CHEMISTRY FOR ENGINEERS (LECTURE)

Module 6 / First Semester

Ms. Ma. Junallie Pomperada By: Angelica By: Angelica <3

Module 6: Thermochemistry

The Nature of Energy EXOTHERMIC AND ENDOTHERMIC PROCESSES

KINETIC ENERGY AND POTENTIAL ENERGY Endothermic
Kinetic Energy – energy of motion - absorbs heat from surroundings
𝟏 - Accept
Formula: 𝑬𝒌 = 𝟐 𝒎𝒗𝟐
Potential Energy – the energy an object possesses by virtue of its position - Feels cold
Exothermic
Formula: 𝑬𝒑 = 𝒎𝒈𝒉
- transfers heat to the surroundings
Note: PE can be converted into KE.
- Release
- A bicyclist at the top of a hill.
- Feels hot
TRANSFERRING ENERGY: WORK AND HEAT
Force – a push or pull on an object
Formula: 𝑭 = 𝒎𝒂 CALORIMETRY
Work – the product of force applied to an object over a distance HEAT CAPACITY AND SPECIFIC HEAT
Formula: 𝑾 = 𝑭𝒅𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 • Calorimetry - measurement of heat flow
Energy – work done to move an object against a force o the accurate and precise measurement of heat change
– the capacity to do work or transfer heat for chemical and physical processes
Heat – the transfer of energy between two objects • Calorimeter – apparatus that measures heat flow
o are devices used to measure the amount of heat
Thermochemistry absorbed or released during chemical and physical
processes.
- the study of the heat changes that occur during chemical reactions
and physical changes of state. • Heat Capacity – the amount of energy required to raise the
temperature of an object (by one degree)
- concerned with the flow of heat between a chemical system
(reaction) and its surroundings. • Molar Heat Capacity – heat capacity of 1 mol of a substance
The Law of Conservation of Energy • Specific Heat = Specific Heat Capacity – heat capacity of 1 g of a
- In any chemical or physical process, energy is neither created nor substance Formula: 𝒒 = 𝒎𝑪𝒑 ∆𝑻
destroyed. where m = Mass is in grams
SYSTEM 𝐶𝑝 = Specific heat is in J/goC
- specific part of the universe on which you focus your attention ∆𝑇 = Change in temp is in oC
SURROUNDINGS
- include everything outside the system UNITS OF HEAT
Note: The system and the surroundings constitute the universe. • Calorie - the quantity of heat that raises the temperature of 1
gram of pure water 1oC.
The First Law of Thermodynamics • A Calorie, or dietary Calorie, is equal to 1000 calories.
RELATING ∆𝐸 TO HEAT AND WORK • A Joule is the SI unit of heat and energy.
• 1 Calorie = 1000 cal = 1 kcal = 4184 J
- Energy of (system + surroundings) is CONSTANT.
• 1 cal = 4.184 J
- Any energy transferred from a system must be transferred to the
surroundings (and vice versa).
FROM THE FIRST LAW OF HEAT CAPACITY
THERMODYNAMICS: - the amount of heat it takes to change an object’s temperature by
exactly 1oC.
when a system undergoes a physical or
chemical change, the change in internal - also depends on its chemical composition.
NOTE: The greater the mass of an object, the greater the heat capacity.
energy is given by the heat added to or
absorbed by the system plus the work done
on or by the system: SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY
∆𝐸 = 𝑞 + 𝑤 • the amount of heat it takes to raise the temperature of 1 gram of
the substance 1oC.
where ∆𝐸 = energy
• Specific heat is represented by C.
q = heat
• The units of specific heat are J/goC.
w = work NOTE: Water has a higher specific heat than most substances.

MEASURING AND EXPRESSING ENTHALPHY CHANGES

• Enthalpy is the heat content of a system at constant pressure.
• Enthalpy is represented by H.

