Republic of the Philippines

P resident R amon M agsaysay S tate U niversity

(Formerly Ramon Magsaysay Technological University)
Iba, Zambales, Philippines

GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT (GAD)

The GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT (GAD) approach focuses on the socially

constructed basis of differences between man and women and emphasizes the need to
challenge existing gender roles and relations.

WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT (WID) WOMEN AND DEVELOPMENT (WAD), and

GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT (GAD) are famous approaches in gender studies.

The GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT approach emerged in the 80’s to replace the
Women in Development focus. GAD is not only concerned with women but is also
concerned with the social construction of gender and their assignments.

Origin
 An alternative to the WID focus this approach developed in the 1980s.
Theoretical Base
 Influence by socialist feminist thinking.
Focus
 Offers a holistic perspective looking at all aspects of women’s lives.
 It questions the basis of assigning specific gender roles to different sexes.
Contribution
 Does not exclusively emphasizes female solidarity – welcomes contributions of
sensitive men.
 Recognizes women’s contribution inside and outside the household, including non-
commodity production.

GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT

 Focuses on gender relations
 Designs developing programs to respond gender issues
 Commits to the goal of gender equality and women’s empowerment and improvement

Development
-a specified state of growth
-an event constituting a new stage in a changing situation
UNIVERSITY VISION UNIVERSITY MISSION QUALITY POLICY

PRMSU shall be premier learner- The President Ramon Magsaysay State University shall primarily The President Ramon Magsaysay State University is committed
centered and proactive university provide advance and higher professional, technical, and special to continually strive for excellence in instruction, research,
in a digital and global society. instructions in various disciplines; undertake research, extension extension and production to strengthen global competitiveness
and income generation programs for the sustainable development adhering to quality standards for the utmost satisfaction of its
of Zambales, the region and the country. valued customers.
 Republic of the Philippines
P resident R amon M agsaysay S tate U niversity
(Formerly Ramon Magsaysay Technological University)
Iba, Zambales, Philippines

When applied to GAD; a development is about attaining a full and satisfying life for all that
is shared in a responsibility.

Gender Issues

“All the humans born free and equal”

Gender issues affect all us, but instead of solving these issues, we all contribute to their
perpetuation.

The problems that both male and females experience is a result of the cultures and the
societies they live in, the roles that they have to play, the rights they can hold

“YET WOMEN STILL STRUGGLE!”

Gender Equality
 To own land,
 Manage a property,
 To be equal in voice,
 Travel freely,
 To be free from harm, violence,
 And from security risks,
 Capacity to borrow and obtain loans,
 Access to all private and government sector programs,
 Membership in clubs,
 Admission to military schools,
 Etc.

Gender Stereotyping is defined as the beliefs humans hold about the characteristics
associated with males and females.

Gender Stereotypes in Social Roles

Men Women
 Provides financially for takes care of  Takes care of the family house and
the family house and children children.
 Works as managers,  Works as nurse, teacher, secretary
 Construction builders, engineers  Portrayed as followers
 Portrayed as leaders

Problems in Gender Stereotyping

 When characteristics associated with a particular gender have a negative image
 When a unique individual is assumed to have all the characteristics associated with
his/her gender

UNIVERSITY VISION UNIVERSITY MISSION QUALITY POLICY

PRMSU shall be premier learner- The President Ramon Magsaysay State University shall primarily The President Ramon Magsaysay State University is committed
centered and proactive university provide advance and higher professional, technical, and special to continually strive for excellence in instruction, research,
in a digital and global society. instructions in various disciplines; undertake research, extension extension and production to strengthen global competitiveness
and income generation programs for the sustainable development adhering to quality standards for the utmost satisfaction of its
of Zambales, the region and the country. valued customers.
 Republic of the Philippines
P resident R amon M agsaysay S tate U niversity
(Formerly Ramon Magsaysay Technological University)
Iba, Zambales, Philippines

Theories of Gender Development

1. Social Learning Theory

 Proponents of this theory believe that parents, as distributors of reinforcement,
reinforce appropriate gender role behavior.
2. Cognitive-Development Theory
 This is derived from Kohlberg’s speculations about gender development.
 Children begin the process of acquiring gender-appropriate behavior.

