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Chap 10 - Classification and Variation

biology igcse

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11 views31 pages

Chap 10 - Classification and Variation

biology igcse

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pragyanp0707
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Classification and

Variation
Classification is the grouping of
organisms. Grouping is done on the basis
of similarities and differences. When we
group organisms we are able to study
them more easily and can see
evolutionary trends.

Fungi, Monera, Protoctista. Animals and


Plants are the major groups of living
organisms.
Dividing the animal Kingdom

Animal
Kingdom

Invertebrates Vertebrates
(don’t have (Have
backbone) backbone)
Groups in Invertebrates {These are called Phylum (singular) or
Phyla (plural)}
1) Coelenterates: Animals in this phylum have a body cavity. They
possess tentacles that have stinging cells on them. Hydra, Sea
Anemone, Corals, Jelly Fish are examples.
Hydra
Sea Anemone Jelly Fish
Corals
2) Platyhelminthes (Flat Worms): E.g: Liver fluke and Tapeworm are
both parasites that affect humans.

3) Nematodes (Round Worms): Thin cylindrical bodies that are not


divided into segments. E.g. Roundworm.

4) Annelids (Segmented Worms): Long thin soft bodies divided into


segments. E.g Earthworm

Round Worm
Earthworm
Tape Worm
Liver Fluke
5) Arthropods (Arthros=Jointed,
Podos=Foot)

Arthropods
(skeleton and
jointed legs)

Insects Myriapods Arachnids Crustaceans


Classes in Arthropoda
a) Insects have one pair of antennae, three pair of legs
and two pair of wings.
b) Myriapods have one pair of antennae, long cylindrical
flat body with many legs. E.g. Centipede, Millipede
c) Arachnids have four pair of legs. Do not have
antennae. Eg. Spider, Scorpion
d) Crustaceans have two pairs of antennae. Eg. Crab,
Prawns
a) Cockroach
b) Centipede

c) Spider
d) Crab
6) Molluscs

• Soft bodied animals


• Most of them have a
shell to protect
the soft body
7) Echinoderms (Echinos= Spiny Derma=Skin)

The bodies of Echinoderms have several arms and have 5 equal


segments. E.g. Star Fish, Sea Urchin

Star Fish Sea Urchin


B) Groups in Vertebrates (These are
called Classes). There are five
classes in the Vertebrates.
Fish Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals

Scales, Fins and Smooth skin, Scales, soft- Feathers Hair


eggs laid in eggs laid in shelled eggs laid Hard shelled Suckle young
water water on land eggs with milk
Orders in Mammals
a) Insectivores b) Bats c) Rodents d) Whales

Small body long Small Body Chisel like teeth for Flippers
snout Wings gnawing Tail with fins
b)
a)

c) d)
An Order is made of groups called
families. The whales Order in the
Class of Mammals has 4 families.
 Thefamilies are split into smaller group called
genera
 Ingenera the organisms with same
characteristics are placed in species
 Members of species breed together to
produce offspring.
 Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus
and Species. CLASSIFICATION HEIRRACHY
Binomial System of Nomenclature
Carolus Linnaeus devised a system of naming. In this system every
organism would have two names (like name and surname). The first name
is the name of the Genus and the second name is the name of the
Species. These two names together form the Scientific Name of each
organism. The generic name always begins with a capital letter and the
specific name is always in small letters. Eg: Panthera leo (LION).

At that time Latin and Greek were the two languages used by scientists
and therefore Linnaeus used these two languages when giving names.

The African clawed toad for example has the Scientific Name: Xenopus
laevis. Xenous in Greek means strange and Pous in Greek means foot.
Hence Xenopus means strange foot, referring to the webbed feet of the
toad. Laevis in latin means smooth and refers to the smooth skin of the
toad.
The Plant Kingdom
The plant kingdom is divided into 5 groups:
1) Algae:
 They do not have root, stem and leaves but they
do contain green pigment called chlorophyll.
 When they occur in large numbers, they can be
clearly seen and they turn pond water green.
 Algae forms large part of plankton.
 Some algae like sea weeds are very large. They
contain red and brown pigments.
Algae
2) Liverworts and Mosses:

• They do not have true roots, stem and leaves but have root-like, stem-
like and leaf-like structures.
• They grow in damp places near streams and ponds.
• Liverworts and mosses reproduce by producing spores. Spores are
formed in capsules. When the capsule bursts the spores are released.

Moss with capsule


Liverwort with capsule

Moss
3) Ferns
 Trueroots, stem and leaves present.
Reproduce by making spores.
 Spores are made in sporangia on the
underside of the leaves which are called
fronds.
 When sporangia open, the spores are
released into the air.
Frond

Sporangia on the under surface


of a frond
4) Conifers (Gymnosperms)
 Roots, woody stem and needle like leaves.
 Most conifers lose and replace their leaves all year round.
 Conifers reproduce by making seeds which are found in cones.
5) Flowering plants (Angiosperms)

 Root, stem and leaves present and well developed.


 All of these plants reproduce by flowers which produce seeds.
Monocots v/s Dicots
 Flowering plants can be classified as Monocots and Dicots.
Variation

 Features that are used to separate living things


into groups and forms a classification system is
called variation.
 The individuals in a species are not identical.
There are different combination of features.
 There are two types of variation, continuous and
discontinuous.
Continuous Variation

 Thevariation that varies only in amount,


from one individual to next is continuous
variation.
 E.g: Height or body mass.
Discontinuous Variation

A feature that shows small number of


distinct conditions, like blood group, ear
lobes.
Cause of Variation

 Lack of minerals
 Lack of sunlight
 Hibernation

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