REAL MATRICES

Name: AHANA BANERJEE

Class Roll No : 03
University Roll No :12230623003
Department : AI & ML
Semester : 3rd
Subject : Linear Algebra
Subject Code : BSC-AIML301
St. Thomas’ College of Engineering & Technology
Date:28-07-2024
 CONTENTS
› Introduction to Matrices.
› Types of Real Matrices.
› Theorems.
› Application of Real Matrices.
› Operations with Real Matrices.
› Conclusion.
› References.
 Introduction
› MATRICES
› Definition: A matrix can be defined as an array of m x n numbers(real or complex) where
m horizontal lines denote rows and n vertical lines denote columns. Such an array enclosed by
[] or () is known as a matrix of order m by n, written as m x n matrix.

› Types
➢1.Real Matrices: A matrix where all elements are real numbers.
Example:- 2 -3 5
4 8 9
1 7 6

➢2.Non-real/Complex matrices:- A matrix consisting of both real as well as complex

numbers are called non real or complex matrices. Complex numbers (a+bi) where a is the
real part and bi is the imaginary part.
Example:-
2i 3
1 8-i

In this presentation ,we will be dealing with real matrices.

 Types of Real Matrices
➢ Row Matrix: A matrix consisting of only one row.
Example:- [ 1 2 3]
➢ Upper Triangular Matrix: A square matrix where all
➢ Column Matrix: A matrix consisting of only one column. elements below the main diagonal are zero.

Example:- 4 Example:-
234
5 067
8 008
➢ Square Matrix: A matrix with an equal number of rows
and columns.
➢ Lower Triangular Matrix: A square matrix where all
Example:- 549 elements above the main diagonal are zero.
658
132 Example:- 200
360
➢ Rectangular Matrix: A matrix where the number of rows 458
and columns are not equal.
➢ Scalar Matrix: A special type of diagonal matrix where all
diagonal elements are the same.
Example:- 234
567 ➢ Identity Matrix (Unit Matrix): A diagonal matrix with all
diagonal elements equal to 1.
➢ Diagonal Matrix: A square matrix in which all elements
outside the main diagonal are zero ➢ Symmetric Matrix: A square matrix that is equal to its
transpose
Example:- 400
060 ➢ Skew-Symmetric Matrix: A square matrix where the
008 transpose equals the negative of the matrix.
 Theorems
➢ Rank and Nullity Theorem
If A is a matrix of order m × n, then

Rank of A + Nullity of A = Number of columns in A = n

➢ Invertible Matrix Theorem: Invertible matrix is also known as a non-singular matrix or

nondegenerate matrix.

Theorem 1

If there exists an inverse of a square matrix, it is always unique

Theorem 2

If A and B are matrices of the same order and are invertible, then (AB)-1 = B-1 A-1.

➢ Cayley-Hamilton Theorem: The Cayley-Hamilton Theorem states that every square matrix
satisfies its own characteristic equation. For an n×n matrix A with characteristic polynomial
𝑝(𝜆)=det(𝜆𝐼−𝐴)p(λ)=det(λI−A), the theorem can be written as: p(A)=0.
 Applications of Real Matrices
❑Computer Graphics: Real matrices are fundamental in computer graphics for performing
transformations such as translation, rotation, and scaling of objects. They enable efficient
manipulation of coordinates and shapes, facilitating the rendering of complex 3D scenes on 2D
screens.
❑Economics: In economics, input-output models use real matrices to represent the relationships
between different sectors of an economy. These matrices help in analyzing how changes in one
sector affect others, enabling the prediction of economic outcomes and the planning of resource
allocation.

❑Markov Chains: Real matrices are used to describe the state transition probabilities in Markov
chains. These models are applied in various fields such as queueing theory, economics, and
genetics to study systems that undergo transitions from one state to another, allowing for the
analysis and prediction of long-term behavior.

❑Data Science and Machine Learning: Data Representation: Data is often represented as
matrices, where rows represent data samples and columns represent features.
Algorithms: Many machine learning algorithms, such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and
various optimization techniques, rely on matrix computations.
 Operations on Real Matrices
➢ Addition : If A and B are matrices of the same size, their sum C=A+B is given by 𝑐𝑖𝑗 = 𝑎𝑖𝑗 + 𝑏𝑖𝑗.

Example:- A= 14 , B= 25 , A+B= 3 9
57 32 8 9

➢ Subtraction: If A and B are matrices of the same size, their difference C=A-B is given by 𝑐𝑖𝑗 = 𝑎𝑖𝑗
− 𝑏𝑖𝑗.
Example:- A= 2 5 , B= 1 4 , A-B= 1 1
6 7 5 4 1 3
➢ Scalar Multiplication : If A is a matrix and k is a scalar, then the matrix kA is given by
(𝑘𝐴)𝑖𝑗=k.𝑎𝑖𝑗.
1 4 3 12
Example:- A= ,if k=3 ,then kA=
5 4
15 12
➢ Matrix Multiplication : The product of two matrices A and B is defined if the number of
columns in A is equal to the number of rows in B. The resulting matrix C=AB has dimensions
corresponding to the rows of A and the columns of B. Example : A= C=AB is calculated as 𝑐𝑖𝑗
=σ𝑘 𝑎 𝑖𝑘 𝑏𝑘𝑗.
2 3 4 6 8 + 24 12 + 27 32 39
Example:- A= , B= , then AB= = .
5 8 8 9 20 + 64 30 + 72 84 102
 Conclusion
In conclusion, real matrices are versatile mathematical tools with wide-ranging applications
across various fields. From computer graphics and economics to Markov chains, they enable
efficient data manipulation and complex calculations. Understanding matrix operations and
properties is essential for solving linear equations, modeling systems, and analyzing data,
highlighting their fundamental role in both theoretical and practical contexts.

References
▪ ”LINEAR ALGEBRA AND ITS APPLICATION” by Gilbert Strang
▪ ”LINEAR ALGEBRA DONE RIGHT” by Sheldon Axler.

▪ “Linear Algebra: A Modern Introduction" by David Poole and Steven I. Dorff.

THANK YOU