xamp/e: 1 ------ ---~- --~-- ------ ------

1------ -
E_valuate J(2y + x
C
2
) dx + (3x - y) dy along the curve x =2t, y =t 2 + 3 where O$ts I.

lution:

Since x = 2t ~ dx = 2dt and

2
y = t +3 =) dy = 2t dt
... The given line integral
' ,
1 ; )

J(2y + x
C
2
) dx +(3x-y) dy = J[2 (t
t• O
2

.
+ 3) +4t 2 ] 2dt +[3 (2t)-(t 2 +3)] 2t dt
., , ,

- 2 I [21
I • (J
2
+6+4t 2 +6t 2 -t 3 ...:31Jdt
 tJternatics-11 (hy Dr M"""""'.fh s· Sw
,;;::-- ani_v)
,. I
189

• 2 J[6 - 3t+l2t2 - ,3]

l• O

_2[w-3~, +'~' -~I

= 2 [ 6 -~+4-.!.
2 4-0] =-
33

~;;:11-- --------- ~_:__2~ ---

Ev&1uate J{(xy + y') dx + x' dy] where C is a closed curve bo . . .
c . . . un~mg the region between
y=xandy=x' . ·
. ..
lbe curve C is made up of two curves
Cl ➔ Y = X ( a Straightline) --- (1)
C2 ➔ Y = x2(a parabola) --- (2)

y
y =x

A(0, 0 ) - - - - - - - - - ~ x

-(3)

Solving (1) and (2) we get the points of jnterSeClion of C, and c, namely
A = (0, 0) and B = (1, 1)
Now along C , we have y = x ==> dy = dx
1
and x-varies between Oand 1
 .~~a ,n ahma C\, we hav o y • x1 =t dy • 2xdx
and x-varies between l too.
0
:. J((Jy+ y2 )dx+x2 dy] == J[x -x2 +x4]dx+x 2 ·2x dx
C
1 X'" I

,L[Jx' +x']dx= [3;

0
0
s]
+~ I
4
=

3
- 0- --1-- --
19
4 5 20 -(5 )
Using (4) and (5) in (3) we get,

J[(xy+ l) dx+x
C
2
dy] = 1- ~ = _!_
20 20
Exil111pk : J

Evaluate J[(x+ y) dx+(y-x) dy]

C
'
f. :
(i) along the parabolay2 =x from (1,
1) to (4, 2) . ''
'
(it) along the line joining (1, 1) and (4,
2).
Solution:
(i) Given curve C: y2 =x => 2y dy =dx and y-varies between 1 to
2
2
f[(x+ y) dx+(y-x)dy] = J[(l +Y) 2ydy+(y-y2) dy] ,
C
y=I /'•

2 \ '
== J[2y +2y2,~ y- l] dy
3

y=l
r
1,1
1
= Jl2yl+ yl + y1dy
,, . \

2 (16) 8 4 2
ZS _ _..;....--+-+~---l-- 1
4 3 2 4 --
3 2
34
=-
3
l'\IC ii\'cn curve is a \i
nc joining ll, l)
1
X\
>'l
and l4~, 2)
>' l

y -Y 2
:. . C :
x - x2
y-2 2-1 1 I
=-=-
x-4 4-1 3
~ 3y-6 = x - 4 :::) x =
3y-2
:::) · dx = 3 dy
Also y-varles betwe
en 1 and 2.
2
il lx + y) dx+ly-.x)
C
dy1 "' J (3y-2+ y) 3dy+(y-3y+ 2
y=l
) dy
, 192
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -B.S--
c, M11thcmntk1-II (l~v l>r Mr11t""'"••h "
Ex11mple: 4 - - - - - - - - ~ ••·•~,I ~ .
~
Evaluate J[(.t +y)en+ (x - y ~ry], where
C
C is an ellipse wit.h centre 11.I the
oritJill, rti,tjor ~
11 1I
of length 2a along x-axis minor axis
of length 2b along y-axis , traversed onc
clockwise direction. ' e in lite
' 111111
·
SolNtio11:
Equation of the given ellipse in param
etric fonn is
x =acos0, y =bsin8, where
OS 8 S 2~
=> dx = -as in8 de , dy = b cos8 d8

