PRANVEER SINGH INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, KANPUR

Department of Basic Science & Humanities

UNIT 1

Quantum Mechanics

Short Questions
1. Distinguish between modified and unmodified X-rays.
Ans.
Modified X-ray: The modified X-ray line occurs because of scattering photon with a single electron.
The scatter photon has the longer wavelength compared to incident photon.
Unmodified X-ray: The unmodified X-ray line occurs because of scattering photon with a atoms, the
un-scattered photons shows the possess the same wavelength of incident photon.
2. What is Plank’s quantum hypothesis for blackbody radiation?

Ans. Plank’ hypothesis of black body radiation.

 The cavity of the blackbody made up of linear harmonic oscillator of atomic dimension.
 The linear harmonic oscillator can emit or absorbs energy in discrete manner, in the multiple of a
small unit called quanta (photon).
 The energy of photon is either emit or absorb in the multiple of
En = nhv

3. What is Compton wave length? Why Compton shift is not observed with visible wave
length.
Ans. The Compton wavelength of a particle is equal to the wavelength of a photon whose energy is
the same as the rest-mass energy of that particle. The Compton effect is not observed in visible light is
due to energy of photon is too smaller in comparison to rest mass of electrons.

4. What are matter waves?

Ans. The wave associated with moving particle or matter irrespective of charge over is called matter
wave.
5. What is wave function? Give essential characteristics of acceptable wave function.
Ans. Wave function of quantum mechanical system is represented as ψ(x,t). It describes the wave
characteristics of a particle at a given point of space and time is related to the likelihood of the
particle's being there at the time.
Conditions for acceptable wave function
1. ψ(x, t) should be continuous
2. ψ(x, t) should be single-valued
3. ψ(x, t )should be finite
4. ψ(x, t)should be square integrable
dψ(x,t)
5. dx
should be single-valued & continuous
 PRANVEER SINGH INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, KANPUR
Department of Basic Science & Humanities

6. What are the inadequacies of classical mechanics?

7. What is the objective of the Davisson and Germar experiment?
8. What is wave-packet?
9. Why Compton shift is not observed with visible light.

Numericals:

1. Can a photon and electron of the same momentum have the same wavelength? Compare the
wavelength if the two have same energy.
Or
Compare the wavelength of a photon and electron if the two have same energy.

2. Calculate the wavelength of an electron that has been accelerated in a particle accelerator through
a potential difference of 100 V
3. Calculate the energy difference between the ground state and the first excited state for an electron
in an one-dimensional rigid box of length 10-8 cm (mass of electron = 9.11 x 10-31 kg and h =
6.626 x10-34 J-s
4. Show that the de-Broglie wavelength of the particle is particle is equal to its Compton wavelength
when its velocity is 0.707c, where c is the velocity of light
5. X-ray with 𝜆 = 1Å is scattered from a carbon block, the scattered radiation is viewed at 90° to the
incident beam. Find the Compton shift ∆𝜆 and the kinetic energy imparted to the recoiling elect

Long Questions
1. Derive Schrödinger’s wave equation for a free particle.
2. A particle is in motion along a line between x = 0 and x = a, with zero potential energy. At
points for which x < 0 and x >L, the potential energy is infinite. Obtain the energy Eigen values.
3. What is Compton Effect? Explain the physical significance of the Compton shift.
4. Explain the wave-particle duality of matter and obtain an expression for de-Broglie wavelength.
5. Determine expression of Compton shift.
6. Give the brief description of the Davisson-Germer experiment and explain the outcome in
details.
7. Illustrate the relation between phase velocity and group velocity in a dispersive and non-
dispersive medium.

8.Illustrate that vp⨯vg = c2, where vp= phase velocity and vg = group velocity.
 PRANVEER SINGH INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, KANPUR
Department of Basic Science & Humanities

UNIT II

Short Answer Type

1. What is displacement current?

⃗⃗ changes with time or due

Displacement current’ arises when electric displacement vector 𝑫
to time varying electric field.

