SIMPLIFIED STUDY MATERIAL (2023- 2024)

CLASS:12th
Physics

Prepared by Checked by
Dr. Dinesh Kumar Hemraj Uppadhayaya
Lecturer in Physics Lecturer in Physics
Govt. Victoria Girls Senior Sec. School SOE, GSSS Kapurthala
Patiala
Under the Guidance of
Dr. Rupesh Dewan
Principal GSSSS Bahadurgarh Patiala
( D.M. Physics Patiala)

INDEX
Electrostatics 1-6
Current Electricity 7-9
Magnetic Effect of Current and Magnetism 10-13
EMI & AC 14-16
EM Waves 17-18
Optics 19-26
Dual nature of Radiation and Matter 27-29
Atoms & Nuclei 30-35
Semiconductors 36-40
Some Important 5 Marks Questions 41
 Unit 1 (Electrostatics)

One marks

Q1. If both charges and distance between them is doubled then new electrostatic force
(a) F (b)2F (c)0 (d)none
Q2. What is the angle between electric dipole moment and electric field strength due to dipole on
equatorial line
(a)00 (b)90o (c)180 0 (d)none
Q3. Capacitance depends upon
(a) nature of conductor b) size of conductor (c) thickness of conductor (d)none
Q4 A soap bubble is given a negative charge. Then its radius
(a)decreases (b)increase (c)unchanged (d)nothing can perdicted
Q5. The capacitance of parallel plate capacitor increase
decrease of its area (b) increase of its distance (c)increase of its area (d)none
Q6. Unit of electric dipole moment is
(a)Cm (b)C/m (c)Cm2 (d)none
Q7. Work done to move the charge on equipotential surface from one point to another point
(a)never zero (b)zero (c) always positive (d) none
Q8. The direction of electric dipole moment is
(a) negative to positive charge (b) positive to negative charge
(c) in any direction(d) none
Q9. The direction of electric field
(a) positive to negative charge (b) negative to positive charge
(c) any direction(d) none
Q10.Electric potential is
(a) scalar (b)vector (c) depends upon charge (d) none
Q11. The no. of electrons for 1 C of charge is

(A) 6.25x1018 (B) 6.25x1019

(C). 6.25x1021 (D) 6.25x1023
Q12. If 1019 electrons are removed from a neutral metal plate, then the electric charge on the plate will
be
(A). -1.6 C (B). +1.6 C
© . 10+19 C (D). 10-19 C
Q13. Coulomb’s law is given by : F = k q1 q2 rn; where n is equal to
−1 1
(A) -2 (B) 2 (C) (D)
2 2
Q14. When air is replaced by a medium of dielectric constant k, then the electrostatic force between
two point charges
(A) remains unchanged (B) decreases by k times
(c ). increases by k times (D) increases by 2 k times
Q15. The electric field required to keep a water drop of mass ‘m’ just to remain suspended, when
charged with one electron, is
mg em
(A)m g (B). e m g (C) (D).
e g
Q16. An electric dipole of dipole moment p is placed in uniform electric field of strength E. If  is
the angle between p and E, then potential energy of the dipole becomes maximum, when  is

(A) 00 (B) 450 (C) 900 (D) 1800

Q17. A charge q is placed at the centre of a cube. The magnitute of electric flux through one of its
face will be

1
Prepared by Dr. Dinesh Kumar Lecturer in Physics
Govt Victoria Girls Sen. Sec. School Patiala
 q q q 6q
(A) (B) (C) (D)
0 3 0 6 0 0
Q18. If an electron is brought towards another electron, then electric potential energy of system
(A). increases (B). decreases
(C ). becomes zero (D). remains the same
Q19. What is the angle between electric dipole moment and electric field strength due to dipole on
axial line
(A)00 (B)90o (C)180 0 (D)none
Q20. S.I. unit of permittivity of free space (  0 ) is
(A). C/N-m (B). N-m2/C2
2 2
(C ). C /(N-m) (D). C2/N-m2
Q21. Units of linear charge density is
(A) C-m (B) C-m-1 (C) C-m-2 (D) C-m-3
Q22. Absolute permittivity of free space is
(A) 8.85 x 10-9 (B) ) 8.85 x 109 (C) 8.85 x 10-12 (D) ) 8.85 x 1012
F12
Q23. The Ratio of is
F21
(A) >1 (B) <1 (C) =1 (D)0
Q24. If medium is introduced between the two charges then Electrostatic forces
(A) increases (B) decreases (C) same (D) none
Q25. An object has an excess charge of – 1.92 x 10 C. How many electrons does it have.
-7

(A) 1200 (B) 12000 (C) 120 (D) 12

Q26.Which of the following is not an insulator.
(A) glass (B) rubber (C) ebonite (D)human body
Q27.When a plastic comb is passed through dry hair, the charge acquired by the comb is
(A) negative (B) positive (C) some times negative (D) none
Q28. The force between two point charges q1 and q2 kept at some distance in air are attractive when
(A) q1 q2=0 (B) q1 q2< 0 (C) q1 q2>0 (D) None
Q29. Consider three charged bodies P,Q,R . If P and Q repel each other and P attracts R, what is the
nature of forces between Q and R.
(A) Attractive (B) repulsive (C) Net force zero (D) None
Q30. In fig two protons ( symbol p) and one elecytron ( symbol e) on straight line AB. The direction
of net electrostatic force on the central proton

(A) Towards A (B) Towards B (C) Net force is zero (D) none

Q31. A body can be negatively charged by

(A) Giving excess of electrons to it. (B) removing some electrons from it.
© giving some protons to it. (D) removing some neutrons from it
Q32. The point charges Q and –2Q are placed at some distance apart. If the electric field at the
location of Q is E, then the electrical field at the location of –2 will be
(A) –E/2 (B) –3E/2
(C) –E (D) –2E
Q33. An electric dipole placed in a non-uniform electric field experiences :
(A) both, a torque and a net force.
(B) only a force but no torque.
(C) only a torque but no net force.
(D) no torque and no net force.

