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ASSIGNMENT 1-2-3-4 Communication Network

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
52 views8 pages

ASSIGNMENT 1-2-3-4 Communication Network

Uploaded by

Dayyan Askari
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ASSIGNMENT#01

Types of Operating System:


Some widely used operating systems are as follows.
1. Batch OS 2. Time-Sharing OS 3. Distributed OS 4. Network OS 5. Real-Time OS
1. Batch OS:
This type of operating system does not interact with the computer directly. There is an operator which takes
similar jobs having the same requirement and group them into batches. It is the responsibility of the operator to
sort jobs with similar needs.
Examples: Payroll System, Bank Statements, etc.
2. Time-Sharing OS:
Each task is given some time to execute so that all the tasks work smoothly. Each user gets the time of CPU as
they use a single system. These systems are also known as Multitasking Systems. The task can be from a single
user or different users also. The time that each task gets to execute is called quantum. After this time interval is
over OS switches over to the next task.
Examples: Multics, Unix, etc.

3. Distributed OS:
Distributed systems use multiple central processors to serve multiple real-time applications & multiple users.
The processors communicate with one another through various communication lines. Processors in a distributed
system may vary in size & function.
Examples: LOCUS, Sites, Nodes, Computers, etc.
4. Network OS:
These systems run on a server & provide the capability to manage data, users, groups, security, applications, &
other networking functions. These types of operating systems allow shared access of files, printers, security,
applications, and other networking functions over a small private network. One more important aspect of
Network Operating Systems is that all the users are aware of the underlying configuration, of all other users
within the network, their individual connections, etc. and that’s why these computers are popularly known as
tightly coupled systems.
Examples: Microsoft Windows Server 2003, Microsoft Windows Server 2008, UNIX, Linux, Mac OS X,
Novell NetWare, and BSD, etc.

5. Real-Time OS:
These types of OSs serve real-time systems. The time interval required to process and respond to inputs is very
small. This time interval is called response time. Real-time systems are used when there are time requirements
that are very strict.
Examples: Scientific Experiments, Medical Imaging Systems, Industrial Control Systems, Weapon Systems,
Robots, Air Traffic Control Systems, etc.
ASSIGNMENT#02
Repeater:
A Repeater is an electronic device that simply amplifies the signal including noise. It is a connecting device b/w
two segments of a LAN. It works at physical layer of OSI model. It can extend physical length of a LAN. A
repeater can overcome the 10Base5 Ethernet length restriction. Range of LAN can be increased.
Regenerator:
A regenerator works by storing some of the heat that would otherwise have to be rejected to the environment in
the regenerator until the working gas flow reverses and the heat can be used in the next cycle. The purpose of a
regenerator is to make the engine more economical.
Types of Networks:
Some of the most popular network types are:
1. PAN 2. LAN 3. MAN 4. WAN
PAN (Personal Area Network)
PAN is a computer network formed around a person. It generally consists of a computer, mobile, or personal
digital assistant. PAN can be used for establishing communication among these personal devices for connecting
to a digital network and the internet.

Advantages of PAN
• It is a personal network of one or two person so there is no risk of any leak of data.
• They are quick and easy. WPAN devices are easy portable.
• PAN usually need less technical skill.
Disadvantages of PAN
• PAN have limited range.
• Devices are not compatible with each other.
• Devices with inbuilt WPANs are more expensive.
LAN (Local Area Network)
A Local Area Network (LAN) is a group of computer and peripheral devices which are connected in a limited
area such as school, laboratory, home, and office building. It is a widely useful network for sharing resources
like files, printers, games, and other application. The simplest type of LAN network is to connect computers
and a printer in someone's home or office. In general, LAN will be used as one type of transmission medium. It
is a network which consists of less than 5000 interconnected devices across several buildings.

Advantages of LAN
• Improves productivity due to faster work.
• Provides easy maintenance.
• New systems can be installed and configured easily.
Disadvantages of LAN
• Limited number of systems can only be connected.
• Cannot cover large area.
• Network performance degrades as number of users exceeds.
WAN (Wide Area Network)
WAN (Wide Area Network) is another important computer network that which is spread across a large
geographical area. WAN network system could be a connection of a LAN which connects with other LAN's
using telephone lines and radio waves. It is mostly limited to an enterprise or an organization.

Advantages of WAN
• WAN helps you to cover a larger geographical area.
• Contains devices like mobile phones, laptop, tablet, computers, gaming consoles, etc.
• WLAN connections work using radio transmitters and receivers built into client devices.
Disadvantage of WAN
• The initial setup cost of investment is very high.
• It is difficult to maintain the WAN network. You need skilled technicians and network administrators.
• There are more errors and issues because of the wide coverage and the use of different technologies.
MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)
A Metropolitan Area Network or MAN is consisting of a computer network across an entire city, college
campus, or a small region. This type of network is large than a LAN, which is mostly limited to a single
building or site. Depending upon the type of configuration, this type of network allows you to cover an area
from several miles to tens of miles.

Advantages of MAN
• It provides excellent support for an extensive size network and greater access to WANs.
• The dual bus in MAN network provides support to transmit data in both directions concurrently.
• A MAN network mostly includes some areas of a city or an entire city.
Disadvantages of MAN
• You need more cable to establish MAN connection from one place to another.
• In MAN network it is tough to make the system secure from hackers.
ASSIGNMENT # 03
Question1: What are the Components of Data Communication?
Components of Data Communication:
The different components of Data communication are shown in the following figure.