The displacement current 𝑰𝒅 through any closed surface is given as,

𝑰𝒅 = ∫𝑺 𝑱𝒅 . 𝒅𝒔
⃗⃗
𝒅𝑫
= ∫𝑺 . 𝒅𝒔
𝒅𝒕
⃗⃗
𝝐𝟎 𝒅𝑬
= ∫𝑺 . 𝒅𝒔
𝒅𝒕
𝒅𝑬 ⃗⃗
= 𝝐𝟎 ∫𝑺 𝒅𝒕 . 𝒅𝒔
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒅∅
𝑰𝒅 = 𝝐𝟎 ∫ 𝒅𝒕𝑬

2. Define Poynting vector?

EM waves can transport energy from point to point in the medium. The direction and magnitude of
flow of energy per unit time per unit area in an electromagnetic travelling in a medium is given by a
vector 𝐒 known as Poynting vector.

𝐒 =⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐄 x𝐇⃗⃗ = 𝟏 (𝐄
⃗⃗⃗ x 𝐁
⃗) UNIT- Joule/ m2-sec or Watt/m2
µ𝟎
3.
Direction of ⃗S is perpendicular to both E ⃗⃗⃗ and ⃗B , as we know propagation constant vector ⃗K is also
perpendicular to both E⃗⃗⃗ and ⃗B . Hence, ⃗S is in the direction of wave propagation.

3. What is skin depth?

The skin depth or penetration depth ( δ ), is defined as the distance travelled by EM wave in
1
conducting media at which the amplitude of E (electric field) reduces to e times to its initial value.
𝟏
𝜹=
𝛃
Where, β is attenuation constant

4. What happens to an electromagnetic wave when it enters a conducting medium.

 PRANVEER SINGH INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, KANPUR
Department of Basic Science & Humanities

The electric field wave equation in conducting medium is given as,

E = E0 e−βn.
̂ r i(αn
e ̂.r−ωt) ..........................(1)

And the magnetic field wave equation in conducting medium is given as,

H = H0 e−βn.̂r ei(αn̂.r−ωt) .............................(2)

Equation (1) and (2) gives the complete solution of EM waves in conducting media. It is
obvious that both field amplitudes are exponentially attenuated due to the presence of
term e−βn̂.r . The quantity ′β′ is also known as absorption co-efficient.

5. Write Maxwell’s equations in free space?

a) div D = 0 OR div ⃗E = 0
b) div ⃗B = 0
⃗⃗
𝝏H
c) Curl ⃗E = −μ0 𝝏𝒕
⃗
𝝏E
⃗⃗ = ϵ0
d) Curl H 𝝏𝒕
Numerical problems
1. If the earth receives 2 cal min-1 cm-2 solar energy, what are the amplitudes of electric
and magnetic fields of radiation? Answer: 1026.8 volt/m, 2.726amp-turn/m

2. Calculate the magnitude of Poynting vector at the surface of the sun. Given that power
radiated by sun = 3.8×1026watts and radius of sun = 7×108m. Ans S= 6.7x107 w/m2

3. If the upper atmospheric layer of earth receives 1360 wtm-2 energy from the sun. What
will be the peak value of electric and magnetic field at the layer?

4. Assuming that all the energy from a 1000 watt lamp is radiated uniformly; calculate
the average values of the intensities of electric and magnetic fields of radiation at a
distance of 2m from the lamp. Answer: 48.87 volt/m

5. For silver, μ= μ0 and σ = 3 x107 mhos/m. Calculate the skin depth at 10 Hz frequency.
Answer: 9 X 10-4 cm

6. Determine the conduction current and displacement current densities in a material

having conductivity of 10-3 mhos/m and relative permittivity ε = 2.45. The electric
field in the material is given by E = 4 x10-6 sin (9 x 109 t) volt/m.
Answer: Jc= 4 X 10-9sin (9 X 109t)A/m & JD = 7.8 X 10-7cos (9 X 109t) A/m
 PRANVEER SINGH INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, KANPUR
Department of Basic Science & Humanities

Long Answer type

1. Determine Maxwell’s equation for free space and prove that the electromagnetic waves are
transverse. Also prove that the velocity of plane electromagnetic wave in the vacuum is given
1
by = .
√𝜇0 𝜖0

2. Deduce Poynting theorem for the flow of energy in an electromagnetic field. Give its
physical significance also.

3. Derive depth of penetration. Derive expressions for skin depth as well as for intrinsic
impedance of an electromagnetic wave in good conductors.
4. What is skin depth? Show that for poor conductors the skin depth is independent of
frequency of electromagnetic wave

5. Derive electromagnetic wave equations in conducting medium and discuss its solution.
6. Determine equation of continuity of EM waves.

