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MODULE - I

LAPLACE TRANSFORM &

INVERSE LAPLACE TRANSFORM
LAPLACE TRANSFORM
Definition: Let f(t) be a function of t defined for all positive values of t then the Laplace

transform of f (t ) , denoted by L  f (t ) is defined by L  f (t )   e st f (t )dt , provided that the
0
integral exists. s is a parameter which may be a real or complex number.
Note: L  f (t ) is also denoted by F (s) or f ( s) .
Laplace Transform of some standard functions:
1 1 1 s
1. L{eat }  2. L{e at }  3. L{1}  4. L{cos at}  5.
sa sa s s  a2
2

a s 1 ( n)
L{sin at}  2 6. L{cosh at}  7. L{sinh at}  2 2 8. L{t n }  n 1 if n is not
s  a2 s a
2 2
s a s
n!
integer and L{t n }  if n is an integer
s n 1
Linear property of Laplace Transforms:
If f (t ) & g (t ) are any two functions, then L{c1 f (t )  c2 g (t )}  c1L{ f (t )}  c2 L{g (t )}
Properties of Laplace Transforms:
Shifting property: If L{ f (t )}  f (s), then L{eat f (t )}  f (s  a)
dn
Multiplication by t n : If L{ f (t )}  f (s), then L{t n f (t )]  (1)n [ f (s)]. where n is positive
ds n
integer.

 f (t ) 
Division by t: If L{ f (t )}  f (s) , then L     f ( s)ds
 t  s
t
 
 f ( s)
Transform of integral: If L{ f (t )}  f (s) , then L  f (u )du  
0
 
 s
Examples: 1. Find the Laplace transform of t e cosh 3t. 5 4t
2. Evaluate L sin 3 2t
n!
3. Prove that L{t n }  if n is an integer. 4. Evaluate: L{sin t sin 2t sin3t}
s n 1
5. Find L t (sin 3 t  cos3 t ) 6. Find the Laplace transform of e4t t 5/2
cos at  cos bt
7. Find the Laplace transform of 8. Find L.T. of e2t cos2 t. 9. Find
t
 eat  ebt 
L .
 t 

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10. Find the Laplace transform of e3t sin 5t sin 3t. 11. Find the Laplace transform of et cos2 3t.
cos at  cos bt
12. Find the Laplace transform of  t sin at. 13. Find the Laplace transform of
t
cos3t  2t. 14. Find the Laplace transform of t 2e2t 15. Evaluate (i) L{te2t sin 4t} (ii)
1  cos at 
L 
 t 
 sin 2 3t 
16. Find the Laplace Transform of t 2e3t sin 2t. 17. Evaluate (i) L  8t
 (ii) L{te cos 2t}
 t 
60 60 3 1 1  1 1 3
Answers: 1.  2.  2 4.   2
( s  7) 6
( s  1) 6 2  s  4 s  36 
 2 2 2
s  16 2( s  4) 3( s  36)
  1  1  s2 9  s2  4  s 2  b2
5. 3s  1
   3
1
  6. ( s  4) 3/2
7. log 2 2
2  ( s 2  1)2 ( s 2  9)2  4  ( s 2  1)2 ( s 2  9)2  3 s a
s2  s b  30( s  3)
8.  9. log 
1 1
 2   10. 2 11.
2  s  2 s  4s  8   sa ( s  6s  13)(s 2  6s  73)
1 1 s 1 
 2
2  s  1 s  2s  37 


s 2  b2 2as s 1 2 8( s  2)
12. log  13.  14. 15. (i) (ii)
2
s a 2 2
(s  a ) 2 2 2
s 9 s  log 2 ( s  2)3 s  4s  20)2
2

s2  a2
log
s
12s 2  72s  92 1 s 2  36 s 2  16s  60
16. log 17. (i)
(ii)
( s 2  6s  13) 2 2 s ( s 2  16s  68)2
Problems using Laplace Transform:
   
