‭Linux Commands:‬

‭Lesson1: Some commands‬

c‭ d ~‬
‭ls -la‬

‭1. bashrc file‬

l‭ess‬‭.‭b ‬ ashrc‬ ‭command‬

‭(Takes us to the less environment where we can write bash‬
‭scripts for configurations like setting color of terminal , shell‬
‭history etc etc)‬
‭[The .bashrc file is mainly for configurations, It is esentially the‬
‭script file that is executed when we first open the terminal‬
‭window. What is in their will be the configurations for the shell‬
‭itself]‬

‭2. .profile file‬

l‭ess .profile command‬

‭This tends to be used for mainly the environment variables.‬
‭ or example, I can use it for setting environment‬‭variables for my Java‬
F
‭home directory or my Python home directory‬

‭We press‬‭q‬‭to come out of the less environment.‬

‭3. Now let’s create a simple shell script‬

‭A script is nothing but a file with lines of commands or code.‬

‭ e use VIM which is an editor (in the Unix world) which accepts‬
W
‭input.‬

‭vim testshell .sh‬

‭Then click‬‭i‬‭on keyboard to go into the INSERT MODE.‬

‭Then we go into what is know as the Shebang mode.‬‭#!‬

‭Shebang Explanation‬

‭●‬ ‭
#!‬
‭: This is the shebang.‬
‭●‬ ‭
/bin/bash‬
‭: This specifies the path to the Bash interpreter.‬

‭What These Commands Do‬

‭1.‬‭Shebang (‬‭
#!/bin/bash‬
‭)‭:‬ When you create a shell script‬
‭ nd add‬‭
a #!/bin/bash‬‭at the top, it tells the operating‬
‭system to use the Bash interpreter to run the script. This‬
‭makes your script portable and ensures it runs correctly‬
‭regardless of the shell environment of the user running it.‬

‭Then do:‬

‭#!/bin/bash‬

‭echo "Hello, World!"‬

‭Then press esc to get out of the INSERT mode‬

‭Finally‬‭:wq!‬‭To save the file. Now the file‬‭testshell.sh‬‭is saved.‬

‭ ow if we do‬‭ls -la‬‭we’ll see that our‬‭testshell.sh‬‭script file has‬
N
‭been created.‬

‭ owever, script files need to be run and at this moment this‬

H
‭cannot be run. It is just a read white file at this moment.‬

‭ ut I want it to be executable, which requires that I have an‬‭x‬

B
‭being set on it. In order to do that, I have to use another‬
‭command which is called‬‭chmod‬‭.‬
‭ fter using this command, I type in the type of permissions that I want. I‬
A
‭type in 755. Then I want to set the file that I want to add the permissions to,‬
‭which is testshell.sh.‬

‭chmod 755 testshell.sh‬

I‭f I use the‬‭ls -la‬‭command again, I notice that‬‭the file has now been‬
‭turned into an executable file. This means that I can now run the file from‬
‭the command line. To run the file, I press./testshell.sh followed by the Enter‬
‭key. Now you notice the words hello world are printed out on the screen.‬
‭This is how you can create simple scripts and make them executable within‬
‭the bash shell.‬
‭TO RUN the shell script‬

‭./testshell.sh‬

‭Lesson 2: More Commands‬

‭a)‬‭pwd:‬‭Print Working Directory‬
‭b)‬‭ls‬‭: List command - To check the Contents of directory‬

‭Setting Flags:‬

‭ls -l :‬‭Returns list of files and directories in the‬‭list structure‬

‭Exercise:‬

Instructions‬
‭

Step 1: Open Terminal in your VS code editor.‬

‭

Step 2: Type the command mkdir lab and press Enter‬

‭

Step 3: Change to the lab directory by typing cd lab and pressing Enter‬
‭

Step 4: Type the command touch file1.txt and press Enter to create a file named‬
‭
file1.txt‬
‭

Step 5: Type the command mkdir dir1 and press Enter‬

‭

Step 6: Type the command mv file1.txt dir1/ and press Enter to move file1.txt to‬
‭
the dir1 directory‬
‭

Step 7: Type the command touch file2.txt and press Enter to create a file named‬
‭
file2.txt‬
‭

Step 8: Type the command mkdir -p dir2/dir3 and press Enter. We're using the -p‬
‭
flag to create the parent directories if they do not exist. In this case it will‬
‭
create the dir2 directory and then create the dir3 directory inside of dir2.‬
‭