7. Determine Coulombs law from Maxwell’s first equation.

 PRANVEER SINGH INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, KANPUR
Department of Basic Science & Humanities

Unit 3

Short answer type in Interference of light

1. Why two independent sources of light cannot be considered as coherent sources?

Coherent sources are defined as the sources in which initial phase difference remains constant. In the
case of two independent sources, the initial phase difference cannot remain constant because light is
emitted due to millions of atoms and their number goes on changing in a quite random manner.
2. Explain the formation of Newton’s ring.

When a plano-convex lens with its convex surface is placed on a plane glass sheet, an air film of
gradually increasing thickness outward is formed between the lens and the sheet. The thickness of
film at the point of contact is zero. If monochromatic light is allowed to fall normally on the lens, and
the film is viewed in reflected light, alternate bright and dark concentric rings are seen around the
point of contact. These rings were first discovered by Newton, that's why they are called NEWTON'S
RINGS.

3. What is thin-film interference?

The phenomenon of thin-film interference occurs when a light wave is reflected off two surfaces at a
distance equal to its wavelength. We witness varied coloured patterns as light waves reflecting off the
top and bottom surfaces interfere with one another.
4. Why the fringes are circular in shape in Newton’s ring?
 PRANVEER SINGH INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, KANPUR
Department of Basic Science & Humanities

The locus of all points on the flat surface which are having the same height of air column is a circle
whose center is the center of contact of the two surfaces.
5. An excessively thin film appears black in reflected light. Why?
𝜆 𝜆
For an excessively thin film, the effective path difference in reflected light 2𝜇𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠 − becomes
2 2

Only and this is the condition of minimum intensity for all wavelengths. Hence film appears dark.
6. What is Rayleigh Criterion of resolution?
Rayleigh criterion for the diffraction limit to resolution states that two images are just resolvable when
the centre of the diffraction pattern of one is directly over the first minimum of the diffraction pattern
of the other.”
7. Distinguish between interference and diffraction?
Interference may be defined as waves emerging from two different sources, producing different wave
fronts. Diffraction, on the other hand, can be termed as secondary waves that emerge from the
different parts of the same wave. The intensity of all the points on maxima is of similar intensity in
interference.
8. Distinguish between Fresnel and fraunhofer diffraction pattern.

Fresnel diffraction can be observed if the source of light and the screen at which the diffraction
pattern is formed are kept at a finite distance from the diffracting obstacle. In this situation, the
wavefronts falling on the obstacle are not planes.Similarly, the wavefronts leaving the obstacle are not
plane.

Fraunhofer diffraction can be observed if the source of light and screen at which the diffraction
pattern is formed is placed at an infinite distance from the diffracting obstacle. This can be done by
using two converging lenses. One lens is placed between the source of light and the obstacle while the
other lens is placed between the obstacle and screen. The lens between the source and obstacle makes
the rays parallel to each other while the lens between the obstacle and screen focuses the parallel rays
at a point on the screen.

NUMERICALS

1. The refractive index of the thin soap film of uniform thickness is 1.4. Find the smallest thickness
of the film that gives on the interference maximum in the reflected light of wavelength 5460 A0 fall at
normal incidence. tmin = 975 A0
2. A soap film of refractive index 1.33 is illuminated by the light of wavelength at an angle of 45
degrees. There is complete destructive interference. For, find the thickness of the film 2.61410-4 mm

3. A thin film of soap solution is illuminated by white light at an angle of incidence i = sin-1(4/5). In
the reflected light, two dark consecutive overlapping fringes are observed corresponding to
wavelengths 6.1 x 10-7 m and 6.0 x 10-7 m. The refractive index for soap solution is 4/3. Calculate the
thickness of the film.
 PRANVEER SINGH INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, KANPUR
Department of Basic Science & Humanities