27t
:. J[(x+ y)dx+(x-y)dy] = J[(acos8+bsi
n8) (-asin8)
C
8• 0

+ (acos8 - bsin0)bcosO]a\l
2
= .L - 2 b2)
n [ (
a ; sin 29 +a b cos 29] cAl

2 +b2
= - - + 0 -0 2--+b2 -0
0

4 · 4
=O
Ex am ple : 5

Evaluate J[(2x - Y + 4) dx + (SY + 3x - 6) dy] , where C is the triangle wh

C
.
ose vertices are
(0, 0), (3, 0), (3, 2) traversed in the ant
i-clockwise.
Solution:
The given curve C = C + C + C
1 2 3

... J[(2x- y+ 4) dx +(Sy+ 3x-6) t1y]

C
 'hV or Mahantesh S. Swamy) 193
·.-~-111' . ~ - - ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - - - - - - - - ~
i#II•·· , I

/;, • c,Jl(2t - y+ 4) d,+(Sy +3x-6) cty]+ c,j[(2x - y+ ◄)dx+(Sy+3x - 6)dyj

+l,[(2x- y+4) dx +c, +(Sy+ Jx-6) dy]

C(3, 2)

c B(3, o)
A(0,"";.:0)~-_,..-~-_..x
1

= =
J1<!e C, is the x-axis i.e.,y 0 => dy 0 for which x-varies between Oand 3.
3

j[(2x-y+4) dx+(Sy+Jx-6) t1y] = J(2x-4) dx+O=[x' -4x):

C x=O --(2)
I = 9-4(3)-0=-3

Again, C, is the line parallel to faxis and is at a distance of 3 from y-axis

its equation is x == 3 ==> dx = 0

Along this line y varies from Oto:2
2

f[(2x- y+4) dx +(Sy+ 3x-6) t1y] = [ [o~_{sy+3 (3)-6} t1y)

Cl . •
== [~-3y]2 = 5(4) -3 (2)
I 2 0 2
--- (3)
=4

o) and (3, 2)
(0
Also • C3 1·s the line joining s1' Y1 ~Y2
 ,.,; • ;,_~ti.,
'

..

- - 25
•-~ ,1,. t?, ,...,, ''1 • ,1, ~-~.
f:, 16 -
,
1 • 4 ) J.1 • (~ .1 • l.r - CJ d>] • - 3 +, -2S = - 24

,..
/.6.-~
·---- ·-·-· ~-- -------- -------- -------- -
I f

,:,""- f[. ,:I dr .r' : I d.r]. ,.1,m: c ii the circle r + y1 = 1 1ravencc1 _,, ■
o, --J~Jt.-kWtliit dd~AL Eva

_f.l#IJ,,,,, I
~II
1.i,'1111•"" ,A o.e v~en ,wde mparamalric form ii • s eo18, Y = sin 8 v.·herc os 8 s21 Tu
~ dx • -1in8d8. dy=cos8d8
l :

,,,
J[.,2 .. I
I,
X dA - y
_.1 • I
th] • z1•[eo10
• I
C018d8-~(-sin8 )~]
I

1•
• J(ooa2e+,in 8)o9
2•
2
= Jd&=(aJ!•==211:-o= 2•
• •
 teslr s Sw Ql".Y,,1
..,jcs-II {by Dr Mahan •
~9t~efl1P ·~
~·

,l'..1
.
f
s1uate [xy dx + yz dy
+ zx dz] where C' ,IA th o curv e kivori f,y l -
11Y
-4 1
1"i z • fl and t
ev C
.og
rron1JII - 1 to 1•
vsrr1

di":
y = t2' Z = t3
SirtCC X := t'

, dz = 312 dt
:::> dt =dt , dy = 2 t dt
I

... J
C
[xy dx+ yz dy+zx
dz] == f [t dt +t'• 2tdl +t ,3t dtj
l=-1
3 4 2

[t4 !) 7 l

==
I
f
• -1
1 3 6
4
- ·]
(t +ft ) dt = - + 7 -1

1 5 - -1+ -5
= - + -7 4 7
4
10
=-
7

Example: 8
x2 y2
a2y2 -b2x2 )
ds around the ellipse + - 2 = 1. 2
Evaluate f(b
c
- 2- + 2
-
a
a b

