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Lecture 6 - Open Channel

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Mirryam Galivaka Uluiviti Taukiei
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16 views20 pages

Lecture 6 - Open Channel

notes

Uploaded by

Mirryam Galivaka Uluiviti Taukiei
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Open Channel

The term open channel is used to designate not only natural stream and artificial canals
but also all forms of closed conduits, which flow partially full.

 Open channel flow is a flow which has a free surface and flows due to gravity.
 Pipes not flowing full also fall into the category of open channel flow
 In open channels, the flow is driven by the slope of the channel rather than the
pressure
Users of Open Channel

 Irrigation
 Water power development
 Sewerage
 Flood Control

Types of Channel

Compound Channel
Types of Channel
 Canal
 Flume
 Chute
 Drop
 Culvert
 Open-Flow Tunnel

FLUME is a channel usually supported on or above


the surface of the ground to carry water across a
depression.

CANAL is usually a long and mild-


sloped channel built in the ground.
DROP is similar to a chute, but the change in
CHUTE is a channel having steep slopes.
elevation is affected in a short distance.
CULVERT is a covered channel flowing partly full, which is installed to
drain water through highway and railroad embankments..

OPEN-FLOW TUNNEL is a
comparatively long covered channel
used to carry water through a hill or
any obstruction on the ground.
Types of Flow

Steady and Unsteady Flow


 Steady flow happens if the conditions (flow rate, velocity, depth etc) do not change with time.
 The flow is unsteady if the depth changes with time

Uniform and Non-uniform Flow


 If for a given length of channel, the velocity of flow, depth of flow, slope of the channel and cross
section remain constant, the flow is said to be Uniform
 The flow is Non-uniform, if velocity, depth, slope and cross section is not constant

Non-uniform Flow
Types of Non-uniform Flow
Gradually Varied Flow (GVF)
If the depth of the flow in a channel changes gradually over a length of the channel.
Rapidly Varied Flow (RVF)
If the depth of the flow in a channel changes abruptly over a small length of channel
Energy in Open Channel L

Total Energy At a Cross Section

H = z + p + V2
pg 2g

H = total head
Z = elevation of channel bottom
p = y = the vertical depth of flow
pg
V2 = velocity head
2g
Energy Gradient Line and Hydraulic Gardient Line in Open Channel

Sf: the slope of energy grade line


Sw: the slope of the water surface
So: the slope of the bottom
Considering sections 1 and 2 in the flow as shown Bernoulli equation is written including head loss due
friction hL

L
p1 + V12 + z1 = p2 + V22 + z2 +hL
pg 2g pg 2g

y1 + V12 + z1 = y2 + V22 + z2 +hL


2g 2g

As in pipe flow the pressure loss is due to


friction in the open channel flow. The head
due to change in level namely ( z1 – z2) equals
the friction head hL

The term V2 + y is found


2g
to be an important parameter in open channel flow.
This quantity is defined as specific energy or
specific head. The symbol used is E
y1 + V12 = y2 + V22 + z2
2g 2g

Energy at any section L

E = y + V2
2g

Energy at section 1
E1 = y1 + V12
2g E1
E2
Energy at section 2
E2 = y2 + V22
2g
Enery Entering = Energy Leaving
H1 = H2

E1 = E2 + hL L

y1 + V12 = y2 + V22 + hL
2g 2g

y1 + V12 - y2 + V22 = hL
2g 2g
H1
E1 - E2 = hL H2

L = hL
S0
Flow Through Open Channel

Q = AV

V = C √(RS), where R = A/P (Chezy Equation)

A = cross sectional area of water in the channel


C = Chezy coefficient
R = Hydraulics Radius
P = Wetted Perimeter
S = S f = Sw = So

 Wetted Perimeter (P) in any cross section is that part of the channel lining which comes in contact
with the water/ stream.
 Hydraulic Radius (R) or Hydraulic mean depth is the ratio of water area (A) to the wetted
perimeter (P)
Manning’s Coefficient of Chezy “C”

C = R1/6
n
Derivation of Manning’s formular by the use of Chezy Euation

V = C √(RS) Q = AV Q = A 5/3 . S1/2


P 2/3 n
V = R1/6 (RS)1/2 Q = A R2/3 . S1/2
n n

V = R1/6 . R1/2 . S1/2 R = A/ P


n
Q = A R2/3 . S1/2
V = R2/3 . S1/2
n
n
Q = A (A/ P)2/3 . S1/2
n
Types of Channel

Wetted Perimeter
Water Area

Compound Channel
Geometric Properties necessary for analysis
Example
An irrigation canal is required to convey water at a discharge 4 m3/s. it is to be
constructed on a flat terrain and has a longitudinal slope of 1 in 6400. the width of the
bottom of a trapezoidal section is equal to the depth of water. If the side slope of the
canal is 4 horizontal; to 3 vertical determine the following.

 The cross sectional area of an unlined earth canal with n = 0.024


 The cross sectional area of concrete lined canal n = 0.012
Solution
 The cross sectional area of an unlined earth canal with n = 0.024

A1 A2 A3

3 A1 = ½ * 4/3b * b
x A1 = 2/3 b2

A2 = b * b
4 4=x A2 = b2
r b b=y 3 b
r = √[(4/3b)2 + (b)2]
A3 = ½ * 4/3b * b
r = 5/3 b
x = 4/3 b A3 = 2/3 b2
Solution
 The cross sectional area of an unlined earth canal with n = 0.024

A Total = A1 + A2 + A3
A Total = 2/3 b2 + b2 + 2/3 b2 4 = 0.0513 . b10/3 .
A = 7/3 b2 0.0638 b2/3

4 = 0.804 . b8/3
P = 5/3 b + b + 5/3 b
P = 13/3 b b = 1.825 m

Q = A 5/3 . S1/2 A = 7/3 (1.825)2


P 2/3 n A = 7.773 m2 say 7.80 m2

4 = (7/3 b2) 5/3 . (1/6400)1/2


(13/3b) 2/3 (0.024)

4 = (4.105. b7/3) . (1/6400)1/2


2.658 b2/3 (0.024)

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