2
Prepared by Dr. Dinesh Kumar Lecturer in Physics
Govt Victoria Girls Sen. Sec. School Patiala
 Q34. Two infinitely long parallel conducting plates having surface charge densities + and –
respectively are separated by a small distance. the medium between the plates is
vacuum. If 0 is the dielectric permittivity of vacuum, then the electric field in the region
between the plates is .
(A) 0 V m–1 (B)  /2 0 V m–1
(C)  / 0 V m–1 (D) 2 / 0 V m–1

Q35. Two small spheres each carrying a charge q placed r metres apart repel each other with a
force F. If one of the spheres is taken around the other one in a circular path of radius
r, the work done will be
(A) F x r (B) F x 2  r (C) F/2  r (D) zero

Q36. N identical spherical drops charged to the same potential V and combined to from a big
drop. The potential of the new drop will be
(A) V (B) V/N
(C) V N (D) V N2/3

Q37. A capacitor having capactiance of 2 F has a charge of 1 C on its plates. If the charge
on the plates is changed to 2 C, the new capacitance of the capacitor is
(A) 4 F (B) 2 F
(C) 1 F (D) 0 F

Q38. Two capacitors with capacitances C1 and C2 are charted to potentials V1 and V2
respectively. when they are connected in parallel, the ratio of their respective charges
is(karnataka2000)
(A) C1/C2 (B) V1/V2
(C) V12/V22 (D) C12/C22
Q39. A dielectric is placed in between the two parallel plates of a capacitor . The dielectric
constant of the dielectric is K. If the initial capacitance is C, then modified capacitance
will be
(A) KC
(B) (K+1) C
(C) (K+1) C/2
(D) (K–1) C

Q40. A given charge situated at a certain distance from an electric dipole of very small length
along its axial line experiences a force F. If the distance of the charge is doubled, the
force on charge will become :
(A) 2 F (B) F/2
(C) F/4 (D) F/8
Q41. Static electricity is produced due to

3
Prepared by Dr. Dinesh Kumar Lecturer in Physics
Govt Victoria Girls Sen. Sec. School Patiala
 (A) Friction (B)Conduction (C) Induction (D) all of these
Q42. How much electric field will be produced by a point charge of 1 C at a distance of 1m
from it in air
(A) 109 N/C (B) 9×10-9 N/C (C) 9×109 N/C (D) None
Q43. The dieletric constant of metal is
(A) 1 (B) greater than 1 (C) Zero (D) infinite
Q44. Three capacitors of 2μF, 3μF and 5μF are connected in series, then equivalent capacitance
will become
(A) Less than 2 μF (B) greater than 5 μf
(C) between 2 μF and 5 μF (D) greater than 10 μF
Q45. SI unit of electric field is
(A) Cm-2 (B) Am-1 (C) Vm-1 (D) Cm-1
Q46. Electron volt (eV) is the unit of
(A) charge (B) potential difference (C) energy (D) momentum
Q47.What will be the value of electric field at the center of the electric dipole
(A) Zero
(B)Equal to the electric field due to one charge at centre
©Twice the electric field due to one charge at centre
(D)half the value of electric field due to one charge at centre
Q48. A hollow metal sphere of radius 10 cm is charged such that the potential on its surface is 80 V.
The potential at the centre of the sphere is :
(A) 0 V (B) 80 V (C) 800 V (D) 8 V

True / false
Q1. Two charged bodies may attract each other.
Q2. The cause of quantization of electric charge is transfer of integral number of electrons.
Q3. Out of glass rod and silk cloth work function of glass rod is high than silk cloth.
Q4. A body has a charge = - half of charge of electron.
Q5. Electrostatic forces much stronger than gravitational forces.
Q6. Electric flux is vector quantity.
Q7. When a dipole is placed in a cube. The flux linked with cube is zero.
Q8. The shape of equipotential surface due to point charge is spherical.
Q9. When a dielectric slab is introduced between plates of the capacitor. Then capacitance always
decrease.
Q10. When a number of capacitors are connected in series then capacitance always increase.
Q11. Electric lines of forces are continuous and closed.
Q12. N/C be the unit of electric field intensity.
Q13. When neutron is moving in the direction of electric field then it always accelerate.
Q14. If two bodies having charge +4e & -8e are placed in contact with each other & then separated,
then charge on each body is –2e.
Q15. If dipole is rotated from equilibrium position to 1800, then work done is 2PE.
Q16. A metal sphere of radius 1 cm hold a charge of 1 coulomb.

4
Prepared by Dr. Dinesh Kumar Lecturer in Physics
Govt Victoria Girls Sen. Sec. School Patiala
 Q17. One coulomb is that charge which repel equal and similar charge with a force of 10 9 N when
placed one meter apart in vacuum
1
Q18. Flux is linked with charge of one coulomb in vacuum
0
Q19. The physical quantity which having units Cm is linear charge density CV-1,C-m, JC-1
-1

Q20. The physical quantity which having units NC-1 is electrostatic force.
Q21. The physical quantity which having units CV-1 is called Electric potential
Q22. The physical quantity which having units C-m is called electric dipole moment.
Q23. The physical quantity which having units JC-1 is called Electric potential .
Q24. Work done per unit test charge is called electric potential.
Q25. The ratio of electrostatic forces in vacuum to the electrostatic forces ion medium is called
dielectric constant .
Q26. Net charge on charged capacitor is zero.
Q27. Electric dipole is physical quantity.
Q28. When medium is introduced between two charges then electrostatic forces decrease.
Q29. Net force acting on the dipole when it is placed in uniform electric field is zero.
Q30. A proton is moving in the direction of electric field whether it will deaccelerate.
Q31. An equipotential surface is that on which potential at every point on its surface is zero?
Q32. Electric dipole moment is scalar quantity.
Q33.Relation between electric field at a point and its distance from short dipole E= 1/ r 2
Q34. The process of protecting a certain region from external electric field is called electrostatic
shielding.
Q35. Electrostatic force between two charges is called central forces.
Q36. Mass of a body is affected on charging.
Q37. Capacitor blocks dc( direct current)
Q38. The electric flux through the surface same for all the figures

Q39. A charge Q is enclosed by a Gaussian spherical surface of radius R. If the radius is doubled,
then the outward electric flux will remain the same.
Q40. Consider a neutral conducting sphere. A positive point charge is placed outside the sphere. The
net charge on the sphere is then Zero .
Q41. We can place a metal sphere of capacitance 1farad inside an almirah.
Unit 1 (ELECTROSTATICS)

Answer key (mcq)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
A C B B C A B A A A A B A B C D C A A D
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
B C C B C D A C A A A A A C D D B A A A

41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48
D C D A D C C A

Answer key (True False)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
T T F F T F T T T F F T F T T F F T T T
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
F T T T T T F T T F F F F T T T T T T T
41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
F
5
Prepared by Dr. Dinesh Kumar Lecturer in Physics
Govt Victoria Girls Sen. Sec. School Patiala
 2 marks
1. What is quantization and conservative nature of charge?
2. Give two points of difference between charge and mass?
3. State two basic properties of electric charge.
4. No two electric lines of force cross each other. Why?
5. No work is done in moving a test charge over an equi-potential surface. Explain, why?
6. No two equi-potential surfaces intersect each other, why? Explain.
7. State the limitations of Coulomb's Law
8. The force acting between two point charges q1 and q2 kept at some distance apart in air is
attractive or repulsive when (i) q1 q2 >0 (ii) q1 q2 <0
9. Define electric flux. Write its S.I. unit.
10. A spherical rubber balloon carries a charge that is uniformly distributed over its surface.
As the balloon is blown up and increases in size, how does the total electric flux coming out of the sur-
face change ? Give reason.
11. Macroscopic charged objects do not obey quantization of charge, why?
12. What is the difference between charging by induction and charging by conduction?
13. A comb run through one’s hair attracts small bits of paper, why? What happens if hair is wet or it is rainy day?
14. A line of force cannot have sudden breaks, why?
15. What is meant by the statement that the electric field of a point charge has spherical symmetry, where as that of
an electric dipole is cylindrical symmetrical?
16. A Gaussian surface contains –q, +2q and –q .Calculate the electric flux through the surface?

