7/29/2024

Controllers
&
Control
Systems
- Dr. Ketan Jagtap

@ Dr. K. A. Jagtap, 2024

Introduction
A control system is a set of mechanical or
electronic devices that regulates other
devices or systems by way of control
loops.
Typically, control systems are
computerized. Control systems are a
central part of production and
distribution in many industries.
Automation technology plays a big role in
these systems.
@ Dr. K. A. Jagtap, 2024

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Controller: This is the device or algorithm

that processes the sensor input and
generates the control output.
It compares the measured process variable
to the desired set point and calculates the
error signal.

@ Dr. K. A. Jagtap, 2024

Open Loop Control System

An open loop control system is the one in which the output
signal is not feedback to the input of the system.
Therefore, an open loop control system is also referred to as
a non-feedback control system.
In case of open loop control system, the output has no
control on the control action of the system. Thus, the open
loop control system follows its input signals regardless of the
final results.
The major disadvantage of an open loop control system is
that it is poorly equipped to handle the disturbances which
may reduce its ability to complete the desired task.
Some common examples of open loop control system are:
traffic light system, field controlled DC motor, grinding
machine, immersion rod, etc.

@ Dr. K. A. Jagtap, 2024

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Closed Loop Control System

A closed loop control system is the one in which the output signal
is fed-back to the input of the system. Therefore, in a closed loop
control system, the control action is a function of desired output
signal.
The main components of a closed loop control system are −
controller, plant, error detector or comparator and feedback
element which are connected together.
The error detector accepts input signal and feedback signal to
produce an error signal which is the difference of input and
feedback signals.
The feedback signal is the sample of output of the overall system.
The common examples of closed loop control system are − air
conditioner system, rocket launching system, radar tracking system,
human respiratory system, etc.

@ Dr. K. A. Jagtap, 2024

Difference

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Feedback Control System

A type of control system in which the corrective action is taken after the
occurrence of disturbance in the output, it is called a feedback control
system.
The feedback control system is a type of closed loop control system in
which a feedback signal is used to regulate the behavior of the system.
The system output is monitored and compared with a reference value. If
there is any difference between the actual output and the desired output,
then a control signal is generated to regulate the system to produce the
desired output.
Feedback control systems are widely used industrial automation and
process control applications.

@ Dr. K. A. Jagtap, 2024

Feed Forward Control System

A feed forward control system is a type of control system in which the
corrective action is taken before the occurrence of disturbances in the
output of the system.
In the case of a feed forward control system, the control mechanism
anticipates the variations in the input signal of the system and regulates the
output of the system in advance of these variations.
For making adjustments in the output, the feed forward control system does
not relay on the feedback signal.
The control system which can predict variations in the input signals in
advance and can adjust the system output based on the these predictions is
referred to as a feed forward control system.
A heating system is a typical example of a feed forward control system.

@ Dr. K. A. Jagtap, 2024

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Difference

@ Dr. K. A. Jagtap, 2024

On-Off Control
The On-Off Controller or two position
controller is the simplest, cheapest and the
most used controllers.
It is used in domestic heating systems,
refrigeration, water tanks, etc.
When the measured variable is below the set
point, the controller is ON and the output
signal has maximum value.
When the measured variable is above the set
point, the controller is OFF and output is
zero.

@ Dr. K. A. Jagtap, 2024

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Due to mechanical friction or arcing of electrical

contacts, the controller actually goes on slightly
below the set point and goes off slightly above
the set point.
This differential gap in the controller output may
be deliberately increased to give decreased
frequency of operation and reduced wear.
@ Dr. K. A. Jagtap, 2024

Proportional Controller

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@ Dr. K. A. Jagtap, 2024

Derivative Controller

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@ Dr. K. A. Jagtap, 2024

Integral Controller

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@ Dr. K. A. Jagtap, 2024

Proportional Integral Derivative

(PID) Controller
A type of controller in which the output of the controller
varies in proportion with the error signal, integral of the
error signal and derivative of the error signal is known as
the Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controller.
Proportional plus integral plus derivative controller is
sometimes referred as a 3-mode controller, as it combines
the controlling action of proportional, integral as well as
derivative controller altogether.
The combination of all the three types of control action
improves the overall performance of the control system, in
order to provide the desired output in an effective manner.
The output of a PID controller is given as:

@ Dr. K. A. Jagtap, 2024

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@ Dr. K. A. Jagtap, 2024

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Pneumatic Controller
A Pneumatic Controller is a mechanical device
designed to measure temperature or pressure
and transmit a corrective air signal to the final
control element.
A Pneumatic Controller operates through a
coordination of its thermal or pressure sensing
system and its air signal relay system.
The controller’s sensing bulb or pressure
connection, installed within the process
application, senses change within the measured
variable and relays this information (input signal)
to the controller.
The controller mechanically compares the signal
against a predetermined set point and sends a
corrective air signal to a pneumatic control valve,
which modulates process flow, thereby returning
the application to the desired @condition.
Dr. K. A. Jagtap, 2024

@ Dr. K. A. Jagtap, 2024

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Microcontroller
• A smaller computer
• On-chip RAM, ROM, I/O ports...
• Example：Motorola’s 6811, Intel’s 8051,
Zilog’s Z8 and PIC 16X

@ Dr. K. A. Jagtap, 2024

Microprocessor vs Microcontroller

Microprocessor Microcontroller

• CPU is stand-alone, • CPU, RAM, ROM,

RAM, ROM, I/O, I/O and timer are all
timer are separate on a single chip
• designer can decide on • fix amount of on-chip
the amount of ROM, ROM, RAM, I/O
RAM and I/O ports. ports
• expansive • for applications in
• versatility which cost, power and
• general-purpose space are critical
• single-purpose
@ Dr. K. A. Jagtap, 2024

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Block Diagram of Microcontroller

@ Dr. K. A. Jagtap, 2024

8051 Microcontroller Internal Block Diagram

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Pin
configuration
(8051)

@ Dr. K. A. Jagtap, 2024

Important Pins (I/O Ports)

• One of the most useful features of the 8051 is that it contains four
I/O ports (P0 - P3)

• Port 0 （pins 32-39）：P0（P0.0～P0.7）

– 8-bit R/W - General Purpose I/O
– Or acts as a multiplexed low byte address and data bus for
external memory design

• Port 1 （pins 1-8） ：P1（P1.0～P1.7）

– Only 8-bit R/W - General Purpose I/O

• Port 2 （pins 21-28）：P2（P2.0～P2.7）

– 8-bit R/W - General Purpose I/O
– Or high byte of the address bus for external memory design

• Port 3 （pins 10-17）：P3（P3.0～P3.7）

– General Purpose I/O
– if not using any of the internal peripherals (timers) or external
interrupts.
• Each port can be used as input or output@(bi-direction)
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Thank you…!!!

@ Dr. K. A. Jagtap, 2024

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