cos 6t  cos 4t
1. Evaluate  e t sin tdt
3t
2.  e t cos 2tdt 3. 
3t
dt 4.  t 3et sin tdt
0 0 0
t 0

et sin t et sin t 
5. Find the Laplace transform of
t
and hence deduce that  t dt  4 .
0
3 5 2
Answers: 1. 2. 3. log 4. 0 5. Cot 1 (s  1)
50 169 3
Exercises I: Evaluate the following integrals using Laplace Transform:
     
e3t  e6t sin t
1.  te 3t
cos tdt 2.  dt 3.  t dt 4.  te sin 3tdt 5.  te cos tdt 6.  te sin tdt 7.
2t 2t 2t

0 0
t 0 0 0 0
  
cos at  cos bt et sin 2 t 1
 8.  te sin 4tdt  t dt  4 log5 10. Prove that
t
dt 9. Prove that
0
t 0 0
  at  bt
e e b
 t
dt  log
a
0

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2  12 3 4 b 8
Answers: 1. 2. log 2 3.
4. 5. 6. 7. log 8.
25 2 169 25 25 a 289
Laplace Transform of Periodic functions:
A function f (t ) is said to be Periodic with period T if f (t )  f (t  T )  f (t  2T )  .....  f (t  nT ) ,
Where n is an integer.
Eg: sin t & cos t are periodic functions with period 2
T
1
 sT 
Theorem: If f (t ) is a Periodic function with period T, then L{ f (t )}  e st f (t )dt
1 e 0
 T 2T 3T
Proof: L{ f (t )}   e  st
f (t )dt   e  st
f (t )dt + e
 st
f (t )dt  e
 st
f (t )dt  ........
0 0 T 2T
Put t  u  T in the 2nd integral, then dt  du & if t  T , u  0 & if t  2T , u  T
Similarly Put t  u  2T in the 3nd integral, then dt  du & if t  2T , u  0 & if t  3T , u  T
Put t  u  3T in the 4th integral & soon. We get
T T T
L{ f (t )}   e st f (t )dt +  e s (u T ) f (u  T )du   e s (u  2T ) f (u  2T )du  ........
0 0 0
T T T
  e st f (t )dt + e sT  e su f (u )du  e2 sT  e su f (u )du  ........
0 0 0
[ f (u)  f (u  T )  f (u  2T )  . . . . . . as f (t ) is periodic]
T T T
  e st f (t )dt + e sT  e st f (t )dt  e2 sT  e st f (t )dt  ........
0 0 0
T T T
1 1
  e st f (t )dt ( 1  e sT  e2 sT  ........)   e st f (t )dt  sT
  sT 
e st f (t )dt
0 0 1 e 1 e 0
 sT 2 sT
[ 1 e  e  ........ is a Geometric series with common ratio e sT ]
Example: Find the Laplace Transform of the following periodic functions:
t sin t , 0  t    1,
1. f (t )  ,  is the period. 2. f (t )    2
with period 2 3. f (t )  
  0,   t   1,
0  t  a2 1 e  s  1  as 
with period a. Answers: 1.  2. 3. tanh  
a t a
 s 2 s(1  e s )  s s  4
2 (1  e  )( s 2  2 )
Exercises II: Find the Laplace Transform of the following periodic functions:
 t, 0t c
1. f (t )  1  t,0  t  1, f (t  1)  f (t ) 2. f (t )   , f (t  2c)  f (t )
2c  t , c  t  2c
3t , 0t 2
3. f (t )   , f (t  4)  f (t ) 4. f (t )  et ,0  t  c, f (t  c)  f (t )
 6, 2t 4
1, 0  t  a
5. f (t )  t 2 ,0  t  2, f (t  2)  f (t ) 6. f (t )   , f (t  2a)  f (t )
0, a  t  2a
7. f (t )  sin kt 8. f (t )  cos kt
9. Find the Laplace Transform of the full – wave rectifier f (t )  E sin t , 0  t    having period