Five marks

Q1. Define electric dipole . Find electric field intensity at any point on the axial line due to electric
dipole. Write relation for E due to short dipole. What is the angle b/w E and P on the axial line.
Q2. Define neutral axis. Find electric field intensity at any point on the equatorial line or neutral axis due to
electric dipole. Write relation for E due to short dipole. What is the angle between E and P on the
equatorial line?
Q3. Find the relation for torque on electric dipole when it is placed in uniform electric field. Under what
condition torque is maximum and zero. Also find total force and total charge on electric dipole.
Q4. Define Gauss theorem? Find relation for electric field intensity E due to charged rod?
Q5. Define Electric flux? Find relation for electric field intensity E due to charged thin sheet? What will be its
value in side if the sheet is thick?
Q6. Define gaussian surface. Find relation for electric field intensity E due to charged hollow conducting
shell (i) inside (ii) out side (iii) on the surface . Draw graphically also?
Q7. Define electric potential energy and find relation for it due to two charges.
Q8. Define electric potential and find relation for it due to monopole. Draw the graph between
V and r.
Q9. Define electric dipole moment. Find the relation for electric potential at any point due to
electric dipole. Write relation for it (i) on axial line (ii) equatorial line.?
Q10."N" Number of capacitors are connected (i) in parallel (ii) in series. find relation for Capacitance
of these capacitors in both cases.?
Q11.What is the principle of a capacitor? Find the relation for capacitance of parallel plate capacitor.
Q12. Find the relation for energy stored in capacitor? Where and in what form this energy is stored.
Q13.Define capacitance of a a parallel plate capacitor. Derive an expression for the
capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with dielectric as the medium introduced between the plates.
Q14.What will happen to the following when dielectric slab is introduced between the plates
of the caacitor (a) Capacitance (b) Charge (c) potential (d) electric field (e) total energy stored. Given
(i) battery remains connected with the capacitor
(ii) battery is disconnected
Q15. What will happen to the following when distance between the plates become double than
the initial but area of crossection remains same(a) Capacitance (b) Charge (c) potential (d) electric field
(e) total energy stored. Given
(i) battery remains connected with the capacitor
(ii) battery is disconnected
Prepared by Dr. Dinesh Kumar Lecturer in Physics
Govt Victoria Girls Sen. Sec. School Patiala 6
 Current electricity (Objective)
Q1. For alloys the temperature coefficient of resistance is
(a)very high (b) low (c)negative (d)none
Q2. Electrical conductivity of conductors
(a)decrease with rise in temperature (b)increase with rise in temp
(c)does not change with temp (d) none
Q3. Specific resistance of a conductor increase with
(a)increase in temp (b)increase in area of cross- Section
(c) decrease in length (d)decrease in area of cross-section

Q4.which is used to make standard resistances

(a)carbon (b) copper
(c)silicon (d) yureka
Q5.the rings on carbon resistance have colours red, yellow, violet and silver. Then resistance is
(a)24×107±10% (b) 42×105±10%
(c) 68×104±10% (d) 37×102±10%
Q6. One kilowatt hour is equal to
(a)36×105 J (b)36×103 J
(c)36×10-5 J (d)3.6×10-6 J
Q7. The physical quantity which having units ohm-meter
(a)specific resistance (b) resistance
(c)conductance (d) current density
Q8. The drift velocity of free electrons with increase in temperature
(a) decreases (b) increases
(c) no effect (d) none
Q9. Junction rule is called
(a) law of energy (b) law of momentum
(c) law of charge (d) all
Q10. Internal resistance of cell depends upon
(a) nature of electrolyte (b)nature of electrodes
(c) distance between electrodes (d) all
Q11. Kirchhoff's second law is based on law of conservation of
(a) sum of mass and energy (b)momentum
(c)energy (d) charge
Q12. SI unit of conductivity is
(a)ohm (b)mho (c)ohm-m (d) none
Q13. Resistivity of the material is independent of
(a) nature of matetial (b) temperature of material
(c) dimensions of material (d)none
Q14. In case of insulators as the temperature decreases, resistivity
(a)increases (b)decreases
(c)zero (d)remains constant
Q15.Which of the following relation is called as current density.
(a)I/A (b) A/I
(c)AI (d) none 7
Prepared by Dr. Dinesh Kumar Lecturer in Physics
Govt Victoria Girls Sen. Sec. School Patiala
 Q16.Unit of resistance is
(a)volt ×ampere (b)volt / ampere
(c)ampere / volt (d) none
Q17. Ohms law is not obeyed by
(a) electrolytes (b)discharge tube
(c)vacuum tubes (d) all of these
Q18.Which of the following has negative temperature coefficient of resistance
(a) germanium (b)iron
(c) aluminium (d)copper
Q19.The length of a wire is doubled. It's conductance will
(a) remains unchanged (b)be quadrupled
(c)be doubled (d)be halved

True/False Type Questions

1. Kirchhoff’s Junction law is a reflection of the fact that the net charge accumulate at the
junction is zero.
Ans. True
2. The graph between P.D. across R versus R, when a cell of emf E and internal
resistance r across an external resistance R is:
Ans. True
3. The alloys, which are used for making of resistors have low
temperature coefficient of resistance and high resistivity.
Ans. True
4. Wheat Stone Bridge experiment is most sensitive when all the four resistors are
approximately equal.
Ans. True
5. In a meter bridge experiment, copper plates are used due to their low conductivity.
Ans. False
6. The emf of a cell depends upon the internal resistance of a cell.
Ans. False
7. When a manganin conductor is heated, its resistance decreases rapidly.
Ans. False (manganin is an alloy. Its resistance is almost independent of temperature =   0 )
8. If the e.m.f. of a battery is E and internal resistance be r, the maximum current that can be
drawn from it is i = E / r .
Ans. True
9. Temperature coefficient of resistance of a good conductor is negative.
Ans. False (  = +vefor conductors)
8
Prepared by Dr. Dinesh Kumar Lecturer in Physics
Govt Victoria Girls Sen. Sec. School Patiala
 Cur
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9
Prepared by Dr. Dinesh Kumar Lecturer in Physics
Govt Victoria Girls Sen. Sec. School Patiala
 Unit 3. Magnetic effects of current & magnetism

One marks (objective)