Solution: o f the given ellipse is

et ric equa tio n
The param
, y = bs in 8, where a S 8 S 2n
x = ac o s0
dx dy = bcos6
= -a sin0 , d0
d0

2
=.Ja' sin 8 + b cos'O
2

We have, : = (:)' +(:)'

fc (a b + ba J d8ds .d8
2 2 2

J(al+ b/)
;
ds = .(

c
.:uii '#¥1

196

• f(a sin 8+b cos 8)

l~
2 2 2 2
~l
dO
0

- - - - - - - ---------------"----- ----------
Ex--,,J~:'

E,·aJuatc f[lx 2dx +(2xz- y) dy+zdz] along the line joining (0, 0, 0) and (2, 1, 3)
C

: £va1ua·
,'
Equation of the line joining (0, 0, 0) . and (2, 1, 3) is
.r, Yi z, Xz Yi Zz
(i) a<

(ii) a
x-0 · y-0 z-0
2 - 0 = 1- 0. =3- 0 =1 t Eval1
~ X = 2t, y =I, Z =3t

(i) ;
dx = 2 dt, dy = dt, dz= 3 dt
(ii)
when x = O, y =0, z =0 ~ t =0 and when x = 2, y = I, z = 3 ~
1
=l
l .
... f [3x dx+(2xz-y) dy+zdz] = f [3 (412 ) di+ {2 (21)(31)-1} d1 + 3t·3dt]
2

C l•O ,

(iv
- j [24t2+8t]d1 = [24t~+ s,2]1 =
t•O J 2
8+4=12
' 0
 .,.,1, S. Stmmy) 197

-I. Eval J EXERCIS E

uate [( 2
OS IS I
c ·" - y)cJx+( y 2 + X ) dy] w h· . the curve given by x - l , y ~ t' + I,
ere C ,s

(Ans: 2)
2. Evaluate J[(3:t + y) cix + (
c 2y-x) dy]

(i) along the c urve Y == xi + 1 fr

.. om (0, 1) to (3, 10)

. . .
(u) along the line Jommg(0
• l) and (3, 10) (Ans : (i) 213 (ii) 231 )
3 2

3. Evaluate c 2.xy _ f[( l) dx + ( xi+ 1) dY ] , where C is

(i) a curve y = x + 1 from (0, I) to (2, 3)

2

(ii) a curve y = ..::.__

2 + 1 from (O, 1) to (2, 3) (Ans : (i) ✓2 (ii) ✓2)

4. Ev~luate f[x dy - y dx] , where C is

C

(i) a line y =x from (0, 0) to (1, l)

(ii) a parabola y2 = x from (0, 0) to (1, 1)

2 ~ti o
(iii) a circle x =cost, y = 1+ sint, - 1t

(iv) a square with vertices (0, 0), (I, 0), (I, !), (0, I) (Ans: (i) 0, (ii) ~, (iii) 1t -1 (iv) 2)
• 3 2

5
· Evaluate J[(x y2) dx + x' y dy] , where Cis a semi-circle with centre at (0, 4) and radius
2
-
56
C
and lying in the first quadrant (Ans: 1t)
2
6. Evaluate J[(x2 _ Zxy) dt +(x2y +3) dy] , where c is the boundary of the region defined by
(Ans : 54~~ 5)
C

y2 :: 8x, and x = 2
 B.Sc. Mathematics-II lby Dr M ~ l t t
~19'.!_8- - - - - - - - - ~ - - - - - - - - - - - - : - - : - ~~,.

