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PR 1

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12 views4 pages

PR 1

Uploaded by

acelmae0728
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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REVIEWER PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1

MODULE 1
(note: generalized yung content ng module 1 kaya may konting halo na quantitative
pero ang focus talaga neto is qulitative, wag kayo malilito)

Inquiry
- looking for information to answer a question
- obtain knowledge
- investigating or asking questions about something
- collecting facts and data to find answers
- active learning as new knowledge are developed
- problem solving techniques as it provides answers to a specific problem
- to look for information by asking various questions

Research
- french word "recherche" from "rechercher" means "to search closely"
- "chercher" means "to search" or to investigate thoroughly
- to discover truths by investigating

Research = INVESTIGATION

Research is diligent, systematic, careful, and thorough INVESTIGATION.


*
Diligent - takes effort, attention, persistence
Systematic - well organized, step by step procedure
Careful - must be correct and accurate
Thorough - all questions and areas must be answered

Waltz & Bausell (1981) - research is systematic, formal, rigorous, and precise
process to gain solutions and discover and interpret new facts

Manheim (1977) - research is careful, diligent, and exhaustive investigation of


specific matter aiming the advancement of mankind's knowledge

Leedy (1974) - research is a systematic quest for undiscovered truth

Payton (1979 p.4) - research is the process of looking for a specific answer to a
specific question in an organized, objective, reliable way

Burns (1994) - research is systematic investigation to find answers

Grinnel (1993) - research is structured inquiry that utilizes acceptable scientific


methodology to solve problems and create new knowledge

Kerlinger (1986) - research is systematic, controlled, empirical, and critical


investigation of natural phenomena guided by theory and hypothesis

Purpose to Research
- to develop or discover new knowledge
- to test and refine theories
- to solve specific problems

Characteristics of Research
Systematic - methodical/procedural
Objective - based on facts or data
Empirical - based on direct experience or observation
Logical - based on valid procedures and principles
Cyclical - starts with a problem, ends with a problem
Analytical - utilizes procedures
Critical - exhibits careful and precise judgment
Accurate - gives correct data
Timely - works on topic that is fresh, new, and interesting
Relevant - instrumental in improving society
Replicable - results can be compared

The Research Process


I. Generating Ideas
II. Building a Theoretical/Conceptual Framework
III. Research Design
- translation of research questions into research variablles
- choosing appropriate sampling and data collection methods
- choosing appropriate analysis method
- deciding on a time frame and budget
- writing the research proposal
IV. Management of the Research Process
- preparation
- funding issues
- ethical issues
- data management
- people management
V. Evaluating and Reporting the Results

Ethical Considerations
Voluntary Participation - informed consent to participate
Freedom From Risk of Harm - should not put participants where they might be at risk
Confidentiality - principle of anonymity, guarantee of privacy
Person's Right to Service - rights to equal access to services (to experimental and
control group)

Ethical Principles
- Honesty
- Objectivity
- Intergirty
- Carefulness
- Respect for Intellectual Property
- Confidentiality
- Responsible Publication
- Social Responsibility
- Animal Care
- Human Subjects Protection

Types of Research
*According to the data being collected
1. Quantitative Research
- objective
- measuring data
- represents research findings through numerical forms
2. Qualitative Research
- subjective
- involves meanings, concepts, definitions, characteristics, metaphors, symbols,
and description
- non-numerical data
- express the results about people's thought, beliefs, feelings, views, and
lifestyles
- answers are not measurable
*According to Purpose
1. Basic or Pure Research - generating new knowledge
2. Applied Research - improving a product or process
3. Action Research - immediate application
4. Descriptive Research - defining
5. Correlational Research - shows relationships
6. Explanatory Research - finds out how reasonable
*According to Procedure
1. Historical Research - describes what was
2. Descriptive Research - describes what is
3. Experimental Research - describes what will be

Approaches to Research
Scientific or Positive Approach
- measures information
- allows control of variables
Naturalistic Approach
- uses words
Triangulation Approach
- combines the scientific and naturalistic approaches
- gathering and analyzing data using multiple or mixed methods

MODULE 2

Qualitative Research
- understand situations in their uniqueness
- measuring worldviews not through numbers
- high value on people's point of view
- subjectivity is allowed
- looks at subject in a natural setting
- reality is conditioned by society and people's intentions are involved in
explaining cause-effect relationships
- things are studied in their natural setting
- involves fieldwork to observe behavior in its natural setting
- uses inductive research
- in form of themes, categories, concepts, or tentative hypothesis
- product is richly descriptive

Characteristics of Qualitative Research


1. Human understanding and interpretation
- shows an individual's mental, social, and spiritual understanding of the world
2. Active, powerful, and forceful
- not fixated to a certain plan
3. Contextualization
- involves all variables, factors, or conditions
4. Diversified data in real-life situations
- collecting data in a natural setting as they genuinely appear
5. Abounds with words and visuals
- world views through visual presentation
6. Internal analysis
- data yielded by the internal traits of the subject

Types of Qualitative Research


1. Case Study - in-depth examinations of people or groups of people or institution;
seeks to find answers to why such thing occurs to the subject (unique)
2. Ethnography - involves the collection and analysis of data about cultural groups
(culture and traditions)
3. Phenomenology - examines human experiences (generalized)
4. Content and Discourse Analysis - content of the mode of communication (media)
5. Historical Analysis - data from the past (past to present time events)
6. Grounded Theory - data are collected and then a theory is developed
Strengths of Qualitative Research
- naturalistic approach
- full understanding of human behavior
- instrumental for positive societal changes
- respect for people's individuality
- understanding and interpreting social interactions
- increases the researcher's interest as it includes the researcher's experience or
background knowledge in interpreting
- offers multiple ways of acquiring and examining knowledge about something

Weakness of Quantitative Research


- involves a lot of subjectivity
- hard to know the validity or reliability of the data
- open ended questions yield "data overload" that requires long time analysis
- time consuming
- involves several processes depend on the researcher's views or interpretations

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