Q1. The magnitude of magnetic field at a point due to a current-carrying small element
does not depend upon
(A) current in the element (B) length of the element
(C) diameter of the element (D) distance of the point from the element
Q2. A current flows in a conductor from east to west. The direction of the magnetic field
at a point above the conductor is towards
(A) east (B) west (C) north (D) south
Q3. The magnetic moment (  ) of a revolving electron around the nucleus varies with
principal quantum no. (n) as
1 1
(A)  n (B)   n2 (C)   (D)  2
n n
Q4. A current-carrying loop is placed in a uniform magnetic field. The torque acting on it
does not depend upon
(A) area of loop (B) shape of loop
(C) no. of turns in loop (D) strength of current and magnetic field
Q5. Two long parallel wires carry equal current in opposite directions. They will
(A) repel each other (B) attract each other
(C) become inclined to each other (D) either repel nor attract each other
Q6. The magnetic lines of force inside a bar magnet
(A) do not exist (B) are from north-pole to south-pole of the magnet
(C) are from south-pole to north-pole of the magnet (D) depend upon the area of
cross-section of the bar magnet
Q7. A magnetic needle is kept in a non-uniform magnetic field. It experience
(A) a force and a torque (B) a force but not a torque
(C) a torque but not a force (D) neither a force nor a torque
Q8. At poles, the angle of dip is
(A) 00 (B) 300 (C) 600 (D) 900
Q9. The domain formation is a necessary feature of
(A) diamagnetism (B) paramagnetism (C) ferromagnetism (D) all of these
Q10. Substances which are strongly attracted by magnetic field i.e., move from weaker to
stronger side of the field are termed as
(A) diamagnetic substances (B) paramagnetic substances
(C) ferromagnetic substances (D) non-magnetic substances
Q11. When a magnetic substance is heated, then
(A) it becomes a strong magnet (B) it losses its magnetism
(C) it does not effect the magnetism (D)it domain structure becomes strong
Q12. In Fleming Left hand rule
(A)First finger gives the direction of magnetic field
(B)Central figure gives the direction of motion of charge particle
©Thumb gives the direction of force
(D)All are correct

10
Prepared by Dr. Dinesh Kumar Lecturer in Physics
Govt Victoria Girls Sen. Sec. School Patiala
 Q13. Shunt is a small resistance always used
(A) in parallel to convert Galvanometer in to voltmeter.
(B) in series to convert Galvanometer in to voltmeter
(C) in parallel to convert Galvanometer in to ammeter
(D) in series to convert Galvanometer in to ammeter.
Q14. On connecting a battery to the two corners of a diagonal of a square conductor frame of
side ‘a’, the magnitude of magnetic field at the center will be
0 0 2 0
(A) zero (B) (C) (D)
a 2a a
Q15. If distance between two current-carrying wires is doubled, then force between them is
(A) halved (B) doubled
(C) tripled (D) quadrupled
Q16. The resistance of an ideal ammeter is
(A) infinite (B) very high
(C) small (D) zero
Q17. The magnetic field induction at one end on the axis of a long solenoid having ‘n’ turns
per unit length and carrying ‘I’ ampere current is
0 n I
(A)  0 n I (B)
2
0 n I
(C) (D) zero
4

True /False

Q1. Resistance of voltmeter is less than galvanometer. Is the statement is true or false.
Q2. Susceptibility is positive and large for ferromagnetic substances.
Q3.The diamagnetic substances obey curie law.
Q4. The direction of magnetic dipole moment is from South pole to north pole.
Q5. The magnetic susceptibility of a paramagnetic substance has a negative value.
Q6. An electron is moving in the direction of uniform magnetic field will always
deaccelerate.
Q7. mili ammeter has more resistance than ammeter.
Q8. Lorentz force is maximum when charge particle is moving at right angle to the magnetic
field.
Q9. The magnetic field can change the momentum and kinetic energy of the charge particle .
Q10. A metallic pipe which carries direct current produce the magnetic field only out side the
pipe
Q11. The magnetic susceptibility of a paramagnetic substance has a small negative value.
Objective

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
C C A B A C A D C C D D C A A D B

True False

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
False True False True False False True True False True False

11
Prepared by Dr. Dinesh Kumar Lecturer in Physics
Govt Victoria Girls Sen. Sec. School Patiala
 Two Marks questions

1. What are the different ways of producing a megnetic field ?

2. What are the uses of shunt ?
3. Two parallel conducting wires carrying electric current in the same direction attract
each other. Explain, why ?
4. The energy of a charged particle moving in a uniform magnetic field does not change.
Why ? Explain.
5. What is the importance of radial magnetic field in a moving coil galvanometer?
6. Two parallel conducting wires carrying electric current in the opposite direction repel
each other. Why? Explain.
7. Explain, how can a galvanometer be converted into an ammeter of required range?
8. Two parallel wires carrying current in the same direction attract each other, while two
beams of electrons travelling in the same direction repel each other. Why? Give
reasons.
9. Explain, how a Galvanometer can be converted into a voltmeter of required range.
10. Derive an expression for force on a charge (q) moving in uniform magnetic field (B)
at an angle a with respect to B. Also write the units of B in SI and C.G.S. system .
11. Derive an expression for the torque acting on a current carrying loop suspended in a
uniform magnetic field.
12. A loop of irregular shape carrying current is located in an external magnetic field. If
the wire is flexible, why does it change to a circular shape?
13. What is the main function of a soft iron core used in a moving coil galvanometer?
14. A moving electron can be deflected both by an electric field as well as a magnetic
field. What is the difference between these deflections?
15. Find the relation for magnetic dipole moment of current loop.
16. What do you mean by a Non-magnetic material ?
17. What is the nature of the magnetic lines of force between the poles of a horse shoe
magnet ?
18. State two methods to destroy the magnetism of a magnet.
19. Why does a bar magnet always stand in N-S direction when suspended freely ?
20. State two properties of a Bar magnet.
21. What happens when a diamagnetic substance is placed in a non-uniform magnetic
field ?
22. Define permeability of magnetic substance.
23. Define Curie's Law in magnetism.

12
Prepared by Dr. Dinesh Kumar Lecturer in Physics
Govt Victoria Girls Sen. Sec. School Patiala
 3 marks questions
1. Define Dia ,Para and Ferromagnetic substances. Write two properties of each.
2. Using Biot Savart's Law, calculate the magnetic field at the centre of circular coil.
3. State Ampere's circuital law and find the magnetic field at a point well inside the
solenoid carrying current.
4. State Biot Savart's law for the magnetic field produced at a point due to a current
element. How will you find the direction of the magnetic field ? Define S.I. unit of
magnetic field and give its dimensional formula.
5. A moving coil galvanometer consists of a rectangular coil of N turns, each of area a
suspended in a radial magnetic field of flux density B. Derive the expression for the
torque on the coil when current passes through it.
6. Derive the relation for the force per unit length between two infinity long, parallel,
straight conductors carrying current.
7. Using Biot-Savart's law, derive an expression for magnetic field intensity produced
at a point due to the current flowing through an infinite long straight conductor.
8. Derive an expression for the force acting on a current carrying conductor placed in a
uniform magnetic field
9. Discuss the principle construction and theory of a dead beat galvanometer. Define
its current sensitivity and voltage sensitivity.