Gender Role Identity (Stages of Development) – Kohlberg

Children acquire a gender identity – they

Age 2-3
recognize that they are either male or female
Age 3-6 Gender Stability – gender is stable over time
Gender Constancy – gender is constant over
situations; people cannot change their
Age 6 or 7
gender by changing their appearance or
behavior

3. Gender Schema Theory – helps a child to develop gender identity and formulate an
appropriate gender role.

Schema – a mental blueprint for organizing information, and children develop and formulate
an appropriate gender.

Gender Ideologies – attitude toward men and women role

a. Traditional Gender Ideology

 Maintains that men sphere is work and women sphere is the home.
 The implicit assumption is that men have a greater power than women.

b. Egalitarian Gender Ideology

 Maintains that power is distributed equally between men and women and that
each group identifies equally with the same spheres.

c. Transitional
It is acceptable for women to devote energy to both work and family domains but
women should proportionally more responsibility for the home and men should focus
proportionally more their energy on work.

Policies Supporting GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT (GAD) Implementation

Republic Act No. 6946

AN ACT TO DECLARE MARCH EIGHT OF EVERY YEAR AS A WORKING
SPEACIAL HOLIDAY TO BE KNOWN AS NATIONAL WOMEN’S DAY

UNIVERSITY VISION UNIVERSITY MISSION QUALITY POLICY

PRMSU shall be premier learner- The President Ramon Magsaysay State University shall primarily The President Ramon Magsaysay State University is committed
centered and proactive university provide advance and higher professional, technical, and special to continually strive for excellence in instruction, research,
in a digital and global society. instructions in various disciplines; undertake research, extension extension and production to strengthen global competitiveness
and income generation programs for the sustainable development adhering to quality standards for the utmost satisfaction of its
of Zambales, the region and the country. valued customers.
 Republic of the Philippines
P resident R amon M agsaysay S tate U niversity
(Formerly Ramon Magsaysay Technological University)
Iba, Zambales, Philippines

Republic Act No. 7322

AN ACT INCREASING MATERNITY BENEFITS IN FAVOR OF WOMEN WORKERS
IN THE PRIVATE SECTOR, AMENDING FOR THE PURPOSE SECTION 14-A OF
REPUBLICT ACT NO. 1161, AS AMENDED, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES

Republic Act 7655

AN ACT INCREASING THE MINIMUM WAGE OF HOUSEHELPERS, AMENDING
FOR THE PURPOSE ARTICLE 143 OF PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO. 442, AS
AMENDED

CEDAW – The Convention On the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against

Women
 Signed on: December 18, 1979 at the New York City, United States
 An international treaty adopted in 1979 by the United Nations General
Assembly
 It promotes basic human rights and achieves progress and overcome barriers
of discrimination against women

Article 1: DEFINITION OF DISCRIMINATION

 Defines discrimination against women to cover all facts of human rights and
fundamental freedom

Article 2: OBLIGATIONS TO ELIMINATE DISCRIMINATIOM

 Countries must eliminate discriminatory laws, policies and practices in the national
legal framework
 Countries duties
 Policy measure

Article 3: DEVELOPMENT OF WOMEN

 Women are fundamentally equal with men in all spheres of life
 Countries must take measures to uphold women’s equality in the political, social,
economic and cultural fields

Article 4: ACCELERATION OF EQUALITY

 Countries may implement temporary special measures to accelerate women’s equality

Article 5: SEX ROLES AND STEREOTYPING

 Countries agree to modify or eliminate practices based on assumption about the
inferiority or superiority of ether sex

Article 6: EXPLOITATION OF WOMEN

 Countries agree to take steps to suppress the exploitation of prostitution and
trafficking on women

UNIVERSITY VISION UNIVERSITY MISSION QUALITY POLICY

PRMSU shall be premier learner- The President Ramon Magsaysay State University shall primarily The President Ramon Magsaysay State University is committed
centered and proactive university provide advance and higher professional, technical, and special to continually strive for excellence in instruction, research,
in a digital and global society. instructions in various disciplines; undertake research, extension extension and production to strengthen global competitiveness
and income generation programs for the sustainable development adhering to quality standards for the utmost satisfaction of its
of Zambales, the region and the country. valued customers.
 Republic of the Philippines
P resident R amon M agsaysay S tate U niversity
(Formerly Ramon Magsaysay Technological University)
Iba, Zambales, Philippines