Given, µ = 4/3, λ1 = 6.1 x 10-7 m λ2 = 6.0 x 10-7 m

t = 1.72 x 10-5 m = 1.72 x 10-2 mm
4. Light of wavelength 6000 Å falls normally on a thin wedge shaped film of refractive index
1.4 forming fringes that are 2 mm apart. Find the angle of the wedge in seconds.
Ans. 21.96 seconds
5. A square piece of cellophane film with index of refraction 1.5 has a wedge shaped section
So that its thickness at two opposite sides is t1 and t2. If the number of fringes appearing
With wavelength λ = 6000 Å is 10, calculate the difference (t2-t1).
Ans. 2x10-4 cm
6. Newton’s rings are observed by keeping a spherical surface of 100 cm radius on a plane glass
plate. If the diameter of the 15th bright ring is 0.59 cm and the diameter of the 5th ring is 0.59 cm,
calculate the wavelength of light used? Ans. 5880Å
7. In Newton’s ring experiment the diameter of 4th and 12th dark rings are 0.4 cm and 0.7 cm
respectively. Deduce the diameter of 20th dark ring. Ans. 0.906 cm
8. Newton’s rings are formed in reflected light of wavelength 6000 Å with a liquid between the plane
and curved surfaces. If the diameter of the 6th bright ring is 3.1 mm and the radius of curvature of the
curved surface is 100 cm, calculate the refractive index of the liquid.
Ans. 1.373

9. Light of wavelength 5500 Å falls normally on a slit of width 22*10-5 cm. Calculate the angular
position of the first two minima on either side of the central maximum.
Ans: 14°29´ & 30°
10. In Fraunhofer diffraction due to a narrow slit, a screen is placed 2 m away from the lens to obtain
the pattern. If the slit width is 0.2 mm and first minima lie 5 mm on either side of the central
maximum, find the wavelength of light. Ans: 5000 Å

11. How many lines per cm are there in a plane transmission grating which gives 1 st order of light of
wavelength 6000 Å at angle of diffraction 30°.

12. Find the angular separation of 5048 Å and 5016 Å wavelengths in second order spectrum obtained
by a plane diffraction grating having 15000 lines per inch. Ans: 0.26°

13. A parallel beam of monochromatic light is allowed to be incident normally on a plane grating
having 1250 lines per cm and a second order spectral line is observed to be deviated through 30°.
Calculate the wavelength of the spectral line. Ans: 5000 Å

14. A diffraction grating used at normal incidence gives a line λ1 = 6000 Å in a certain order
superimposed on another line λ2 = 4500 Å of the next higher order. If the angle of diffraction is 30°,
calculate the number of lines in a cm in the grating. Ans: 2778

15. Monochromatic light from a He-Ne Laser (λ = 6328 Å) is incident normally on a diffraction
grating of 6000 lines/cm. Find the angles at which one would observe the first order maximum,
second order maximum etc. Ans: 22°20´ & 49°28´

16. A plane transmission grating has 15000 lines per inch. Find the resolving power of the grating and
the smallest wavelength difference that can be resolved with a light of wavelength 6000 Å in the
second order. Ans: 30,000 & 0.2 Å
 PRANVEER SINGH INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, KANPUR
Department of Basic Science & Humanities

17. What must be the minimum number of lines per cm in a half inch width grating to resolve the
wavelength 5890 and 5896 Å in the first order? Ans: 773

LONG ANSWER TYPE

1. Discuss the phenomena of interference of light due to thin films of uniform thickness in reflected
and transmitted light and the find the conditions of maxima and minima. Show that the interference
patterns of reflected and transmitted monochromatic light in thin films are complementary.

2. Explain the formation of Newton’s rings? Prove that in reflected light diameters of the bright rings
are proportional to square root of odd natural numbers. Also prove that the diameters of dark rings are
proportional to the square roots of natural numbers.

3. Describe the Newton’s ring method to determine the wavelength of sodium light. What will happen
to fringes if air film between the plano-convex lens and glass plate is filled with a liquid of refractive
index μ. Explain it.

4. Discuss the phenomena of Fraunhofer diffraction at a single slit and show that the relative
intensities of successive maxima are nearly

4 4 4
1: : : ..............
9 2
25 49 2
2

5. Give the construction and theory of plane diffraction grating and explain the formation of spectra
by it. Explain what are absent spectra in the grating.

6. Show that the angular width of a principal maximum in a plane diffraction grating does not depend
upon the number of lines per unit length but it does depend on the total number of lines present on the
grating.