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e1  s  1 1  cs  3(1  e2 s  2se4 s ) [1  ec (1 s ) ]

Answers: 1. 2. tanh   3. 4. 5.
s 2 (1  e s ) s 2
2 s 2 (1  e4 s ) ( s  1)(1  e cs )
2[1  e2 s (2s 2  2s  1)]
s3 (1  e2 s )
  s 
1 k s  1  2ke 2k  E s
6. 7. 2 2 coth   8. 2 2 s  9. coth
 as
s(1  e ) s k  2k  s  k  1  e s k  s 
2 2
2
 
Laplace Transform of unit step function (Heaviside unit function)
0, if t  a
Definition: A function u(t  a) defined as u (t  a)   , Where a  0 is called unit step
1, if t  a
function.
e as
Laplace Transform of u(t  a) : L{u (t  a)}  (proof)
s
 0, if t  a
Laplace Transform of f (t  a)u(t  a) : Now f (t )u (t  a)  
 f (t ), if t  a
L{ f (t  a)u(t  a)}  e as f (s), where f (s)  L{ f (t )} (Proof)
Example: Find the Laplace Transform of the following step function:
 2e 3s   e  s   e2 s  1 s cos 4 2sin 4  
1. (t  3)2 u(t  3)  3 
2. sin tu(t   )    3. cos 2
tu (t  2)    2  2 
 s  1  2  s s  4 s  4 
2
 s 
 e 4 2 s   s  6 6 3 1  
4. e2t u(t  2)   5. t u(t  1) e  s 4  s3  s 2  s  
3

s  2   
Express the following functions in terms of Heaviside’s units step function & hence find its
Laplace
Transform:
t 2 , 0  t  2  4e2 s 2 
1. f (t )  
4t , t2  s
 
 3 1  e2 s  
s 
 sin t , 0t 
  1  s  2 1  2 s  3 2 
2. f (t )  sin 2t ,   t  2  s2  1 + e  s2  4  s2  1   e  2  2 
sin 3t ,     s  9 s  4 
 t  2
3. Express the following in terms of unit step function & hence find the Laplace Transform.
 t  1, 0t 2   s
1  2e2 s  e3s 1   sin t , 0t 2 2 (1  s ) 

f (t )  3  t , 2t 3    4. f (t )   1  e 
 0,  s2 s cos t , t 2  s2  1 
 t 3  
Exercises III: Express the following functions in terms of Heaviside’s Unit step function &
hence find its Laplace Transform.

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2  t , 0  t 1 
t ,
2
0t 2 2, 0  t 1 sin 3t ,
1. f (t )   2. f (t )   3. f (t )   4. f (t )  
 e ,
t
t 1 
 6, t2  t, t 1  0,
 t2, 0  t  2
0t  t , 0  t  1
 2
 cos t , 0t 
5. f (t )   6. f (t )  t  1, 2  t  3 7. f (t )   8.
t  
 4, t 1  7,  sin t , t 
 t 3
 cos t , 0  t  

f (t )  cos 2t ,   t  2
 cos3t , t 

 1, 0  t  1
e 2t , 0  t 1 
9. f (t )   10. f (t )   t , 1  t  2
t 1
 2, 2
t , t  2
s
2 1  1   s 1 3e 2 6e2 s  2 4 4
Answers: 1.  2  e1 s    e .  2.   e2 s  3  2   3.
 s 1 
2 3
s s s s s s s s s
2 s  1 1 
e  2  
s s s
1  e2( s 1) 2 3 2 2  2 3 3 2  5 1 
4. 5.  e s   2  3  6.  e2 s   2  3   e3s   2  7.
s 1 s 3
s s s  s 3
s s s  s s 
s  e s ( s  1)
s2  1
s  1 1   5se2 s  1 s  2 e2 
8.  se s  2  2  2  9.  e    10.
s 1  s  4 s  1  ( s  4)( s  9) 
2
s2  s s  2
1 e s  2 3 2
 2  e2 s  3  2  
s s s s s
Unit Impulse Function: (Or Dirac delta function)
A unit impulse function  (t  a) is defined as
 1 , If a  t  a  
 (t  a)  lim  (t  a); a  0 Where   (t  a)   
0
 0, other wise
Laplace Transform of the unit Impulse function:
First we shall find the Laplace Transform of  (t  a)
 a a  