MAGNA CARTA OF WOMEN – Republic Act 9710

 Any gendered-based distinction, exclusion, or restriction which has the effect
or purpose of impairing or nullifying the recognition, enjoyment, or exercise
by women, irrespective of their marital status, on a basis of equality of men
and women, of human rights and fundamental freedoms in the political,
economic, social, cultural, civil or any other field;
 A comprehensive women’s human rights law that seeks to eliminate
discrimination against women by recognizing, protecting, fulfilling and
promoting the rights of Filipino women, especially those in the marginalized
sectors.

Marginalized sectors:
-urban poor -fisher folk, small farmers and rural
-children workers
-senior citizens -workers in the formal economy
-Moro (Islamic Faith) -workers in the informal economy
-person with disabilities

Objective of the law

 Emphasizes the rights of women to institutionalizes the substantive equality of
men and women.
 Not only to provide equal opportunities for women but also their
empowerment.
 Abolish the unequal structures and practices.
 Revise gender stereotypes and images.
 Eliminating discrimination of women in the military, police and other similar
services.
 Protect the rights of Moro and indigenous women.
 Increase the number of women participating in discussions and decision-
making.
 Ensure the development and inclusion of women’s welfare and concerns.
 Give special consideration for the specific needs
 Adopt measures to:
-protection from abuse
-eliminate in education, health and nutrition, and skills and development

Background
 7 years in the making; legislative debates started in 2002 (12th Congress)
 August 14, 2009 signed into law
 Took effect on September 15, 2009
 Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR) adopted by Philippine Commission on
Women Commissioner on March 30, 2010
 Senator Jamby Madrigal, Chairperson of the Senate Committee on Youth, Women
and Family Relations – Principal Author
 Senator Sonny Angara – Author
UNIVERSITY VISION UNIVERSITY MISSION QUALITY POLICY

PRMSU shall be premier learner- The President Ramon Magsaysay State University shall primarily The President Ramon Magsaysay State University is committed
centered and proactive university provide advance and higher professional, technical, and special to continually strive for excellence in instruction, research,
in a digital and global society. instructions in various disciplines; undertake research, extension extension and production to strengthen global competitiveness
and income generation programs for the sustainable development adhering to quality standards for the utmost satisfaction of its
of Zambales, the region and the country. valued customers.
 Republic of the Philippines
P resident R amon M agsaysay S tate U niversity
(Formerly Ramon Magsaysay Technological University)
Iba, Zambales, Philippines

 Senator Pia Cayetano – Principal Sponsor

Why Magna Carta OF Women and not Magna Carta FOR Women?

Magna Carta FOR Women implies that others crafted the law and women are mere recipients
of the benefits arising there from.

Magna Carta ON Women only designates women as the subject matter of the law.

Magna Carta OF Women. Women have a stake in the law and they possess and own it.

WOMEN EMPOWERMENT – The process of enabling women to have control over their
lives, make choices, and participate fully in all aspects society. It involves providing
women with the knowledge, skills, resources, and opportunities necessary to achieve
potential and exercise their rights.

ECOMOMIC EMPOWERMENT
-the law promotes equal access to economic opportunities, resources, and benefits for
women. It encourages the development of women’s entrepreneurship, access to credit and
capital, and the elimination of occupational segregation and gender wage gaps.

POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT
-the law recognizes the importance of women’s participation and representation in decision-
making process. It promotes equal opportunities for women in public service and leadership
positions, including in political, civil, economic, social and cultural spheres.

HEALTH AND REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS

-the law ensures women’s access to comprehensive healthcare services, including
reproductive health services, information, and education. It promotes the right to make
informed decisions regarding their reproductive health and provides protection against
discrimination in accessing.

EDUCATION AND TRAINING

-the Magna Carta of Women emphasizes equal access to quality education and training for
women. It encourages the elimination of gender stereotypes in education and promotes the
inclusion of gender-sensitive curricula and programs.

PROTECTION AGAINST VIOLENCE

-the law recognizes women’s right to live free from violence. It provides protection and
support services for women who experience violence, including domestic violence, sexual
harassment, trafficking, and exploitation.