7. What is dispersive power of a plane diffraction grating? Derive the expression for it.

8. Explain Rayleigh’s criterion of resolution. Define limit of resolution and resolving power.

9. Define resolving power of a grating and obtain an expression for the resolving power of the grating.
PRANVEER SINGH INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, KANPUR
Department of Basic Science & Humanities
 PRANVEER SINGH INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, KANPUR
Department of Basic Science & Humanities

UNIT 4

1. Explain numerical aperture?

It determines the light gathering ability of the fiber. The higher NA, defines higher light
gathering ability of the fiber. It is also called figure of merit. The numerical aperture of the fiber
is given as the sine of the acceptance angle.
It is a dimensionless number that characterizes the range of angles over which the fiber can
accept light.
NA = Sinθa = (√n12 − n22 )

2.Explain principle of transmission of optical ray in fiber.

IT WORKS UPON THE PRINCIPLE OF TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION (TIR)

There are two conditions for total internal reflection;

 The light must pass from denser to rarer medium.
 Angle of incidence must be greater than the
critical angle.

Fig: 1
Total Internal Reflection
In figure 1, n1 is refractive index of the core (denser medium), and n2 is the refractive of the clad
(rarer medium) (n1 > n2), hence light travels from denser medium (core) to rarer medium (clad)
in the fiber.
Let a light ray enters the fiber and strikes core-clad interface at an internal angle of incidence
ϕ, If angle of incidence 𝛟 at core clad interface is greater than critical angle 𝝓𝑪 the light is
reflected back into the same medium i.e., core (denser medium) by T.I.R . Thus, the light
will continue to travel in zig-zag path within the fiber.
According to Snell’s law; n2
𝐒𝐢𝐧𝛟𝐂 =
n1

3.Define attenuation in fibre.

It is defined as the ratio of optical power output (Pout) from a fiber of length ‘L’ to the input output
(Pin), it is measured in decibel (dB).
 PRANVEER SINGH INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, KANPUR
Department of Basic Science & Humanities

𝐏𝐎𝐮𝐭
Loss in dB(Attenuation) = −𝟏𝟎 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟎 𝐏𝐢𝐧

4.Distinguish between spontaneous and stimulated radiation.

SPONTANEOUS EMISSION
1. It is the process in which an electron in higher atomic state (E2) comes to lower atomic state
(E1) automatically after 10-8 sec by emitting photon having energy equal to the difference in
the energy of energy levels E1 and E2 .
2. The phase and the direction of propagation of the photon in spontaneous emission are random
hence the radiation is incoherent.

STIMULATED EMISSION
1. Stimulated emission is a quantum process which amplifies the intensity of light.
2. In this process a photon known as stimulating photon stimulates an atom in excited state
(metastable state) to give up its stored energy in the form of a photon (stimulated photon).
3. Stimulated photon is identical in direction of propagation, wavelength, polarization, and
phase to the stimulating photon. Thus a coherent beam of photons or laser is obtained .

5. How He-Ne laser is superior to a ruby laser?

SUPERIORITY OF HE-NE GAS LASER OVER RUBY LASER
1. Light from He-Ne gas laser has high degree of monochromaticity and directionality than that
from solid state ruby laser. This happens due to imperfection in the crystal, thermal distortion
and scattering.
2. The solid state laser like ruby laser needs cooling in time of operation while the gas lasers can
operate continuously without any cooling.
3. The laser output is continuous in the case of helium-neon laser. But it is in the form of pulse
in the ruby laser.
4. Ruby laser requires high power pumping source, whereas Helium-neon laser requires low
power pumping source like electric discharge.
5. Efficiency of helium-neon laser is more than ruby laser.

Numerical Problems

1. Compute the numerical aperture and the acceptance angle of an optical fiber from the
following data: n1 (core) = 1.48 and n2 (cladding) = 1.46. Ans:0.2425,140
2. Calculate the fractional difference between core and cladding refractive indices for a
step index fiber having core and cladding refractive indices 1.55 and 1.50
respectively. Ans:0.032
3. If the fractional difference between the core and cladding refractive indices of a fiber
0.0135 and numerical aperture NA is 0.2425, calculate the refractive indices of the
core and cladding materials. Ans:1.476,1.456
 PRANVEER SINGH INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, KANPUR
Department of Basic Science & Humanities

4. A step index fiber has core refractive index 1.466, cladding refractive index 1.46.
If the operating wavelength of the rays is 0.85 µm, calculate the cut-off parameter
and the number of modes which the fiber will support .The diameter of core = 50 µm.
Ans: 24.75, 3065.