 
L{  (t  a)}  e st   (t  a)dt  e st   (t  a)dt   e st   (t  a)dt   e
 st
  (t  a)dt
0 0 a a
a 
1
e
 st
0 . dt  0 (By definition)
a

1 e st a   1 1 1  e s 
 .   e s ( a  )  e sa    (e sa .e s  e sa )  e as  
 s a s s  s 


Hence L{ (t  a)}  L Lim  (t  a)  Lim L{ (t  a)}
 0
  0

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  1  e s    as  1  e s 
 Lim e as     e Lim  
 0 
  s    0 
s 
1  e s  0
Now Lim
s   0 form, hence applying L’Hospital’s rule we get,
 0 
 s
 Lim 0  (s)e
 Lime s  1  L{ (t  a)}  e as
s 0  0

Note: If a = 0, L{ (t )}  e  1
0

Example: Find the Laplace Transform of the following unit impulse function:
 (t  a)  e  as 
 2. t (t  a)  ae  3. e  (t  b) e  4. t n (t  a)  a n e as 
 as at b ( s  a )
1.    
t  a 
t
 ( x  3)  e 3s 
5.  dx   6. cosh3t (t  2) e2 s cosh 6
0 x2  9s 
Exercises IV: Find the Laplace Transform of the following unit impulse function:
1. 2 (t  1)  3 (t  2)  4 (t  3)  2e s  3e2 s  4e3s  2. t 4 (t  3) 81e3s  3. (t  1)2  (t  a)
 (a  1) e  2  as

2 (t  3)  3 (t  2)  1 
4.
t 
6


4e3s  9e2 s  5. cosh t (t  a) e  as
cosh a  6. sinh3t (t  2)

e 2 s
sinh 6 
2 (t  1)  6 (t  2)
 10.   (tx 2)dx
t
7. t  (t  3)  3 e
n n 3 s
 8. (t  1)  (t  2)  9e
2 2 s
 9.  2e s
 3e 2 s
3
t 0

 e 2 s 
 
 8s 
INVERSE LAPLACE TRANSFORMS:
Definition: If L{ f (t )}  f (s), then f (t ) is called the Inverse Laplace Transform of f ( s) & is
denoted by L1{ f (s)} .  L1{ f (s)}  f (t ) if L{ f (t )}  f (s)
Inverse Laplace Transform of Standard functions:
 t n 1 (n  1)!
 , if n is integer L{t n 1} 
1  1   (n  1)!
1) L1    1 sn
1 1
L{1}  2) L  n    n 1
s s s   t ( n)
other wise L{t n 1}  n
 (n), s

 1  1
3) L1 
1  at 1 a
e L{eat }  4) L1  2
 sin at L{sin at}  2
s  a sa s  a  a s  a2
2

 s  s  1  1 a
5) L1  2
 cos at L{cos at}  6) L1  2 2   sinh at L{sinh at}  2 2 7)
s  a  s  a2 s  a  a s a
2 2

 s  s  e as  e as
L1  2 2
 cosh at L{cosh at}  8) L1    u (t  a) L{u (t  a)}  9)
s  a  s  a2
2
 s  s

 
L1 e as   (t  a) L{ (t  a)}  e as 10) L1 1   (t ) L{ (t )}  1

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11) L1 eas f (s)  f (t  a)u(t  a) L{ f (t  a)u(t  a)}  e as f (s)