13
Prepared by Dr. Dinesh Kumar Lecturer in Physics
Govt Victoria Girls Sen. Sec. School Patiala
 Electro magnetic induction
Objective

Q1. The phase difference between the alternating current and e.m.f. is /2. Which of the
following cannot be the constituent of the circuit ?
(A) C alone (B) L alone (C) L, C (D) R, L
Q2. A circuit has a resistance of 12 ohm and an impedance of 15 ohm. The power factor
of the circuit will be
(A) 0.8 (B) 0.4 (C) 1.25 (D) 0.125
Q3. In a transformer, number of turns in the primary is 140 and that in the secondary is
280. If current in primary is 4 A, then that in the secondary is :
(A) 4 A (B) 2 A (C) 6 A (D) 10 A
Q4. The core of any transformer is laminated, so as to :
(A) reduce the energy loss due to eddy currents (B)make it light weight
(C) make it robust and strong (D) increase the secondary voltage
Q5. In a circuit, the current lags behind the voltage by a phase difference of /2. The
circuit contains which of the following ?
(A) only R (B) only L (C) only C (D) R and C
Q6. The power factor varies between
(A) 2 and 2.5 (B) 3.5 to 5 (C) 0 to 1 (D) 1 to 2
Q7. A transformer works on the principle of
(A) convertor (B) invertor (C) mutual induction (D) self induction
Q.8 Quantity that remains unchanged in a transformer is
(A) voltage (B) current (C) frequency (D) none of these
Q9. Turn ratio in a step-up transformer is 1 : 2. If a Lechlanche cell of 1.5 v is connected
across the input, what is the voltage across the output ?
(A) 1.5 V (B) 0 V (C) 3 V (D) 0.75 V
Q10. The best material for the core of a transformer, is
(A) stainless steel (B) mild steel (C) hard steel (D) soft iron
Q11. Faraday's law of electromagentic induction is related to the law of conservation of
(A) charge (B) angular momentum (C) mass (D) energy
Q12. The magnetic flux ø = 5 t –4 t + 1
2

The magnitude of the induced e.m.f. in the circuit at t = 0.2 s is :

(A) 0.4 V (B) –0.4 V (C) –2 V (D) 2 V
Q13. A copper ring is held horizontally and bar magnet is dropped through the ring with its
length along the axis of the ring. The acceleration of the falling magnet is
(A)equal to that due to gravity (B)less than that due to gravity
(C) more than that due to gravity (D)depends on the diameter of the ring and the length of
the magnet
Q14. An electric lamp is connected to 220 V–50 Hz supply. the peak voltage in the circuit
is
(A) 110 V (B) 220 V (C) 311 V (D) 320 V
Q15. If a capacitor of capacitance C is connected in series with an inductor of inductance L,
then the angular frequency is
(A) LC (B) LC (C) L / C (D) 1/ LC

Q16. The power in a.c. circuit is given by P = E I cos ø

The value of power factor cos ø in series LCR–circuit at resonance is
(A) zero (B) 1 (C) 1 / 2 (D) 1 / 2

14
Prepared by Dr. Dinesh Kumar Lecturer in Physics
Govt Victoria Girls Sen. Sec. School Patiala
 Q17. A transformer steps up or steps down
(A) a.c. only (B) d.c. only (C) either a.c. or d.c. (D) a.c. mixed with d.c.
Q18. The Lenz’s law gives
(A) direction of induced e.m.f. (B) magnitude of induced e.m.f.
(C) direction of induced current (D) magnitude of induced current
Q19. A coil has self-inductance of 0.03 H. The e.m.f. induced when the current in the coil
changes at the rate of 200 A-s-1, will be
(A) 6V (B) 9V
(C) 12 V (D) 15 V
Q20. In an a.c. circuit containing only capacitor, the current
(A) leads voltage by 1800
(B) remains in phase with voltage
(C) leads voltage by 900
(D) lags voltage by 900

True /False
Q1. The reactance of an ac circuit is zero then the circuit contains neither an inductor nor a
capacitor
Q2. SI unit of mutual induction is henry.
Q3. loss of energy in the form of heat in the copper wire from which coil is made is called
copper loss.
Q4. The dimensions of inductive reactance and capacitive reactance are same as of resistance.
Q5. The average power over half cycle is zero.
Q6.Ohmic resistance R can reduce ac and dc but inductor can reduce only ac.
Q7. The quantities resistance, reactance, capacitance and impedance all having their SI unit
ohm.
Q8. Transformer works on principle of eddy current.
Q9. The average value of ac over complete cycle is zero.
Q10. Reciprocal of impedance is called admittance. It is measured in Ohm-1.

Answer key
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
D A B A B C C C B D D D B C D A A A A C

True /False

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
True True True True False True False False True True

15
Prepared by Dr. Dinesh Kumar Lecturer in Physics
Govt Victoria Girls Sen. Sec. School Patiala
 2 marks

1. Why is power factor correction necessary in heavy motors ? What is Wattless current ? ?

2.A lamp is connected in series with a capacitor, to a high frequency A.C. source. How will the
glow of lamp change, when it is connected directly to the same A.C. source ? Explain
your answer.
3.A lamp is connected in series with an inductor, to a D.C. source. What will happen to its
glow, when it is connected directly to the same source ? Explain your answer.

4. A capacitor blocks d.c. and allows a.c. Why ?

5.What is iron loss and copper in a transformer and how can it be reduced ?
6.How is a transformer used in the long distance transmission of electric power ?
7. As soon as current is switched on a high voltage line, the bird sitting on it flies away. Why?
8. A bar magnet falls through a metal ring, will its acceleration be equal to g?
9.Sketch a graph to show how the reactance of capacitor and an inductor varies as a function
of frequency?
10. What is the maximum value of power factor, when does it occurs?

3 marks

1. Define mutual inductance. Derive an expression for mutual inductance of two long
solenoids.
2. Define self inductance. Derive an expression for self inductance of two long solenoids.
3. State self-induction. Define co-efficient of self-induction and SI unit of self-inductance.
4. Describe the principle, construction and working of a transformer. Why is core of
transformer laminated
5. What is electromagnetic induction ? State its laws.
6. State and explain Lenz's law.
7. Derive an expression for power in L-C-R series circuit connected to AC supply. Also define
power factor.
8. Derive the relations for average value and r.m.s. value of an Alternating current.
9. Find the phase relation between current and e.m.f if an a.c. circuit contains a pure inductor.
Prove that a high frequency a.c.
10. Derive a phase relation between current and e.m.f. of an a.c. circuit contains a pure
capacitor.
11. Derive an expression for the impedance in an a.c. circuit containing L-C-R in series. Also
find an expression for resonant frequency of such a circuit.
12. Draw a labelled diagram of an A.C. generator. State its principle and explain its
working.
13. Find an expression for the induced emf due to change in area of a coil lying in a uniform
magnetic field?
14. Define inductive reactance , capacitive reactance and impedence.