5. The core diameter of a multimode fiber is 70 µm and the relative refractive index
difference is of 1.5%. It operates at a wavelength of 0.85 µm. If the refractive index of
the core is 1.46, calculate (i) the refractive index of the cladding, (ii) the normalized
frequency V- number of the fiber, and (iii) the total number of the guided modes in
the fiber.
6. The optical power, after propagating through a fibre which is 500 m long is reduced to 25%
of its original value. Calculate the fibre loss in dB/km

Long Answer Type

1 Derive acceptance angle and define acceptance cone of a fiber.

2 Discuss classification of the optical fibre on the basis of index profile.
3 Define attenuation and discuss the internal and external factors responsible for
attenuation.
4 Explain Dispersion in optical fibre. Explain different types of dispersion
5 What are Einstein’s coefficients? Derive Einstein relation between them
6 Explain the action of a helium-neon laser. How is it superior to a ruby laser.
7 Describe the construction, action and working of ruby laser.
 PRANVEER SINGH INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, KANPUR
Department of Basic Science & Humanities

UNIT 5

Short Answer type:

Q1. Define Superconductor.

Superconductor

A superconductor is defined as a substance that offers no resistance to the electric current when it
becomes colder than a critical temperature. Some of the popular examples of superconductors are
aluminum, magnesium diboride, niobium, copper oxide, yttrium barium. These substances
superconductor at temperatures below the critical temperature.

Q 2. Define Critical or transition Temperature.

Critical Temperature for Superconductors

The critical temperature for superconductors is the temperature at which the electrical resistivity of metal
falls to zero. Most materials show superconducting phase transitions at low temperatures. The highest
critical temperature was about 23 K until 1986. In 2020, a room-temperature superconductor made from
carbon,

Q 3. Define Critical magnetic field.

Critical magnetic field.

 If an increasing magnetic field is applied to a superconductor at a constant temperature below the

critical temperature, then the material will make a transition from the superconducting state to the
normal state when the field reaches a well-defined strength. This field at which the
superconductivity is destroyed is known as the critical magnetic field strength Bc
 If the field is reduced, with the temperature held constant, the material returns to the
superconducting state at the same critical field strength Bc
 Critical magnetic field strength depends on temperature, and its temperature dependence is shown
 PRANVEER SINGH INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, KANPUR
Department of Basic Science & Humanities

Q 4. Define Persistent current.

Persistent current is one which flows in superconductors without any loss in its value for long time. A
superconductor is an element or an alloy of a metal that, when cooled below a certain threshold
temperature, causes the material to dramatically lose all electrical resistance. In theory, superconductors
conduct electric current without any energy and loss. can also allow current to flow (but, in practice, an
ideal superconductor is very difficult to produce). This type of current is called super current.

Q 4. What are quantum dots, wires and wells.

A quantum well represents confinement of a charge carrier on only one dimension. A quantum wire
represents confinement in two dimensions. A quantum dot is confined in three dimensions. The quantum
dot is the only structure that has a discrete energy spectrum, like an atom and so are often called artificial
atoms.

Long Answer type:

Q 1. Describe the effect of magnetic field on superconductors.
Q 2. How does the critical magnetic field vary with temperature in superconductors?
Q3. Explain Meissner’s effect.
Q4. Differentiate between type I and type II superconductors.
Q 5. Explain high temperature superconductors.

Numericals:
1. A superconducting material has critical temperature of 4.2 K in zero magnetic field and a critical
field of 0.0306 T at 00K. Calculate the critical field at 2.1 K. (0.023 T).
2. A superconducting lead has a critical temperature of 6.2 K at zero magnetic field and a critical
field of 0.036 Tesla at 0 K. Calculate the critical field at 3.1K. (0.023 T)
3. Calculate the transition temperature and critical field at 4.2 K for a given specimen of
superconductor if the critical fields are 1.410×105 amp/m and 4.205×105 amp/m at 14.1 K and
12.9K respectively. 14.67K, 17.31×105 amp/m
4. A lead wire has a critical magnetic field of 6.5×103 amp/m at 0K. The critical temperature is 7.18
K. At what temperature the critical field would drop to 4.5×10 3 amp/m? The diameter of the wire
is 2mm. Calculate the critical current density at that temperature. 3.98K; 9.0×106 amp/m2
5. The critical Temperature of lead is 7.2K .Calculate penetration depth in lead at 5.1 K If the
penetration depth at 0 K is 380 A0 739.29 A0