12) Shifting property for Inverse Laplace Transform:
If L1{ f (s)}  f (t ) , then L1{ f (s  a)}  eat f (t )  eat L1{ f (s)}
 1  bt 1  1  bt 1
Example: L1  2
e L  2 2
 e . sin at &
 ( s  b)  a  s  a 
2
a
 s b  bt 1  s  bt
L1  2
e L  2 2
 e .cos at
 ( s  b)  a  s  a 
2

1
 f ( s)  t  f ( s)  t 

t


13) If L1{ f (s)}  f (t ) , then L1     f (t )dt . Also L  2     f (t )dt dt

 s  0  s  0 0 

 1 
   
 
t t
 2 
Example: L1  2 2   L1  s  a
1 2
 L dt   1a sin atdt
1
 1

 s( s  a )   s  0 s2  a2
0

 

  cos at  t  cos at t 1 1
 1a  0  2
  2 [cos at  1]  2 1  cos at 
 a  a 0 a a
 d 
14) If L1{ f (s)}  f (t ) , then tf (t )  L1  [ f ( s)]
 ds 
 2as  1  d  1   sin at
Example: L1  2 2
 L   2 2 
 t.
 (s  a )   ds  s  a  
2
a
Note: L1 is linear. i.e. L1 c1 f (s)  c2 g (s)  c1L1{ f (s)}  c2 L1{g (s)}.
Problems: Find the Inverse Laplace Transform of the following:
s2 s3 2s  1 1 2s  1
1) 2) 2 3) 4) 5) 2 6)
( s  2) 3
s  4s  13 s 2  2s s( s  a) 3
s  2s  5
5s  3
( s  1)( s 2  2s  5)
s s s3  s 2  1 1 s3 1
7) 8) 9) 10)  2  11)
s  4a 4
4
( s  a 2 )2
2
s4  a4 s  3 s  6s  13 ( s  2)3
s 1
( s  1) 2 ( s  2)
7s  4 s2 1 s2 s2
12) 13) 14) 15) 2 16) 17)
4s  4s  9
2
( s  a 2 )2
2
(s  a )
2 2 2
s ( s  1)( s  2) ( s  4s  5) 2
2

s 1  s2  1  1  s   2
log 18) log   19) cot   20) tan 1  2 
21) s s  a 22)
s 1  s( s  1)  2 s 
 s2  4 
log  3 
 ( s  1) 

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 sa e  as s 2 e  s  1 s 1 s2
23) s log   1 24) 25) 26) e3s 27) 28)
sa s2  4 s 2  3s  2 s  s 1 s  7 s  12
2 2

e 6 s
( s  4) 2
log s k 1
29) Show that L{log t}    , where k is some arbitrary constant. 30)
s s s( s  1)( s  2)( s  3)
cosh 2s
31)
e3 s s 2
 5  1 3 2t
Answers: 1. e2t  4te2t  2t 2e2t 2. e2t  cos3t  sin 3t  3.  e 4.
 3  2 2
t 2 e at te at e at 1
  2  3  3
2a a a a
1 1
5. et (2cos 2t  1 2 sin 2t ) 6. et  et (cos 2t  32 sin 2t ) 7. sin at sinh at 8. t sin at
2a 2 2a
1 1 1 t2
9. (cosh at  cos at )  (sinh at  sin at )  3 (sinh at  sin at ) 10. e3t  e3t cos 2t  e2t
2 2a 2a 2!
 1t
1 2 1 1 1 1
11. et  tet  e2t 12. e 2 (7cos 2t  sin 2t ) 13. [at cos at  sin at ] 14.
9 3 9 4 2 2 2 a
1
(sin at  at cos at )
2a 3
1 1 2sinh t 1  et  2cos t sin 2t 2sin t sinh t
15. (e2t  et )  t 16. te2t sin t 17. 18. 19. 20.
3 2 t t t t
5 3
3eat t 2 aeat t 2 3et  2cos 2t 2sinh at  2at cosh at
21.  22. 23. 24.
4  2  t t2
 (t  a)  2sin 2(t  a)u(t  a)
 3 ( t  )  t   3 t  1 ( t 3)  1 
25. 2e 2 sinh   u (t   )  2e 2 .sinh( t ) 26. e 2
2  cos 2 (t  3) 
3
.sin 2
3
(t  3)  u(t  3)
 2   3 
1 1 1 1
27. 5e3t  6e4t 28. e4(t 6) (t  6)u(t  6) 30.  et  e2t  e3t 31.
6 2 2 6
1
[(t  1)u (t  1)  (t  5)u(t  5)
2
Exercises V: Find the Inverse Laplace transforms of the following-
s 2  3s  4 ( s  2)3 1 4 1 3s  5 2 2s  5 4s  18
1) 2) 3)   4) 5)  6)
s3 s6 3s  2 5s  1 5 s s 8
2 4s  25 9  s 2
2