Step 9: Type the command mv file2.txt dir2/dir3/ and press Enter to move file2.txt‬
‭
to the dir3 directory‬
‭
Step 10: Change to the dir2 directory by typing cd dir2‬
‭

Step 11: Type the command touch file3.txt and press Enter to create a file named‬
‭
file3.txt‬
‭

Step 12: Type the command mv file3.txt ../ and press Enter to move file3.txt to the‬
‭
lab directory‬
‭

Step 13: Type the command cd .. and press Enter to navigate back to the lab‬
‭
directory‬
‭

Step 14: Type the command cd dir1 and press Enter.‬

‭

Step 15: Type the command ls -l and press Enter. Note how many files and‬
‭
directories are in the dir1 directory.‬
‭

Step 16: Type the command cd ../dir2 and press Enter.‬

‭

Step 17: Type the command ls -l and press Enter. Note how many files and‬
‭
directories are in the dir2 directory.‬
‭

Step 18: Type the command cd dir3 and press Enter.‬

‭

Step 19: Type the command ls -l and press Enter. Note how many files and‬
‭
directories are in the dir3 directory.‬
‭

‭Exercise completed.‬

‭ esson-3: Pipes and Redirection‬

L
‭Pipes:‬

‭ at text1.txt‬
c
‭To check the contents of a file which is some simple text.‬

‭ c : Word Count‬
w
‭wc text.txt -w‬‭(w flag tells the wc command to return‬‭the word‬
‭count)‬
‭ ipes: A coding tool‬‭that allows the output of one command to‬
P
‭be used as the input for another command‬

‭ls | wc -w‬

‭cat text1.txt | wc -w‬

[‭Here we first got the text1.txt file and then we used pipe to make‬
‭sure the output of the first command (which is text in a text1.txt‬
‭file), is used by wc(word count command to count the total words‬
‭in the file text1.txt)‬

‭ etting a combined word count of two files in one command.‬

G
‭cat text1.txt text2.txt | wc -w‬

‭Lesson 4: REDIRECTION:‬

‭ td Input < (less than sign‬

S
‭Std Output > (less than sign)‬

‭We use cat command to insert content to a file.‬

‭ at > file1.txt (then Enter) [Then add the content]‬

c
‭We live in the world of algorithms. …‬
‭[Then we hit cmd+D to tell the cat command that it is the end of a‬
‭file.]‬
‭Lesson 5: Standard Error‬

‭ rrors happen when things go wrong.‬

E
‭We use‬‭2 >‬‭after the command to highlight the errors.‬

‭2 >‬‭[For Error]‬

‭2 > &1‬‭[To combine the error with the standard output]‬

‭ ifferent streams for input/output and error:‬

D
‭Each uses their own streams‬

‭ hen we are trying to access a wrong directory, which doesn’t‬

W
‭exist.‬
‭ls -l /bin/user > error.tx​​t‬

‭No such file or directory Error:‬

‭Now let’s use error flag‬

‭ls -l /bin/user 2> error.txt‬

‭Now the error stream has been used.‬

‭To check the contents of the file, we use:‬

‭less error.txt‬

I‭n this case the error message is displayed in the error.txt‬

‭file:‬

‭ his is printed in the file now instead of the terminal giving the‬
T
‭output. Now error.txt is created.‬
‭Now to do the best of both worlds.‬

‭ls -l /bin/usr > error_output.txt 2>&1‬

‭This is the output: Anyways, I need to revisit it.‬

‭Lesson 6:grep‬

‭Grep is used to search for particular patterns and in the file.‬

‭ rep file1.txt‬
g
‭It returns all the contents of a file in a random order as present in‬
‭the file.‬

‭ rep sam file1.txt‬

g
‭Now the file returns all the content starting with sam‬
‭grep is case-sensitive‬

‭So‬‭grep Sam file1.txt‬‭will return different result.‬

‭We can add a flag to avoid the case-sensitivity‬

‭grep -i sam file1.txt‬

‭ ow the command will return all the names with sam at any place‬
N
‭in a name (Partial match in middle or end)‬

‭ e can do an exact match with -w flag‬

W
‭grep -w Sam file1.txt‬

‭We get exact same result‬‭Sam‬‭as the output - the exact‬‭match‬