16
Prepared by Dr. Dinesh Kumar Lecturer in Physics
Govt Victoria Girls Sen. Sec. School Patiala
 Unit -Electromagnetic waves
Objective
Q1. Finger prints on piece of paper may be detected by sprinklung flouroscent powder on the paper
and then looking in the
(a) dark light (b) sun light (c) infra red light (d) ultra violet light
Q2. Infra red spectrum lies between
(a)radio and micro waves (b)micro and visible region
(c)visible and uv region (d) uv and X rays
Q3. Which colour has the longest wavelength
(a) yellow (b) blue
(c) green (d) orange
Q4. Red light differ from blue light in
(a) speed (b) frequency (c)amplitude (d)intensity
Q5.Which of the following is independent of wavelength
(a) k (b)w (c)wk (d)k/w where w is called angular velocity
Q6. The speed of electromagnetic waves is independent of
(a) wavelength (b)frequency (c)intensity (d)medium
Q7. Electromagnetic waves are produced due to
(a)charge ate rest (b)moving. Charge (c) accelerated charge (d)none
Q8. Ozone layer is useful because it
(a) absorb uv rays (b) absorb pollutant gases
(c) stops green house effect (d) none
Q9. Which of the following are not transverse wave
(a)sound waves (b)infra red (c)radio waves (d)X rays
Q10. which of the following will deflect in electric field
(a) X-rays (b) gamma rays (c) cathode (d) ultraviolet
Q11. Which of the following rays are not electromagnetic waves ?

(a)  -rays (b)  -rays (c) X-rays (d) heat rays

Q12. Which of the following have minimum wavelength ?

(a)  -rays (b) X-rays

(c) radio rays (d) ultra-violet rays

Q13. Which of the following electromagnetic waves have the smallest frequency?

(a)  -rays (b) X-rays

(c) UV waves (d) infra-red rays

17
Prepared by Dr. Dinesh Kumar Lecturer in Physics
Govt Victoria Girls Sen. Sec. School Patiala
 Q14. Which of the following radiations have the least wavelength ?

(a) X-rays (b)  -rays (c)  -rays (d)  -rays

Q15. Which of the following waves have maximum wavelength ?

(a) X-rays (b) IR-rays
(c) UV-rays (d) radio-waves

Q16. If  v ,  x and m represent the wavelengths of visible light, X-rays and microwaves
respectively, then

(a) m   x  v (b) v  m  x

(c) m  v  x (d) v  x  m

Q17. The electromagnetic waves

(A) Travel with speed of sound (B) travel with same speed in all medium
( C)Travel in free space with speed of light (D)Do not travel through medium
Q18. The electromagnetic waves do not transport
(A) Energy (B) charge (C) momentum (D) information
Q19. The voltage applied across an X rays tube is nearly equal to
(A)10 V (B)100 V (C) 1000V (D)10000 V
Q20. If E and B are the electric and magnetic field vectors of electromagnetic waves then the
direction of propagation of electromagnetic wave is along the direction of

(A) E (B) B (C) E  B (D) none of these.

Two marks
1. State two properties of electro-magnetic waves.

2. The small ozone layer on the top of the stratosphere is critical for human survival. Why ?

3. Name the different layers of earth's atmosphere

4. Give two applications ( uses) of X-rays, ultra-violet, Infra-red radiations, Radio waves, micro waves

5. Write any two properties of -rays, uv rays, IR rays, radio and micro waves

6. Name the electromagnetic radiations used for viewing the objects through Haze and Fog. Write their one
more use.

7. Explain the production of Electromagnetic waves.

8. Explain, why a cloudy night is more warmer than a clear night ?

9. Explain green house effect.

Answer key objective

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
D B D B D C C A A C B A D B D C C B D C

18
Prepared by Dr. Dinesh Kumar Lecturer in Physics
Govt Victoria Girls Sen. Sec. School Patiala
 Unit -Optics
3mar
ks

1.Stat eHuygenspr i
ncipl
eandpr ovethelawsofr efr
act
iononitsbasis.
2.Stat eHuygenspr i
ncipl
eandpr ovethelawsofr efl
ect
iononitsbasis.
3.DerivePri
sm f or
mul aforapr i
sm ofsmal langle.
4.Stateandpr oveBrewst er
'slawofpol arisati
onofl i
ght
.
5.Obt ai
nanex pressionfortheeffecti
vef ocal l
engt hofacombi nat
ionoftwot hi
nlenses pl
acedi
n cont
act
coaxiall
ywitheachot her.
6.Showt hatinterf
erenceobey slawofconser vationofenergy?
7.Derivetherelati
onf ormir
rorformulaf orconv exl enswhenimagei srealorvir
tual
.
8.Derivethi
nlensf ormularelati
ngobjectdi stance, i
magedistanceandf ocall
engthofa convexl
ens.
5mar
ks Wav
eOpt
ics
Q1.Statethenecessaryconditi
onsf orsust
ainedinter
fer
encepat
ter
n.Der
iveanexpr
ession f
orfr
ingewidt
husing
Young'
sdoubleslitexperi
mentinterfer
enceofli
ght.
Q2.Discussfull
yFr aunhoferdi
ffracti
onatasi nglesli
t.Al
soderi
vetherel
ati
onforli
near wi
dthofcentr
almaxi
mum.
RayOpt
ics
Q1.Der
ivear
elat
ionbet
weenf
ocal
lengt
hofadoubl
econv
exl
ensandi
tsr
adi
usofcur
vat
ure.