3( s  1)
2 2

2s 5
s2 4s  1 e3s e5 s se s e  s 3e3s e s
7) 2  2 8)  9)  10)  2 11)
s  36 s  25 ( s  4)2 ( s  2) 4 s 2  16 s 2  9 s s
(1  e s )(2  e2 s )
s3

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s
se   e s
2 e  s se2 s s 3 2s  3 s3
12) 13)  14) 2 15) 16)
s2   2 s 1 s  4
2 2
s  6s  13 s  2s  5
2
4s  4s  9
2

se2 s (3s  1)e s 2s  1 2s  1 2s 2  6s  5

17) 18) 19) 20) 21)
s 2  8s  16 ( s  1) 4 s  3s  1
2
s  4s  29
2
( s  1)( s  2)( s  3)
4s  3 3s  1 ( s 2  6)e2 s  a2 
22) 23) 24) 25) log 1   26)
( s  1)2 ( s  2) ( s  3)( s 2  4) ( s 2  1)( s 2  4)  s2 
 s2  1 
log  
 s( s  1) 
 s2  4  s2  s4 s2  1
27) log  2 
28) 29) tan 1  as  30) s log   31) 3
 ( s  4)  ( s  4s  5) 2  s4 s  3s 2  2s
2

s
3s 2  2s  1 e 4 s e  e2 s
2 s
32) 33) 34) 35)
( s  3)( s 2  1) ( s  1)3 s2  1
( s  1)( s 2  4) 2

1 2t 4 t
Answers: 1. 1  3t  2t 2 2. 301 (15t 2  30t 3  15t 4  2t 5 3. e 3  e 5  2 t  4.
3 5
3 t4 
3cos(2 2t )  52 sin(2 2t ) 5. 12  cos  5t 2   sin  5t 2    4cosh3t  6sinh3t 6. 1  t 2   7.
2 24 
1 1
cos6t  sin 6t  4cos5t  sin 5t
3 5
(t  5)3 e2(t 5)u (t  5)  sin 3t 
8. (t  3)e4(t 3)u (t  3)  9.  cos 4t   u (t   ) 10. 3u(t  3)  (t  1)u(t  1)
6  3 
11. t 2  (t  1)2 u(t  1)  12 (t  2)2 u(t  2)  12 (t  3)2 u(t  3) 12. sin  t[u(t  1 2)  u(t  1)]
t
13.  sin tu(t   )  cos 2tu(t  2 ) 14. e3t cos 2t 15. e 2 (4cos 2t  sin 2t ) 16.
t