CONSTANT PRESSURE CALORIMETRY

• atmospheric pressure is constant
H = qP
qrxn = −qsoln = −(specific heat of solution )
 (grams of solution )  T
• Commonly called “COFFEE CUP” calorimetry
• used to determine any changes in enthalpy for reactions occurring
in solution.
• Atmospheric pressure remains constant during the reaction
 CHEMISTRY FOR ENGINEERS (LECTURE)
Module 6 / First Semester
Ms. Ma. Junallie Pomperada By: Angelica By: Angelica <3

BOMB CALORIMETRY (CONSTANT VOLUME CALORIMETRY) • The standard heat of formation of a compound is the change in
• Reaction carried out under constant volume. enthalpy that accompanies the formation of one mole of the
• Use a bomb calorimeter. compound from its element with all substances in their standard
• Usually study combustion. states at 25oC.
• The ∆𝑯fo of a free element in its standard state is zero.
∆𝑯o = ∆𝑯fo (products) – ∆𝑯fo (reactants)
qrxn = −Ccal  T HOW HESS’ LAW WORKS
• The ΔHrxns have been calculated and tabulated for many basic
reactions.
• Hess’s law allows us to put these simple reactions together like
puzzle pieces so that they can add up to a more complicated
reaction.
• By adding or subtracting the ΔHrxns, we can determine the ΔHrxn
of the more complicated reaction.
Thermochemical Equation
• If a reaction is reversed, the sign of ΔH is also reversed.
• An equation that included the heat change is a thermochemical
equation. • The size of ΔH is directly related to the quantities of reactants and
• A heat of reaction is the heat change for the equation exactly as products
written. • If the coefficients in a balanced reaction are multiplied by an
Example: integer, the value of ΔH is multiplied by the same integer.
a. CaO(s) + H2O(l) → Ca(OH)2(s) ∆𝑯 = -65.2 KJ Standard enthalpy of formation (ΔHf0) is the heat change that results when
one mole of a compound is formed from its elements at STP.
b. 2NaHCO3(s) → Na2CO3(s) +H2O(g) +CO2(g) ∆𝑯 = +129 KJ
NOTE: • Whenever a standard enthalpy change is quoted, standard
conditions are assumed.
Signs of ∆𝐻
Release – Negative (-) • The standard enthalpy of formation of any element in its most
Absorb – Positive (+) stable form is zero.
• ΔHf0 (O2) = 0 ΔH0 (O3) = 142kJ/mol
∆𝑯 • ΔHf0 (C, graphite) = 0 ΔHf0 (C, diamond) = 1.90 kJ/mol
- heat absorbed by one mole of a substance melting from a solid to
a liquid at constant temperature is the molar heat of fusion. Some other important types of enthalpy changes
Standard enthalpy change of combustion, ΔH°c
- the heat lost when one mole of a liquid changes to a solid at a
The standard enthalpy change of combustion of a compound is the enthalpy
constant temperature is the molar heat of solidification.
change which occurs when one mole of the compound is burned completely in
∆𝑯fus = - ∆𝑯solid oxygen at STP .
- the heat change caused by dissolution of one mole of a substance is The enthalpy change of solution (ΔH soln) is the heat generated or
the molar heat of solution absorbed when a certain amount of solute dissolves in a certain amount of
Example: NaOH(s) → Na+(aq) + OH-(aq) ∆𝑯soln = -445.1 KJ solvent at STP.

HEATING CURVE FOR WATER Standard enthalpy of a reaction (ΔHorxn):

Using Hess’s law, we can easily calculate
ΔHorxn from the ΔHfo of all reactants and products by using the following
equation:
ΔHorxn = Σ (ΔH fproducts) – Σ (ΔH f reactants)

Calculating Heats of Reaction

- Hess’ Law of heat summation states that if you add two
or more thermochemical equations to give a final equation, then
you can also add the heat changes to give the final heat
change.
HESS’ LAW 1840
- The change of enthalpy in a chemical reaction is independent of the
route by which the chemical change occurs.
- This is true because enthalpy is a state function, which is a value
that does not depend on the path taken.
- If you convert reactants A into products B, the overall enthalpy
change will be exactly the same whether you do it in one step or
two steps or however many steps.