Q2.What i stotalinternalrefl
ecti
on? What are necessary conditi
ons for t
otalinter
nal r
efl
ection t
otake
pl
ace?Obt ai
nar efl
ectionbetweencrit
icalangl
eandr efr
acti
veindexof medi um.
Q3.Withthehelpofadi agr
am, expl
aintheworki
ngofacompoundmi croscopeandfindthe expr
essionfori
ts
magni
f yi
ngpower.
Q4.Draw acourseofr aysincaseofast r
onomicalref
ract
ingtel
escopewhen( i
)fi
nalimage atdistanceofdi s
ti
nctvisi
on(ii
)finalimageati nfi
nit
y.Obtainexpressi
onofmagni f
ying powerineachcase.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. An equiconvex lens of focal length 15 cm is cut into two halves
as shown in figure. Find the focal length of each part?
(a) -30cm (b) -20cm
(c) 30cm (d) -15cm
Ans. (c)
2. How does the focal length of a convex lens changes if mono
chromatic red light is used instead of violet light?
(a) Focal length is increased when red light is used
(b) Focal length is decreased when red light is used
(c) Focal length is remain same when red light is used
(d) Not depends on color of light.
Ans. (a)
3. A glass lens is immersed in water. What will be the effect on the power of lens?
(a) increase (b) decrease
(c) constant (d) not depends
Ans. (b)
4. How does the magnifying power of a telescope change on increasing the linear diameter of its
objective?
(a) Power increases on increases diameter
(b) Power decreases on decreases diameter
(c) Power remain constant on increases diameter
(d) Power doesn’t depends on diameter
Ans. (d)
19
Prepared by Dr. Dinesh Kumar Lecturer in Physics
Govt Victoria Girls Sen. Sec. School Patiala
5. What is the magnification and focal length of a plane mirror.
(a) +1,  (b) +1, 0
(c) −1,  (d) −1, 0
Ans. (a)
6. An object approaches a convergent lens from the left of the lens with a uniform speed 5 m/s and
stops at the focus. The image
(a) moves away from the lens with an uniform speed 5 m/s.
(b) moves away from the lens with an uniform acceleration.
(c) moves away from the lens with a non-uniform acceleration.
(d) moves towards the lens with a non-uniform acceleration.
Ans-( c)

7. An astronomical telescope has a large aperture to:

(a) increase span of observation
(b) have low dispersion
(c) reduce spherical aberration
(d) have high resolution
Ans-(d)

8. The optical density of turpentine is higher than that of water

while its mass density is lower shows a layer of turpentine
floating over water in a container. For which one of the four
rays incident on turpentine in the path shown is correct?
(a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 3 (d) 4
Ans- (b)
9. When diameter of objective of an astronomical telescope is doubled ,its limit of resolution is
(a) doubled (b) one fourth
(c) halved (d) unaffected
Ans-(c)
10. Which one of the following cannot be polarised
(a) X rays (b) γ rays
(c) radio waves (d) sound waves
Ans-(d)

11. The angle between pass axis of polariser and analyser is 450 ,the percentage of polarised light
passing through analyser is (relative to light incident on the polariser)

(a) 25% (b) 50%

(c) 75% (d) 100%

Ans-(a)
20
Prepared by Dr. Dinesh Kumar Lecturer in Physics
Govt Victoria Girls Sen. Sec. School Patiala
12. A short pulse of white light incident from air to glass slab at normal incidence. After
travelling through the slab the first colour to emerge is
(a) violet (b) blue
(c) green (d) red
Ans-(d)
13. Two lenses of focal lengths 20 cm and - 40cm are held in contact. If an object lies at infinity,
image formed by the lens combination will be at
(a) infinity (b) 20cm
(c) 40cm (d) 60cm
Ans-(c)

14. An unpolarized light is incident onto a medium of refractive index √3 at the polarising angle of
the medium then The angle of refraction is
(a) 300 (b) 450
(c) 600 (d) 900
Ans- (a)

15. Optical fibres are based on the phenomenon of

(a) reflection (b) refraction
(c) dispersion (d) total internal reflection
Ans- (d)

16. The characteristic feature of light which remains unaffected on refraction is

(a) speed (b) frequency
(c) wavelength (d) velocity of light
Ans- (b)

17. The value of refractive index of medium of polarising angle 600 is

1
1 (c) √2 (d) )
(a) √3 (b) √2
√3
Ans- (a)

21
Prepared by Dr. Dinesh Kumar Lecturer in Physics
Govt Victoria Girls Sen. Sec. School Patiala
 True/False Type Questions
1. The frequency changes when light passes from a rarer to a denser medium?
Ans. False
2. A ray of light passes through a glass slab, shift produced in path of emergent ray depends on
refractive index.
Ans. True
3. When a convex lens placed inside a transparent medium of refracting index greater than that
of its own material, it behave as concave lens.
Ans. True
4. The deviation  of a ray on passing through a prism of small angle A is (µ −1) A.
Ans. True
5. The correct formula for magnifying power of a simple microscope is in normal adjustment
m = 1+d/f
Ans. False
6. Light ray passes through a medium  = 3/ 2. The speed of light in this medium is 2 108 m / s.
Ans. True
7. A thin prism of 12° angle gives a deviation of 6°. The refracting index of a material of the
prism 1.5.
Ans. True
8. The use of optical fibre is based on the phenomenon total internal reflection.
Ans. (True)

9. If refractive index of water is 4/3 and that of glass is 3/2 ,then refractive index of water w.r.t. glass
is 9/8.
Ans. (false )
10. In reflecting type telescope, image is brighter as compared to that in refracting type
telescope.
Ans. (True)
11. Then size of atmospheric particles is very small compared to the wavelength (λ) of light,
1
then intensity of scattered light is given by I ∝ 𝟐
𝛌
Ans. (False )
12. The basic cause of dispersion is difference in deviation produced for wavelength of different
colours.
Ans. (True)
13. Formula for magnifying power of simple microscope in adjustment for least distance of
distinct given is m=1+D/f
Ans. (True)
14. A telescope uses on objective lens of focal length fo and an eye lens of focal length fe. In
normal adjustment the separation between the two lenses is fo-fe.
Ans. (False)
15. Smaller the limit of resolution of an optical instrument, greater is its resolving power.
Ans True
16. The relation between critical angle and refractive index is µ = 1/sinC.
Ans. True
17. Dispersion is the phenomena that takes place inside an optical fiber.
Ans. False

22
Prepared by Dr. Dinesh Kumar Lecturer in Physics
Govt Victoria Girls Sen. Sec. School Patiala
18. In a concave mirror when the object is located beyond C the magnification is equal to 1.
Ans. False
19. Total internal reflection occurs when Angle of incidence is greater than critical angle
Ans. True
20. An air bubble inside a glass slab (µ = 1.5) appears at 6 cm when viewed from the opposite side.
The thickness of the slab is 10 cm.
Ans. False
21. When light undergoes refraction, the wavelength decreases in denser medium
Ans. True

WAVE OPTICS
Multiple Choice Questions
1. The phenomenon of polarization is exhibited by
(a) Longitudinal Wave (b) Matter Wave
(c) Transverse Wave (d) Mechanical Wave
Ans. (c)
2. Un polarised light incident on a plane glass surface at an angle of incidence i. It
angle of refraction be r, what should be the angle of incidence so that the reflected and
refracted rays are perpendicular to each other?

