Apsmo: Olympiad

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Registered School: St Andrew's College Christchurch (CHRISTCHURCH )

APSMO OLYMPIAD
2016 : DIVISION S
WEDNESDAY 8 JUNE 2016 2
Total Time Allowed: 25 Minutes

2A. Time: 3 minutes


Find the difference when (2 ÷ 3) ÷ 4 is subtracted from 2 ÷ (3 ÷ 4).
Express the result as a mixed numeral in lowest terms.

Please fold
over on the
2B. Time: 4 minutes line and write
your answers
Two squares overlap so that a vertex of the
on the back
smaller 2 cm square lies at the centre of
3cm
the larger 3 cm square as shown.
2cm
Find the number of square centimetres
in the region of the 2 cm square that lies
outside of the 3 cm square.

2C. Time: 5 minutes


A metric drop of water contains approximately 1.68 × 1021
molecules.
If 1.68 × 1021 = 2A × 3B × 5C × 7D, find the whole number value of
A + B + C + D.
[Hint: Rewrite 1.68 × 1021 as 168 × 1019.]

2D. Time: 6 minutes


Each new term in the sequence: 2, 4, 16, 37, 58, 89, … is formed by
summing the squares of the digits in the immediately preceding
term.
Find the whole number value of the 2016th term.

2E. Time: 7 minutes


Two 2-dimensional shapes are congruent if one of them can be
turned, flipped and/or repositioned so that it fits exactly on the
other shape.

How many non-congruent triangles can be formed with integer


sides of length 5 units or less?

Copyright © 2016 Australasian Problem Solving Mathematical Olympiads (APSMO) Inc and Mathematical Olympiads for Elementary and Middle Schools Inc. All rights reserved.
Registered School: St Andrew's College Christchurch (CHRISTCHURCH )

APSMO OLYMPIAD
2016 : DIVISION S
WEDNESDAY 8 JUNE 2016 2
2A.
Student Name:

2B. ←
Please fold
over on the
line and write
your answers
in the boxes

2C.

2D.

2E.

Copyright © 2016 Australasian Problem Solving Mathematical Olympiads (APSMO) Inc and Mathematical Olympiads for Elementary and Middle Schools Inc. All rights reserved.
Registered School: St Andrew's College Christchurch (CHRISTCHURCH )

APSMO OLYMPIAD
2016 : DIVISION S
WEDNESDAY 8 JUNE 2016 2
Solutions and Answers
(Items in parentheses are not required)

2A: 22 2B: 1.75cm2 2C: 43 2D: 42 2E: 22


1

2A. Strategy: Compute using order of operations.

⎛ 3⎞ ⎛2 ⎞
(2 ÷ (3÷ 4)) − ((2 ÷ 3) ÷ 4) = ⎜⎝ 2 ÷ 4 ⎟⎠ − ⎜⎝ 3 ÷ 4 ⎟⎠
⎛2 4⎞ ⎛2 1⎞
= ⎜ × ⎟−⎜ × ⎟
⎝1 3⎠ ⎝3 4⎠
8 2
= −
3 12
30
=
12
1
=2
2
⎛1 1⎞ ⎛1 1⎞
Follow-Ups: If a Δ b is defined by ⎜ + ⎟ ÷ ⎜ − ⎟ , what is the value of each of the following expressions:
(1) 2 Δ 3? [5] (2) 3 Δ 2? [–5] ⎝a b⎠ ⎝a b⎠

2B. METHOD 1 Strategy: Determine the area of the smallest third square.
A side of the largest square is 3 cm so the distance from its centre to its side is 1.5 cm. This is the length of
a side of the smallest or overlapping square. Therefore the area of this square is
1.5 × 1.5 = 2.25 cm2. The square with side 2 cm has an area of 2 × 2 = 4 cm2. The area that is inside this
square but outside the largest square is 4 – 2.25 = 1.75 cm2.
METHOD 2 Strategy: Partition the L-shaped region into smaller, easy-to-calculate areas.
There are two possible partitions shown in the diagram although others are possible.
⎛ .5 ⎞
The sum of the two areas for the trapezoids is 2 ⎜ (1.5 + 2 ) ⎟ =1.75. The sum of the
⎝2 ⎠
areas of the two rectangles is 2(.5) + (1.5)(.5) = 1 + .75 = 1.75.

