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Mas212 HW6

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26 views2 pages

Mas212 HW6

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MAS212 LINEAR ALGEBRA HOMEWORK 6

1. Let (V, ⟨ , ⟩) be a finite dimensional inner product space over F = R or C, and


S, T ∈ L(V, V) be self-adjoint operators on V such that S ◦ T = T ◦ S. Prove that there
exists an orthonormal basis B := {v1 , . . . , vn } of V such that every basis vector vi is an
eigenvector for both S and T.

2. Let V be a finite dimensional vector space over C, and T : V → V be a semisimple


operator on V. Prove that there exists an inner product ⟨ , ⟩ on V such that T is normal.

3. Let (V, ⟨ , ⟩) be an n-dimensional inner product space over R, and T : V → V be a


normal operator on V. Assume that χT (x) has no real root but has n distinct complex
roots. Let S : V → V be a linear operator on V such that S ◦ T = T ◦ S. Prove that S is
normal.

4. Let (V, ⟨ , ⟩) be a finite dimensional inner product space over F = R or C. Let


R : V → V be a self-adjoint operator on V, and T : V → V be a positive operator on V.
Prove that T ◦ R and R ◦ T are diagonalizable operators with only real eigenvalues.

5. Let (V, ⟨ , ⟩V ), (W, ⟨ , ⟩W ) be finite dimensional inner product spaces over F = R or C,


and T : V → W be a linear transformation.
√
(1) Prove that ||T(v)||W = || T∗ ◦ T(v)||V for all v ∈ V.
√
(2) Prove that ker(T) = ker( T∗ ◦ T).

6. (1) Let (V, ⟨ , ⟩) be a finite dimensional inner product space over F = R or C, and
T : V → V be a linear operator on V. Prove that there is an isometry S on V such that
√
T = S ◦ T∗ ◦ T.
(This is called a polar decomposition of T).
(2) Find a polar decomposition of
 
 0 1 1
A := −1 0 1 ∈ MR (3, 3).
 
−1 −1 0
 

7. (1) Let (V, ⟨ , ⟩V ), (W, ⟨ , ⟩W ) be finite dimensional inner product spaces over F = R
or C, and T : V → W be a linear transformation of rank r. Prove that there exist
orthonormal bases BV := {v1 , . . . , vn }, BW := {w1 , . . . , wm } for V, W and unique scalars
s1 ≥ · · · ≥ sr > 0 such that

s j w j if 1 ≤ j ≤ r

T(v j ) = 

0
 if r + 1 ≤ j ≤ n.
(The unique positive scalars s1 , . . . , sr are called the singular values of T.)
1
2 MAS212 LINEAR ALGEBRA HOMEWORK 6

(2) Let A ∈ MF (m, n) be an m × n matrix over F = R or C of rank r with singular values


s1 ≥ · · · ≥ sr , and " ′#
S
S := [S′ 0] or ∈ MF (m, n),
0
where S′ ∈ MF (m, m) is the diagonal matrix with diagonal entries
s1 , . . . , sr , 0, . . . , 0 .
| {z }
m−r many

Prove that there exist an orthogonal or unitary matrix Q ∈ MF (m, m) and an orthogonal
or unitary matrix P ∈ MF (n, n) such that A = QSP. (This is called a singular value
decomposition of A.)
(3) Find singular values and a singular value decomposition of
" #
1 0 1
A := ∈ MR (2, 3).
0 −1 0

8. Let F be a field, and A, B ∈ MF (n, n). Prove that rank(A) = rank(B) if and only if A, B
are equivalent.

9. Let (V, ⟨ , ⟩) be a finite dimensional inner product space over R.


(1) Let T : V → V be a self-adjoint operator. Define a map [ , ] : V × V → R by
[x, y] = ⟨x, T(y)⟩. Prove that [ , ] is a symmetric bilinear form on V.
(2) Let [ , ] : V × V → R be a symmetric bilinear form on V. Prove that there exists a
self-adjoint operator T : V → V such that [x, y] = ⟨x, T(y)⟩.

10. Let  
0 2 1
A := 2 0 1 ∈ MR (3, 3).
 
1 1 1
 

(1) Determine the index, the signature, and the rank of A.


(2) Let ϕ be the quadratic form on R3 defined by
1
ϕ(x) = xtr Ax.
2
Find a basis {v1 , v2 , v3 } of R such that ϕ(vi ) = −1/2, 0, or 1/2 for all 1 ≤ i ≤ 3 and
3

ϕ(vi + v j ) = ϕ(vi ) + ϕ(v j ) for 1 ≤ i, j ≤ 3 with i , j.

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