7. Evaluate .
f[(x+2y)dx+(4 - 2x)dyJ where C is the ellipse x2 v2 ~
-+.:::._:::: .
C 16 9 1 lJl ,,_
anti-clockwise direction t"t
(Ans:_~
8. Evaluate J(2x + y) ds where C is the circle x' + y' = 25 from the point (3, 4) to
C
(4, Ji.
·1

(AJis: 15
9. Evaluate f x ds where C is a curve
C
1

(i) y = x from (0, 0) to (I, 1)

= x2 from (0, 0) to (1, 1)

~
(ii) y
(Ans : (i) (ii) _!_ (53' 2 l)'
v2 12 - J

10. Evaluate fx y 2 2
ds around the circJe x2 + y2 =1
~
(Ans:-,
4

2
11. Evaluate Cf[(3x-2y) dx + (y+ 2z) dy-x dzJ where C is the curve x = t,y= 2t',z=3r' and

OStSJ
31
(Ans·- )
2
. 6 \ttt:
12. Evaluate C J[xy dx + x z dy+ xyz dz} where C is given by x =e', y =c, z =t' and OSrSI
I. For tl!
(Ans: 3i2)
13. Evaluate J[Y dx + x dy - z dz} where C is the cwve given by x =
C
2
sin ,. y = oos I, z = I, t If the
0StS1
(Ans: 2'3)

14. Evaluate [[ 2; dx + e'dy +sinz dz] where C is the cwve given by x = t •, y = t, z = i- arYl
2StS3 (An.di

J(
15. Evaluate C x+ Y + z) ds where C is the line joining the points (I, 2, 3} and (4, 5, 6)
 Ji 1t I
)
( A rn :
J
i t CRITER10N t o B E IN D E P E N D E N T O
F PATH
G R A L T O
t1Ik-tirt- r,," n,,. • I R~LI
11 " , ... ,h N E IN TE
Ot q
1
11 1t ,,f fo /11 11 11,c J> l.m c or ,ip;,cc, ·1he \la
luc of line
!he
lJ 1'flc 11"t l'' fio m 1hr po
/I bur al.,, on lh e pa rh <,r
h to B •~ th i.\ .\. r• A • nd
-, r a· f\l· rJ1 ,,f 11 0
, ,r rfl l'I"\!' 'I 1011 Iy 011
I lie ,·nd po i II
e mdcpcndcnr o f pa lh
.
' .,.'tp
m m g t c111 , I fo l\ \C
S IJ fc J he lo \\•.
Iin c iII reg , al lo becom
' " <1111, i, I1011 fu r u
II " 15 a.<
.. The line int<.•gr,Jf Jp d.r + > or rh e cu rv e joining
lhe
{ tlv + R dz becom
es in dc pc nd cn l o f pa lh
c-
·
!'\ltnts ,,f and B if f
P dx + Q dv + R dz rs ex ac t"
.r
t
~ dcp ::::
dz , w he re q, is a function of x, y,
z
P dx + Q dy + R
acp dq>
:::: P, dq> = R
ox ~ = Q , dz

oP - dQ dQ =dR- dR - dP
ay -ax ' -dz= dy ' -dx dx-
.\ote :
ces to dP
dy ; aQ
dx •
1. For the line integral
J p dx +Q dy the above condition redu

is zero for closed

t ofpath then its value
..
2. Ifthe lme mtegral JC
P dx + Q dY + R dz is independen

curve C.

ES
WORKED EXAMPL

EXa11rpte • J
it for path independence
0 0) to (I , 3) by checking
.
Evaluate J[ y2dx + 2 xy dy] alongC
from ( '

C
 lfUf

\,,lullun 1

' 't ' Id / ' - t •• (.I - J, I

ti I '
- ♦ I I • "~ J I;,
/ /,
'' •
11/' ,,, }
• • I I•·
.
,,,' - " h/., - U1l1 k ;.b~~

(it, f j
JI'd• ♦ (>tlv -f f
y
1
d, • ?.1t tl1 - J ti(t;l}-:(tiJ"•'
(~ ~ . •
11
(O, OJ
'
- (I J ('I) (J - 'J

, ••••,,,, I
• •

l
-...... _ ...... .,,... ':WI. , J . .,,:. ~ .....-- ~~a.-1;. -~4- _,_~ ·---·.-..·--· --------- - ·---- .~ ~ · -•~-=-=-..;:::.. .:: --- - ·-· -- ::z- x

-
I ""'"~•e J{(1,' - Jyz ♦ 2tz) d.t· i (1y 2 - 3xz t : 2 ) dy -♦ (li - ltJ -t r _,. l yz) dzIalong the snow tht
(

c:urvc C l,om (J , 2, - JJ and ( - I, 2, 3)