Follow-Ups: (1) If the 2 cm square is rotated 15° about the vertex centred on the 3 cm square, find the area of
the region outside the big square but inside the smaller square. [1.75 cm2]
(2) A 4m × 6m picture is framed with a border of uniform width. If the area of the frame is 56m2 find the width
of the border. [2 m]

2C. Strategy: Use prime factorisation and regrouping of factors.


Factor 168 into 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 7 and 1019 into 219 × 519.
It follows that 1.68 × 1021 = 168 × 1019 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 7 × 219 × 519 = 222 × 31 × 519 × 71.
Since 1.68 × 1021 = 2A × 3B × 5C × 7D, A = 22, B = 1, C = 19, and D = 1 so A + B + C + D = 43.

Follow-Up: Find the least 2-digit non-perfect square integer, whose least prime factor is equal to the sum of the
least prime factor of 45 plus the least prime factor of 50. [35]

Copyright © 2016 Australasian Problem Solving Mathematical Olympiads (APSMO) Inc and Mathematical Olympiads for Elementary and Middle Schools Inc. All rights reserved.
Registered School: St Andrew's College Christchurch (CHRISTCHURCH )

APSMO OLYMPIAD
2016 : DIVISION S
WEDNESDAY 8 JUNE 2016 2
2D. Strategy: Continue the sequence and search for a pattern.

2, 4, 16, 37, 58, 89, …

The next few numbers are:

82 + 92 = 64 +81 = 145

12 + 42 + 52 = 1 + 16 + 25 = 42

42 + 22 = 16 + 4 = 20

22 + 02 = 4 + 0 = 4

2, 4, 16, 37, 58, 89, 145, 42, 20, 4, 16, 37, 58, 89, 145, 42, 20, 4, 16, 37, …
8 terms 8 terms
Once the number 4 appears, it reappears every 8th term. That is, the number 4 appears in the following
positions: 2nd, 10th, 18th, 26th, and so on. The 2018th term would also be a 4. Therefore the 2016th term would
be two terms before that, or 42.

Follow-Up: For a certain sequence of numbers, each number after the first is 8 more than ½ the previous
number. If the fourth term is 26, find the first number in the sequence. [96]

2E. METHOD 1 Strategy: Create an organised list.


Use the fact that the sum of the two shortest sides of any triangle must be greater than the longest side
of the triangle: First Side Second Side Possible Third Side Total
5 5 1,2,3,4,5 5
4 4 1,2,3,4,5 5
3 3 1,2,3,4,5 5
2 2 1,2,3 3
1 1 1 1
5 4 2,3 2
4 3 2 1

Therefore there are 22 non-congruent triangles with integer lengths of 5 or less.

METHOD 2 Strategy: Examine three different cases.


Case 1: All three sides equal in length: 1-1-1, 2-2-2, 3-3-3, 4-4-4, 5-5-5 produces 5 triangles.
Case 2: Exactly two sides equal in length: 2-2-1, 2-2-3, 3-3-1, 3-3-2, 3-3-4, 3-3-5, 4-4-1, 4-4-2,
4-4-3, 4-4-5, 5-5-1, 5-5-2, 5-5-3, 5-5-4 produces 14 triangles.
Case 3: No two sides equal: 2-3-4, 2-4-5, 3-4-5 produces 3 triangles.
Altogether, there are 5 + 14 + 3 = 22 possible triangles.

Follow-Ups: (1) An isosceles triangle has a perimeter of 20 cm. If all sides are integers, what is the number of
centimetres in the longest possible side? [9]
(2) If the triangle is not isosceles, what is the number of centimetres in the shortest possible side? [3]

Copyright © 2016 Australasian Problem Solving Mathematical Olympiads (APSMO) Inc and Mathematical Olympiads for Elementary and Middle Schools Inc. All rights reserved.

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