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Math Reviewer

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11 views4 pages

Math Reviewer

Uploaded by

cortezkenneth802
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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MATHEMATICS

@imisseun | 1st Quarterly Exam Reviewer

Sequence
● is a succession of numbers in a specific order.
● Each number in a sequence is called a term.
Finite Sequence
● Limited number of terms; it has a last term or a stopping point.
● Example: 1, 8, 15, 22, 29
Infinite Sequence
● Unlimited number of terms; has an ellipsis (three dots) which signifies no end.
● Example: 3, 5, 7, 9, …
Series
● It is the result when you add the terms in a sequence.

Arithmetic Sequence
● Is a sequence in which each difference between any consecutive term is the
same. The constant difference is called the common difference denoted by d.
● 2nd term - 1st term = d
● 3rd term - 2nd term = d
● And so on…
Any term can be found by substituting in the values of n and d into the formula:

An = A1 + (n – 1) d

where An is the nth term, A1 is the first term, n is the term number, and d is the
common difference.

Arithmetic Series
● The sum of an arithmetic sequence is called an arithmetic series.
Formula in finding the arithmetic series given the first term A1 and the last term An is:

Sn = ⁿ ⁄ ₂ (A1 + An)
Where A1 is the first term, An is the last term, n is the number of terms
Another formula is used to solve for the arithmetic series if the only given is the first
term A1, common difference d, and number of terms n. The formula is:

Sn = ⁿ ⁄ ₂ [2A1 + (n - 1) d ]
Arithmetic Means
● The terms between A1 and An of an arithmetic sequence are called arithmetic
means of A1 and An. Thus, the arithmetic means between A1 and A6 are:
A2, A3, A4, and A5.

Geometric Sequence
● Is a sequence in which each term after the first term is obtained by multiplying a
fixed number to the previous term. The fixed number is called the common ratio.
Writing Terms of A Geometric Sequence
Any term can be found by substituting in the values of n and r into the formula:
An = A1 * r ⁿ⁻¹
Where An = nth term, A1 = first term, n = term number, r = common ratio
Geometric Means
● The missing terms between two non-successive terms of a geometric sequence
are called geometric means. For example, 6, 18, and 54 are three geometric
means between 2 and 162 in the sequence 2, 6, 18, 54, 162.
Geometric Series
● A geometric series is the sum of the terms of a geometric sequence. The sum of
the first n terms of a series is denoted Sn.
The formula in finding the geometric series given the first term A1, common ratio r, and
term number n is:

Sn = A1 (1 - rⁿ)
1-r
Another formula is used to solve for the geometric series if the only given is the first
term A1, common ratio r, and the last term An.
Sn = A1 - Anr
1-r
Polynomials
● A Polynomial expression P(x) is an expression of the form:
Anxⁿ + An-1xⁿ⁻¹ + An-2xⁿ⁻² + … + A1x + A0, An ≠ 0
Where the non-negative integer n is called the degree of the polynomial and
coefficients A0, A1, … are real numbers

A polynomial of degree n in x is an algebraic expression that contains specific number

of terms, each of which is the form of Axⁿ, where A is a real number and x is a whole
number.

The description of polynomials restricts the value of n to whole numbers or non


negative integers. Hence for an algebraic equation to be a polynomial, the exponent
of x should not contain a fraction, a negative integer, or an irrational number.

Addition and Subtraction of Polynomials


● There are two methods that can be used to add and subtract polynomials:
The horizontal and vertical methods.
● To add or subtract two or more polynomials, we need to combine like terms.
Multiplication of Polynomials
● The distributive property of multiplication and the laws of exponents are
applied.
Division of Polynomials
Long Division
● The following are the steps in dividing polynomials using long division:
1. Arrange the expression in descending order according to the exponents.
2. Divide the first term of the numerator by the first term of the
denominator.
3. Multiply the denominator by the answer.
4. Subtract to create a new polynomial

Examples:
(-49x³ + 42x⁵ - 84x⁷) ÷ 7x²
- 84x⁷ + 42x⁵ - 49x³ / 7x²
= -12x⁵ + 6x³ - 7x

(x² + 5x + 4) ÷ (x + 4)
x + 4 ⟌x² + 5x + 4
=x+1

If there is a remainder, make it a fraction, for example:


Divisor: x + 4
Remainder: 3
= 3
x+

Synthetic Division
● There is a shorter procedure when a polynomial is to be divided by a binomial of
the form ( x - r ). In this procedure, we only write the coefficients.
Examples:
(3x³ + 4x² + 8) ÷ (x + 2)
Get the additive inverse of 2. (If positive, turn to negative; If negative, turn to positive.)
If there is a missing term, add 0xⁿ.
For example: 3x³ + 4x² + 8, x is missing, Add 0x to the equation.
3x³ + 4x² + 0x + 8

-2 ⟌ 3 4 0 8
+ -6 4 -8
= 3 -2 4 0
= 3x² - 2x + 4

Use laws of exponents.

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