Republic 9262 – VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND CHILD (VAWC)

 Any action or a series of acts committed by any person against a woman who is his
wife, former wife, or against a woman with whom the person has or had a sexual or
dating relationship, or with whom he has a common child, or against her child
UNIVERSITY VISION UNIVERSITY MISSION QUALITY POLICY

PRMSU shall be premier learner- The President Ramon Magsaysay State University shall primarily The President Ramon Magsaysay State University is committed
centered and proactive university provide advance and higher professional, technical, and special to continually strive for excellence in instruction, research,
in a digital and global society. instructions in various disciplines; undertake research, extension extension and production to strengthen global competitiveness
and income generation programs for the sustainable development adhering to quality standards for the utmost satisfaction of its
of Zambales, the region and the country. valued customers.
 Republic of the Philippines
P resident R amon M agsaysay S tate U niversity
(Formerly Ramon Magsaysay Technological University)
Iba, Zambales, Philippines

whether legitimate or illegitimate, within or without the family abode, which result in
or is likely to result in physical, sexual, psychological harm or suffering, or economic
abuse including threats of such acts, battery, assault, coercion, harassment or arbitrary
deprivation of liberty.

VAWC is a PUBLIC CRIME

 Violence Against Women and their Children shall be considered a public crime,
which may be prosecuted upon the filing of a complaint by any citizen having
personal knowledge of the circumstances involving the commission of the crime.

Section 2. Declaration of Policy

 It is hereby declared that the state values the dignity of women and children and
guarantees full respect for human rights full respect for human rights. The state also
recognizes the need to protect the family and its members particularly women and
children, from violence and threats to their personal safety and security.

Forms of Violence

1. Sexual Violence – which refers to an act which is sexual in nature, committed against a
woman or her child.
2. Emotional Violence – which refers to acts or omissions causing or likely to cause mental
or emotional suffering of the victim.
3. Financial Abuse – which refers to acts that make or attempt to make a woman financially
dependent.
4. Physical Violence – which refers to acts that include bodily or physical harm.

Who gets protected under the law?

 The law recognizes the unequal relation between a man and a woman in an abusive
relationship where the woman is usually at a disadvantage. Thus the law protects the
woman and her children.
 The victim-child who is a minor (legitimate/illegitimate), and a person aged 18 years
and beyond who doesn’t have the ability to decide for his/herself because of an
emotional, physical, and mental illness can make full use of the law.
 Any children under the care of a woman is also protected under the law.
 Children are those below 18 years of age or older but are incapable of taking care of
themselves (as stated in RA 7610). It includes biological children of the victim and
other children under her care.
 Dating Relationship is one which has a romantic involvement. It means that a
relationship existed between a woman and a partner who is abusive or has previously
abused her, whether or not the relationship was formal.

What can woman and children do under RA 9262?

 Under the law, the offended party may file a criminal action, or apply for protection
order either as an independent action or as an incident in civil or criminal action and
other remedies.

UNIVERSITY VISION UNIVERSITY MISSION QUALITY POLICY

PRMSU shall be premier learner- The President Ramon Magsaysay State University shall primarily The President Ramon Magsaysay State University is committed
centered and proactive university provide advance and higher professional, technical, and special to continually strive for excellence in instruction, research,
in a digital and global society. instructions in various disciplines; undertake research, extension extension and production to strengthen global competitiveness
and income generation programs for the sustainable development adhering to quality standards for the utmost satisfaction of its
of Zambales, the region and the country. valued customers.
 Republic of the Philippines
P resident R amon M agsaysay S tate U niversity
(Formerly Ramon Magsaysay Technological University)
Iba, Zambales, Philippines

UNIVERSITY VISION UNIVERSITY MISSION QUALITY POLICY

PRMSU shall be premier learner- The President Ramon Magsaysay State University shall primarily The President Ramon Magsaysay State University is committed
centered and proactive university provide advance and higher professional, technical, and special to continually strive for excellence in instruction, research,
in a digital and global society. instructions in various disciplines; undertake research, extension extension and production to strengthen global competitiveness
and income generation programs for the sustainable development adhering to quality standards for the utmost satisfaction of its
of Zambales, the region and the country. valued customers.