1. Message:
The message is the information (data) to be communicated. Popular forms of information include text, numbers,
pictures, audio, and video.
2. Sender:
The sender is the device that sends the data message. It can be a computer, workstation, telephone handset,
video camera, and so on.
3. Receiver:
The receiver is the device that receives the message. It can be a computer, workstation, telephone handset,
television, and so on.
4. Transmission Medium:
The transmission medium is the physical path by which a message travels from sender to receiver. Some
examples of transmission media include twisted-pair wire, coaxial cable, fiber-optic cable, and radio waves.
5. Protocol:
It is a set of rules that govern data communications. It represents an agreement between the communicating
devices. Without a protocol, two devices may be connected but not communicating, just as a person speaking
French cannot be understood by a person who speaks only Japanese.
Question2: Describe OSI model & also discuss each layer of OSI model?
OSI Model:
The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model is a reference tool for understanding data communications
between any two networked systems. There are also some benefits of OSI Model.
Layers of OSI Model:
There are 7 different layer systems of OSI model are shown in the below.
1. Physical Layer:
This layer is responsible for transmitting row bit stream over the physical cable.
Functions:
• Data encoding.
• Transmission technique.
• Physical medium transmission.
2. Data link Layer:
This layer is responsible for controlling the error b/w adjacent nodes and transfer the frames to another
computer via physical layer.
Functions:
• Link establishment & termination.
• Frame traffic control.
• Frame acknowledgment.
3. Network Layer:
This layer is responsible for translating the logical network address & names into their physical address.
Functions:
• Subnet traffic control.
• Logical-physical address mapping.
• Frame fragmentation.
4. Transport Layer:
This layer is responsible for end-to-end delivers of messages b/w the networked hosts.
Functions:
• Message segmentation.
• Message acknowledgment.
• Session multiplexing.
5. Session Layer:
This layer is responsible for establishing the process-to-process communication b/w the hosts in the network.
Functions:
• Session establishment, maintenance, & termination.
• Session support.
6. Presentation Layer:
This layer is responsible for protocol conversion, date encryption/decryption, Expanding graphics command &
the date compression.
Functions:
• Character code translation.
• Data conversion.
• Data compression.
7. Application Layer:
This layer is to provides different services to the application.
Functions:
• Remote file accesso Electronic messaging.
• Directory services.
• Network management.
ASSIGNMENT#04
Question: Describe Noise & also discuss its types?
Noise: Noise can be defined as undesired or unwanted random variations that interface with the desired signal
& inhibit communication.
Noise Effect: One of the main limiting factors in obtaining high performance of a communication system.
Decrease the quality of the receiving signal.
Block Diagram of Communication System with Existence of Noise

Noise, Interference, & Distortion


Noise: It refers to random & unpredictable electrical signals produced by natural process. Superimposed on
information bearing signal, the message partially corrupted or totally erased. Can be reduced by filtering but
can’t totally eliminated.
Interference: A contamination by extraneous signals from human sources (e.g., from other Tx, power lines,
machineries) Often occurred in radio system whose Rx antenna intercept several signals at the same time.
Distortion: The signal perturbation caused by imperfect response of the system to the desired signal. Disappear
when the signal is turned-off. Can be corrected by the equalizers.
Noise Remedies
• REDUCE BANDWIDTH
• INCREASE TRANSMITTER’S POWER
• LOW NOISE AMPLIFIERS
Types of Noise
1. Internal Noise 2. External Noise
a) Thermal Noise a) Man Made Noise
b) Shot Noise b) Space Noise
c) Flicker Noise c) Atmospheric Noise
1. Internal Noise: Internal noise generated by the passive & active components incorporated in the designs of
communications equipment. Internal noise types are shot noise, flicker noise, & thermal noise.
a) Shot Noise: Caused by a random arrival of carriers (holes and electrons) at the output of an electronic
devices. Randomly varying & superimposed onto any signal present. Sometimes called transistor noise.
b) Flicker Noise: Excess noise that related to dc current flow through imperfect conductors. The real nature of
flicker noise not yet fully understood.
c) Thermal Noise: This type of noise arises due to the random motion of free electrons in the conducting
medium such as resistor. Each free electron inside a resistor is in motion due to its thermal energy. The path
of electron motion is random and zig-zag due to collision with the lattice structure.
2. External Noise: Noise generated outside the electronic equipment used. Source can be terrestrial or
extraterrestrial (E.g., the earth, the moon, the sun, the galaxies). Do not affect the entire communication
frequency spectrum but affect certain frequencies at certain times & locations. External noise types are Man
made noise, space noise, atmospheric noise.
a) Man Made Noise: Produced by mankind. Source by spark-producing mechanisms. Impulsive in nature &
contains a wide range of frequencies propagated through space. Sometimes called industrial noise
(metropolitan & industrial area).
b) Space Noise: The sun is a powerful source of radiation. Stars also radiate noise called cosmic, stellar or sky
noise. Important at higher frequencies (VHF & above) b/c atmospheric noise dominates at lower
frequencies.
c) Atmospheric Noise: The principal source is lightning (a static electricity discharge). Can propagate for a
long distance through space. The lightning energy relatively low frequency (up to several MHz).

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