor .For silicon one
may assume ε/ε0 =12 and σ=2 mhos/cm. Also calculate the penetration depth for this sample at
frequency 106 Hz.
Answer: 3.6 cm

15. The sunlight strikes the upper atmosphere of earth with energy flux 1.38 kW/m2. Calculate the peak
value of electric and magnetic field of the points. Answer: E = 7.2129 x 102 V/m, H = 1.91 A-turn/m

16. A 500 Watt lamp radiates power uniformly in all direction. Calculate the electric and magnetic field
intensity at one distance from the lamp.
Answer: E=122.5 V/m, H = 0.3249 A-turn/m

17. Calculate the skin depth of an Electromagnetic wave in aluminum at the frequency of 71.6 MHz. The
electrical conductivity of Aluminum is 3.54 x 10 7mhos/m and permeability is 4πx 10-7 Weber/Am.
Answer: 10 µm

18. For sea water, µ=µo= 4πx 10-7 Weber/Am, ε =70 εo and σ = 5 Seimen/m. Calculate the skin depth and
attenuation constant of sea water.
Answer: 112.36 m-1