2 
e 2
2 cos( 2t )  5sin( 2t )
8 2
 3(t  1)2 (t  1)3 
17. e4(t 2) 1  4(t  2) u(t  2) 18. e(t 1)    u (t  1) 19.
 2 3 

e
3t
2
2cosh    5t
2
4
5
sin  
5t
2

et 5 8 3t 8 15
20. e2t (2cos5t  sin 5t ) 21.  e2t  e3t 22. 95 et  73 tet  95 e2t 23.
e  cos 2t  sin 2t
2 2 13 13 26
t
1 2(1  cos at ) 1  e  2cos t ) 2(e  cos 2t )
4t
24. 5sin(t  2)  sin(2t  2) u (t  2) 25. 26. 27.
3 t t t
2t
te sin t ) sin at 2(4t cosh 4t  sinh 4t ) 1 5
28. 29. 30. 2
31.  2et  e2t 32. 2e3t  cos t  sin t
2 a t 2 2
1
33. e(t 4) (t 2  8t  16)u(t  4) 34. u(t  1 2)sin(t  1 2)  u(t  2)sin(t  2) 35. (cos t  cos 2t )
3
Convolution:

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Definition: The Convolution of two functions f (t ) and g (t ) , denoted by f (t )  g (t ) is defined in

the form of an integral as follows:
t
f (t )  g (t )   f (u ) g (t  u )du
u 0
Property: f (t )  g (t )  g (t )  f (t ) i.e. convolution is commutative.
Convolution Theorem: If L1{ f (s)}  f (t ) & L1{g (s)}  g (t ), then
t
L1{ f ( s).g ( s)}  f (t )  g (t )   f (u ) g (t  u )du
0
Problems: Find the inverse transform of the following using convolution theorem:
1 s s2 s2
1) 2) 3) 4)
s ( s  1)
2
( s  a 2 )2
2
s4  a4 ( s 2  a 2 )( s 2  b 2 )
1 1 1
Answers: 1. et  t  1 2. t sin at 3. sinh at  sin at  4. 2 2 (a sin at  b sin bt )
2a 2a a b
Exercises VI: Find the Inverse Laplace Transforms using Convolution theorem:-
1 s2 s 2  2s s 1
1) 2) 3) 4) 2 2 2 2 5) 2 6)
( s  1)( s  1)
2
( s  1)
2 2
( s  1)( s  4s  5)
2 2
( s  a )( s  b ) s ( s  1) 2
1
( s  a)( s  b)
1 1 1 1
7) 2 2 2 8) 9) 10)
(s  a ) ( s  2)( s  2) 2
( s  1)( s  9) 2
s ( s  4)
2

1 1 3 1
Answers: 1. (et  sin t  cos t ) 2. (sin t  t cos t ) 3. cos t (1  e2t )  sin t (1  e2t )
2 2 8 8
 bt  at
1 e  e 1
4. 2 2 (cos bt  cos at ) 5. t (et  1)  2(et  1) 6. 7. 3 (sin at  at cos at )
a b a b 2a
t
1 e 1
8. (e2t  e2t  4te2t ) 9. {1  e8t (1  8t )} 10. (1  cos 2t )
16 64 4
2 s 1 t3 t3
Answers: 1. 3 2. 3. 4. t   t  5. sinh t 6.
s ( s  1) ( s  1)( s 2  4) s 2 ( s  2) 2 3! 6
1  2t  2t 2  e2t
Application of Laplace Transforms
Solution of Ordinary differential equations:-
Transform of Derivatives:
If f (t ) is a continuous real valued function with continuous derivatives f 1 (t ), f 11 (t ),......., f ( n) (t ) &
L{ f (t )}  f (s), then
i) L{ f 1 (t )}  sf (s)  f (0)
ii) L{ f ( n) (t )}  s n f (s)  s n1 f (0)  s n2 f 1 (0)  .........  sf ( n2) (0)  f ( n1) (0).
d2y dy
Problems:- Solve 1.  2  y  et ; y(0)  2, y1 (0)  1 2. Solve ( D2  2D  5) y  e x sin x;
dt 2 dt
t
d dy
y  0, Dy  1 at x  0 where D 
dx
3. Solve:
dx 0

 2 y  y dt  sin t; y(0)  1.