•ution :
.fo/111/,111 :
Here
iJP iJP
Here /> • 3x 2 - 3yz+2xz =~ 7 =- 3z; -:-=-3y+2J
uy dz

Q • 3y 2 - 3xz + z 2 ~ iJQ = - 3z · iJQ = -3x + 2z

i)x ' dz

fl • 3z 2 - 3xy+x 2 +2yz ~ iJQ =-3y+2x ; ~R=-3.t+Zz

Htnc
iJx ~~
~cit
<JP ,J{) iJQ ,JR iJR i)p
We have - • --~:::. ' - · .:. • - · - = - )inc1
' iJy iJ.t ' iJz iJy ' iJx dz ·
=--. Pdx + Qdy + Rdz iH exact and hence the given line integn) is ~ of path

Now, I'd~ t Qdy + Rdz = (3x 2 - 3y: + ~-c) .b-t (3,·2 - le+ :2) ~
' ~ .. ,,,.,_...\jz
• ().:· - 1~ ♦ .I. ♦ "'· II- t
 201

., (1r1 dt + 3..,1dv
. + 3z2dz) - 3 (yzd'.X + xzdy + xydz)

+ (2xz dx + x2dz) + (z2dy + 2yz dz)

- ,l(t- 1 + Y l + z)) - 3d (xyz) + d ( x2 z) + d (z2 y)

... ( - 1, 2. 1)

J[J( x·J+ y )+z J)- 'Jd (xyz)+d (x 2z)+ d (z2y)]

(J,2.- 1)

= [x3 + y3 +z3-3xyz+x2z+z2yr-•·2,3) (3, 2, -1)

= -1+8+27+18+3+18-27-8+1-18+9-2
28
f_tOlple: 3

f[(
Show that c x + y) dx + (x _ Y) dy] = 0 where C is the ellipse ~ + L = 1
2

25 4
2

So/Jltion:
Here P _ x + y, Q = x _ Y
'i)p aQ -
⇒ = 1 -=1
ay ax

==>
aP aQ
ay = ax ==> Pdx + Qdy is exact.

. Hence the given line integral is independent of path. We know that if the line integral is path
mdependent and the given path is a closed curve then the value of integral becomes O.

Since given curve C is ellipse, a closed curve

=> f[(x+y)dx+(x-y)dy] = 0.
C
 M_a_th_e1_na_ti_cs_-1_1:...;(by::_D..:.;r:...
_- ._sc_ ._
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _B
:Mi.::.:a~ha
-20_2_ nteshs 8

EXERCISE ~
I. Show that J[.v',fr +2.,y u'v] is independent of the path joining (0, I) and ~
' and hence
c
evaluate.
(,\ng :9)
2. Let C be any path leading from (0, O, O) to (l, 1, I) show that

f[2.'Y dy +(x +2yz) dy +(l

C
2
+ 1) dz]= 3 .

2 2 3
3. Show that [[(4xy - 3x , ) dx + 2x'dy - 2x , d.;] = - 45 where C is a curve from (l, ,i, I)
to (0, 1, 2).

4. If C is the curve leading from (-1, 2, 4) to (6, 0, -2) show that ![ cosx dx+ e-,dy +z' tk]

= sm
. I -e-e- 2 -72
. 6 -sm -3 .

2 2

· 5. Showthat f[(x+y)dx+(x-y)dy]=O whereCisanellipse ·; 2 +~2 =1.

C

4. 7 DOUBLE INTEGRAL
Let f (x, y) to defined for all points in a finite region A of the xy-plane. Let (&·6y) bean
elementary area of the regionA surrounding the point (x,y). Then

.
lim
6x ➔ O
LL f (x, y) ·Ox·Oy
liy ➔ O

.
is written as ff f (x, y) dx dy and is called the double integral of f (x,y) over the
A

regionA.

Case - (i) If the region A is bounded by the curves x =a, x = b and y = c, Y =d tbeD
d b

ff f (x , y) dx dy = f zff=• (x, y) dx dy
A y = t: