CHAPTER 1

What is Intelligence?
Life without machines today is
unimaginable, and because of this, humans
have been putting efforts into making
them even more sophisticated and smart.
As a result, we are surrounded by smart
devices and gadgets like smartphones,
smartwatches, smart TV, etc. But what
makes them smart?
Artificial Intelligence. Today’s phones can do much more
than just call-up people. They can help
us in navigating, recommend which
songs we should listen to or which
movies we should watch according to
our own likes and dislikes. Our phones
can help us connect with likeminded
people, make our selfies fun with face
filters, help us maintain a record of our
health and fitness and a lot more.
These drastic technological
advancements lead us to recognize
one key concept: the concept of
Artificial Intelligence.
What is Artificial Intelligence anyway?

• Well, the answer lies in the term itself. If we break up this term up, we get
the words “Artificial” and “Intelligence”. Artificial is something which is man-
made, which does not occur naturally. But what about Intelligence, how do
we define that?
• Humans are said to be an intelligent species, so what is it that makes us
intelligent?
• According to researchers, intelligence is the ‘ability to perceive or infer
information, and to retain it as knowledge to be applied towards adaptive
behaviours within an environment or context.’
If we try to define intelligence with the help of its traits, these
are the abilities that are involved in intelligence:
What is Artificial Intelligence?
But, what makes a machine intelligent?
Videos
https://youtu.be/XvzNuw5VjBU

https://youtu.be/59s5kY37h_k
Applications of Artificial Intelligence
around us
What is not AI?
Since we have a lot of different technologies which
exist around us in today’s time, it is very common for
us to misunderstand any other technology as AI.
That is why, we need to have a clear distinction
between what is AI and what is not. As we discussed
earlier, any machine that has been trained with data
and can make decisions/predictions on its own can
be termed as AI. Here, the term ‘training’ is
important.
• A fully automatic washing machine can work on its own, but
it requires human intervention to select the parameters of
washing and to do the necessary preparation for it to
function correctly before each wash, which makes it
an example of automation, not AI.

• An air conditioner can be turned on and off remotely with

the help of internet but still needs a human touch. This is an
example of Internet of Things (IoT). Also, every now and
then we get to know about robots which might follow a
path or maybe can avoid obstacles but need to be primed
accordingly each time
We also get to see a lot of projects which can automate our surroundings with the help of sensors.
Here too, since the bot or the automation machine is not trained with any data, it does not count as
AI.

Also, it would be valid to say that not all the devices which are termed as "smart" are AI-enabled.
For example, a TV does not become AI-enabled if it is a smart one, it gets the power of AI when it is
able to think and process on its own.

Just as humans learn how to walk and then improve this skill with the help of their experiences, an
AI machine too gets trained first on the training data and then optimises itself according to its own
experiences which makes AI different from any other technological device/machine.

But well, surely these other technologies too can be integrated with AI to provide the users with a
much better and immersive experience!
• Robotics and AI can definitely open the doors to humanoids and self-
driving cars, AI when merged with Internet of things can give rise to
cloud computing of data and remote access of AI tools, automation
along with AI can help in achieving voice automated homes and so on.
Such integrations can help us get the best of both worlds!
• Lets watch what does an IOT mean?
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q3ur8wzzhBU
• https://youtu.be/LlhmzVL5bm8
Smart Cars, Cities

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x7_GRigS
hUM
CHAPTER 2
What is Artificial Intelligence?
AI, ML & DL
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE,MACHINE
LEARNING ,DEEP LEARNING
Artificial Intelligence (AI)
• Refers to any technique that enables computers to mimic
human intelligence. It gives the ability to machines to recognize
a human’s face; to move and manipulate objects; to understand
the voice commands by humans, and also do other tasks. The
AI-enabled machines think algorithmically and execute what
they have been asked for intelligently.
Machine Learning (ML)

• https://youtu.be/ukzFI9rgwfU
Deep Learning (DL)
• It enables software to train itself to perform tasks with vast amounts of data. In
Deep Learning, the machine is trained with huge amounts of data which helps it in
training itself around the data. Such machines are intelligent enough to develop
algorithms for themselves. Deep Learning is the most advanced form of Artificial
Intelligence out of these three. Then comes Machine Learning which is
intermediately intelligent and Artificial Intelligence covers all the concepts and
algorithms which, in some way or the other mimic human intelligence. There are a
lot of applications of AI out of which few are those which come under ML out of
which very few can be labelled as DL. Therefore, Machine Learning (ML) and Deep
Learning (DL) are part of Artificial Intelligence (AI), but not everything that is
Machine learning will be Deep learning.
• https://youtu.be/-SgkLEuhfbg
Introduction to AI Domains
• Artificial Intelligence becomes intelligent according to the training
which it gets. For training, the machine is fed with datasets.
According to the applications for which the AI algorithm is being
developed, the data which is fed into it changes. With respect to the
type of data fed in the AI model, AI models can be broadly
categorised into three domains:
• Data Sciences Computer Vision Natural Language Processing
Data Sciences
Price Comparison
Websites
 Fraud and Risk Detection

• The earliest applications of data science were in

Finance. Companies were fed up of bad debts and
losses every year. However, they had a lot of data
which use to get collected during the initial paperwork
while sanctioning loans. They
decided to bring in data scientists in order to resc
ue them from losses. Over the years, banking
companies learned to divide and conquer data via
customer profiling, past expenditures, and other
essential variables to analyze the probabilities of risk
and default. Moreover,
it also helped them to push their banking product
s based on customer’s purchasing power.
Genetics & Genomics
Website Recommendations
Airline Route Planning
COMPUTER VISION
APPLICATIONS OF COMPUTER VISION
Self-Driving cars/ Automatic Cars:
Face Lock in Smartphones:
Facial Recognition
•Amazon recently opened to the public
the Amazon Go store where shoppers need not
wait in line at the checkout counter to pay for
their purchases. Located in Seattle,
Washington, the Go store is fitted with
cameras specialized in computer vision. It
initially only allowed Amazon employee
shoppers, but welcomed the public beginning
in early 2018.
• Face Filters
Google’s Search by Image
• The maximum amount of searching for data
on Google’s search engine comes
from textual data, but at the same time it
has an interesting feature of getting search
results through an image. This uses
Computer Vision as it compares
different features of the input image to th
e database
of images and give us the search result
while at the same time analysing various
features of the image.
Google Translate App
• All you need to do to read signs in a
foreign language is to point your phone’s
camera at the words and let the Google
Translate app tell you what it means in your
preferred language almost instantly. By
using optical character recognition to
see the image and augmented reality to
overlay an accurate translation, this is
aconvenient tool that uses Computer Vision.
Medical Imaging
Computer Vision in Retail
NLP -NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING
Examples of
Natural Language
Processing
Email filters
Smart assistants
Automatic Summarization
• Information overload is a real problem when we need to access a
specific, important piece
of information from a huge knowledge base. Automatic
summarization is relevant not only for summarizing the
meaning of documents and information, but also to understand
the emotional meanings within the information,
such as in collecting data from social media.
• Automatic summarization is especially relevant when used to provide an
overview of a news item or blog post, while avoiding
redundancy from multiple sources and maximizing the diversity of
content obtained.
Sentiment Analysis
• The goal of sentiment analysis is to identify sentiment
among several posts or even in the same post where emotion is
not always explicitly expressed. Companies use Natural
Language Processing applications, such as
sentiment analysis, to identify opinions and
sentiment online to help them understand what customers
think about their products and services (i.e., “I love the new
iPhone” and, a few lines later “But sometimes it doesn’t work
well” where the person is still talking about the iPhone) and
overall feedback of customers
Text classification
Models / Steps taken by NLP
Includes getting rid of common language articles, pronouns and
prepositions such as “and”, “the” or “to” in English. In this process
some very common words that appear to provide little or no value
to the NLP objective are filtered and excluded from the text to be
processed, hence removing widespread and frequent terms that
are not informative about the corresponding text.
Just FYI- Microsft use of NLP

Zo
 AI Ethics
• Nowadays, we are moving from the Information era to Artificial
Intelligence era. Now we do not use data or information, but the
intelligence collected from the data to build solutions. These
solutions can even recommend the next TV show or movies you
should watch on Netflix. We can proudly say that India is
leading in the AI usage trends, so we need to keep aspects
relating to ethical practices in mind while developing solutions
using AI. Let us understand some of the ethical concerns in
detail.
 Moral Issues: Self-Driving Cars
• Scenario 1: Let us imagine that we are in year 2030. Self-Driving cars which
are just a concept in today’s time are now on roads. People like us are
buying them for ease and are using it for our daily transits. Of-course
because of all the features which this car has, it is expensive. Now, let us
assume, one day your father is going to office in his self-driving car. He is
sitting in the back seat as the car is driving itself. Suddenly, a small boy
comes in front of this car. The incident was so sudden that the car is only
able to make either of the two choices:
• 1. Go straight and hit the boy who has come in front of the car and injure
him severely.
• 2. Take a sharp right turn to save the boy and smash the car into a metal
pole thus damaging the car as well as injuring the person sitting in it.
A B
• With the help of this scenario, we need to understand that the
developer of the car goes through all such dilemmas while
developing the car’s algorithm.
• Thus, here the morality of the developer gets transferred into
the machine as what according to him/her is right would have a
higher priority and hence would be the selection made by the
machine.
• If you were in the place of this developer and if there was no
other alternative to the situation, which one of the two would
you prioritize and why?
Scenario 2:
• Let us now assume that the car has hit the boy who came in front of
it. Considering this as an accident, who should be held responsible for
it? Why?
1. The person who bought this car
2. The Manufacturing Company
3. The developer who developed the car’s algorithm
4. The boy who came in front of the car and got severely injured
Data Privacy
• This makes us think:
1. Where do we collect data from?
2. Why do we need to collect data?
One of the major sources of data for many major companies is the device
which all of us have in our hands all the time:
Smartphones. Smartphones have nowadays become an integral part of our
lives. Most of us use smartphones more than we interact with people around
us. Smartphones in today’s era provide us with a lot of facilities and features
which have made our lives easier. Feeling hungry? Order food online. Want to
shop but don’t have time to go out? Go shopping online. From booking
tickets to watching our favorite shows, everything is available in this one small
box loaded with technology.
Another feature of smartphones nowadays is that they provide us
with customized recommendations and notifications according to
our choices. Let us understand this with the help of some
examples:
1. When you are talking to your friend on a mobile network or on
an app like WhatsApp. You tell your friend that you wish to buy
new shoes and are looking for suggestions from him/her. You
discuss about shoes and that is it. After some time, the online
shopping websites start giving you notifications to buy shoes!
They start recommending some of their products and urge you
to you buy some.
2. If you search on Google for a trip to Kerala or any other
destination, just after the search, all the apps on your phone
which support advertisements, will start sending messages about
packages that you can buy for the trip.
3. Even when you are not using your phone and talking to a
person face-to-face about a book you’ve read recently while the
phone is kept in a locked mode nearby, the phone will end up
giving notifications about similar books or messages about the
same book once you operate it.
• In all such examples, how does the smartphone get to know about
the discussions and thoughts that you have? Remember whenever
you download an app and install it, it asks you for several
permissions to access your phone’s data in different ways. If you do
not allow the app these permissions, you normally cannot access it.
And to access the app and make use of it, we sometimes don’t even
give it a thought and allow the app to get all the permissions that it
wants. Hence every now and then, the app has the permission to
access various sensors which are there in your smartphone and
gather data about you and your surroundings. We forget that the
smartphone which we use is a box full of sensors which are powered
all the time while the phone is switched on.
This leads us to a crucial question: Are we
okay with sharing our data with the external
world?
We need to understand that the data which is collected by various
applications is ethical as the smartphone users agree to it (by clicking
on allow when it asks for permission and by agreeing to all the terms
and conditions).
But at the same time if one does not want to share his/her data with
anyone, he/she can opt for alternative applications which are of similar
usage and keep your data private.
For example, an alternative to WhatsApp is the Telegram app which
does not collect any data from us. But since WhatsApp is more
popular and used by the crowd, people go for it without thinking
twice.
AI Bias
• Another aspect to AI Ethics is bias.
Everyone has a bias of their own, no
matter how much one tries to be
unbiased, we in some way or the
other have our own biases even
towards smaller things. Biases are not
negative all the time. Sometimes, it is
required to have a bias to control a
situation and keep things working
1. Majorly, all the virtual assistants have a female
voice. But now an improvised version is there. It
is only now that some companies have
understood this bias and have started giving
options for male voices but since the virtual
assistants came into practice, female voices are
always preferred for them over any other voice.
Can you think of some reasons for this?
2. If you search on Google for salons, the first
few searches are mostly for female salons.
This is based on the assumption that if a
person is searching fora salon, in all
probability it would be a female. Do you
think this is a bias? If yes, then is it a Negative
bias or Positive one?

Various other biases are also found in various

systems which are not thought up by the
machine but have got transferred from the
developer intentionally or unintentionally.
AI Access
AI creates unemployment
• AI is making people’s lives easier. Most of the things nowadays are
done in just a few clicks. In no time AI will manage to be able to do
all the laborious tasks which we humans have been doing since long.
Maybe in the coming years, AI enabled machines will replace all the
people who work as laborer's. This may start an era of mass
unemployment where people having little or no skills may be left
without jobs and others who keep up with their skills according to
what is required, will flourish.
• Should AI replace laborious jobs? Is there an alternative for major
unemployment?
• Should AI not replace laborious jobs? Will the lives of people improve if they
keep on being unskilled?

• Here, we need to understand that to overcome such an issue, one needs to

be open to changes. As technology is advancing with time, humans need to
make sure that they are a step ahead and understand this technology with its
pros and cons.
AI for kids
• Consider this:
• A young boy in class 3 has got some Maths homework to finish. He is
sitting at a table which has the Google chat bot - Alexa on it, and he
is struggling with his homework. Soon, he starts asking Alexa to
answer all his questions. Alexa replies with answers and the boy
simply writes them down in his notebook. While this scenario seems
funny, it still has some concerns related to it.
• On one hand where it is good that the boy knows how to use
technology effectively, on the other hand he uses it to complete his
homework without really learning anything since he is not applying
his brain to solve the Math problems.
• So, while he is smart, he might not be getting educated properly. Is
it ethical to let the boy use technology to help in this manner?
Conclusion

• Despite AI’s promises to bring forth new opportunities, there are

certain associated risks that need to be mitigated appropriately
and effectively. To give a better perspective, the ecosystem and
the sociotechnical environment in which the AI systems are
embedded needs to be more trustworthy.