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2
4. d x  2 dx  x(t )  t ; x(0)  3, x(1)  1 5. Solve: x11 (t )  4 x(t )   (t ), x(0)  1, x1 (0)  0
dt 2 dt
4t , 0  t  1
Where  (t )   6. ty11  2 y1  ty  cos t , given that y(0)  1
4, t 1
 t2  1 x 3 1
Answers: 1. y (t )  et  2  3t   2. y ( x)  e (sin x  sin 2 x) 3. y(t )  et  tet  sin t
 2 3 2 2
1 1
4. x(t )  2  t  et  tet 5. y(t )  t  sin 2t  cos 2t  [(t  1)  sin 2(t  1)]u(t  1) 6.
2 2
 1 1
y (t )     sin t
2 t
Exercises VII: 1. Solve the following Differential equations-
d2x 12
1. y11  4 y1  3 y  et ; y(0)  y1 (0)  1 2
 9 x  cos 2t; x(0)  1, x1 (0) 
2.
dt 5
3. y  2 y  y  2 y  0; y(0)  y (0)  0 & y (0)  6 4. ( D  n ) x  a sin(nt   ); x  Dx  0 at
111 11 1 1 11 2 2

t 0

d2x
5. ( D2  3D2  3D  1) y  t 2et ; y(0)  1, y1 (0)  0, y11 (0)  2 6.  9 x  cos 2t;
dt 2
 
x(0)  1, x    1
2
dx
7.  x  sin t; x(0)  2 8. y11  3 y1  2 y  4t  e3t ; y(0)  1& y1 (0)  1 9.
dt
d2y dy
2
 2  5 y  et sin t; y(0)  0, y1 (0)  1 10. x11 (t )  4 x1 (t )  4 x(t )  e2t ; x(0)  0 & x(1)  0
dt dt
11. y11 (t )  2 y1 (t )  y(t )  2  (t  3)u(t  3); y(0)  2 & y1 (0)  1.Find y(1) & y(4)

 4, 0  t  2
12. x11 (t )  x1 (t )   (t ); x(0)  0 & x1 (0)  0 &  (t )  
t  2, t  2
d4y
13. 4
 16 y  0; y  1, y1 , y11 , y111 are zero at x = 0, 14. y111  y1 (t )  e2t ;
dx
y(0)  0  y1 (0)  y11 (0)

7 3 1 1 1
Answers: 1. y  et  e3t  tet 2. x  (4cos3t  4sin 3t  cos 2t ) 3. y  (2  3t  t 2 )et
4 4 2 5 2
a{sin nt cos   nt cos(nt   )}  1 1 
4. x  5. y  et 1  t  t 2  t 5  6.
 60 
2
2n 2
1
x  (4cos3t  4sin 3t  cos 2t )
5
   sin t   cos t
7. x   2  2  et 
  1  1
2
1
8. y  2t  3  e3t  et  2e2t
2
  9. x 
11 t
3
e (sin t  sin 2t )

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10. x  (1  t )2 e2t 11. y(1)  2  e1 , y(4)  1  3e1  4e4 12.
2
x  4  4cos t  [(t  2)  sin(t  2)]u(t  2)
1 1 e 2t 2 1
13. y( x)  (cosh 2 x  cos 2 x) 14. y(t )     cos t  sin t
2 2 10 5 5

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MODULE – II

FOURIER SERIES

Introduction: In many engineering problems, especially in the study of periodic phenomenae

in conduction of heat, electro-dynamics and acoustics, it is necessary to express a function in a
series of sines and cosines. Such a series is known as the Fourier series.
DEFINITIONS:
A function y  f (x) is said to be even, if f ( x)  f ( x) . The graph of the even function is
always symmetrical about the y-axis.
A function y  f (x) is said to be odd, if f ( x)   f ( x) . The graph of the odd function is always
symmetrical about the origin.
For example, the function f(x) = x in [-1, 1] is even as f(-x) =  x  x = f(x) and the function

f(x) = x in [-1, 1] is odd as f(-x) = -x = -f(x). The graphs of these functions are shown below:

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