(a) i + r = 90o (b) i + r =180o

(c) i + r= 0 (d) i + r = ic
Ans. (a)
3. Which of the following is correct for “Malus Law”
(a) I = I 2 cos 2  (b) I = I cos 2 
0 0

(c) I = I sin 
2 2
(d) I = I tan−1 
0 0

Ans. (b)
4. Unpolarised beam of light of intensity I o is incident on a polariser P1. Another polariser
P2 is held parallel to it such that its pass axis is oriented at an angle 60 0, then what
percentage of light will emerge from the system:

(a) 30% (b) 100%

(c) 12.5% (d) 37.5%
Ans. (c)

5. In a Young’s double slit experiment, the separation between the slits is 0.1 mm, the
wavelength of light used is 600nm and the interference pattern is observed on a
screen 1m away. Find the separation between bright fringes.
(a) 6.6 mm (b) 6.0 mm
(c) 6m (d) 60 cm
Ans. (b)

6. In YDSE, The distance between two consecutive bright and dark fringes are given by:
𝑫𝛌 𝑫𝒅 𝛌 𝛌𝐝
1. (a) 𝛃 = 𝒅 (b) 𝛃 =
𝛌
(c) 𝛃 =
𝑫𝒅
(d) 𝛃 =
𝑫

Ans. (a) 23
Prepared by Dr. Dinesh Kumar Lecturer in Physics
Govt Victoria Girls Sen. Sec. School Patiala
7. In the Young double slit experiment, the fringe pattern as seen on the screen is:
(a) parabola (b) Hyperbola
(c) Ellipse (d) Spiral
Ans. (b)
8. The light sources used in Young’s double slit experiment are
(a) Incoherent (b) Coherent
(c) White light (d) Blue-green-red Light.
Ans. (b)
9. What is the effect on the angular width of interference fringes in a Young’s double
slit experiment when the screen moved near to the plane of slits.
(a) increases (b) decreases
(c) constant (d) not defined
Ans. (c)

10. The phase difference between two waves at the place of constructive interference is
given as a multiple of:
(a) multiple of  (b) multiple of(2n-1) 
(c) even multiple of  (d) odd multiple of 
Ans. (c)
11. The path difference between two waves at the place of destructive interference is given
by:
(a) multiple of  (b) multiple of  /2
(c) even multiple of  /2 (d) odd multiple of  /2
Ans. (d)

12. Diffraction effects show that light does not travel straight lines. Under what
condition the concepts of ray optics are valid. ( D =distance of screen from the slit).
(a) D Zf (b) D = Zf

(c) D Zf (d) D Z f

Ans.–(d)
13. Bending of Light phenomena is shown by
(a) Polarization (b) Diffraction
(c) Interference (d) Dispersion
Ans. (b)

14. Angular width of interference fringe depends on

(a) Distance Between Slit and Screen (b) Wavelength of light
(c) Ratio of the wavelength and Slit width (d) Width of Slit
Ans. (b)

24
Prepared by Dr. Dinesh Kumar Lecturer in Physics
Govt Victoria Girls Sen. Sec. School Patiala
15. Resolving Power of the telescope depends upon the
(a) Diameter of circular aperture (b) Focal Length
(c) Magnification Power (d) Refractive index
Ans. (a)

16. Diffraction aspect is easier to notice in case of the sound waves then in case of the
light waves because sound waves
(a) Have longer wavelength (b) Shorter wavelength
(c) Longitudinal wave (d) Transverse waves
Ans. (a)

17. The wave-front due to source situated at the infinity is

(a) Spherical (b) Plane
(c) Cylindrical (d) Rectangular
Ans. (b)

18. Colours appears on a thin film of a soap and a soap bubble is due to
(a) Diffraction (b) Refraction
(c) Dispersion (d) Interference
Ans. (d)

True/False Type Questions

1. Sustained Interference is caused due to superposition of two waves coming from
two coherent source.
Ans. True
2. Fringe width is defined as the separation between two consecutive maxima or minima.
Ans. True

3. When white light is used to illuminate the slit we obtain an interference pattern
consisting of a central white fringe having few coloured fringes on two sides and
uniform illumination.
Ans. True
4. Fringe width is given by,  = D / d where d = separation of coherent sources, D = distance
of screen from source,  = wavelength.
Ans. False
5. The phase difference between two waves at the place of constructive interference is
given as an even multiple of  .
Ans. True

6. Light is a longitudinal wave.

Ans. False
7. “The angle of polarization for any transparent medium also depend on the
wavelength of the incident light.”
Ans. True
8. In single slit experiment the slit width is doubled than original width intensity
increases 4 times the initial intensity
Ans. True 25
Prepared by Dr. Dinesh Kumar Lecturer in Physics
Govt Victoria Girls Sen. Sec. School Patiala
9. Bending of light phenomena from corners of obstacle or aperture is related with
interference.
Ans. False
10. Diffraction of light occurs when size of the aperture is comparable to the wavelength of
light.
Ans. True
11. Diffraction is interference due to wavelength from different parts of same wave front.
Ans. True

12. The Fresnel’s distance for an aperture of 1mm of wavelength 1000 nm is 1m.
Ans. True
13. Intensity of light is maximum on either side of central maxima is same in case of
the diffraction.
Ans. False
14. Path difference between two waves originating from two coherent sources for
constructive interference at a point should be n. Where n = 0,1,2,3.
Ans. True

26
Prepared by Dr. Dinesh Kumar Lecturer in Physics
Govt Victoria Girls Sen. Sec. School Patiala
 DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION AND MATTER

2 Marks Questions

Q1.St
atel
awsofphot
oel
ect
ri
cemi
ssi
on?
Q2.
Lightofwavel
ength5500Aof al
lsonaphot
osensi
ti
vepl
atewi
thwor
kfunct
ion1.
7eV.Fi
nd
(
a)Ener gyofphotonsineV
(
b)Maxi mum kineti
cenergyofphot
oel
ect
rons
(
c)St oppi
ngpotential
Q3.Definephot
oelectri
ceffect?Expl
aint
heeff
ectofincreaseof(i)f
requency(
ii
)int
ensi
tyofi
nci
dent
r
adiat
ionsonphotoelect
riccurr
entwit
hchangei
npotenti
alwithsui
tabl
egraph?
Q4 .(
a)Der i
v et he expressi
on fort he de-Brogli
e wavelength ofan electr
on mov ing underpot enti
al
di
fferenceofVv olt.
(
b)Anel ectron,al
phapar t
icleandpr otonhav ethesamekineti
cenergy .Whichoft heseparti
cleshas
thelargestdeBr ogli
ewav el engt
h?
Q5. Whatisphot on.Giveitsthreeproperti
es?
Q6.Deriveanex pressi
onf orDe- Brogli
ewav el engthassoci
atedwi t
hanaccel erat
edel ectr
oni nt er
ms
of v el
ocit
yandmoment um?
Q7.Def i
nethet ermt hr
esholdwav elengt
h,thresholdfr
equency,wavefuncti
onandst oppingpot ent
ial?
Q8.Der i
veEinstein’sphotoelectr
icequat i
on.Proveintensi
tyl
awont hebasi sofEinst
einr el
ati
on.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. The theory, on the basis of Photoelectric effect can be explained:
(a) Corpuscular theory (b) Wave theory
(c) Electromagnetic theory (d) Quantum theory
Ans. (d)
2. The photoelectric work function for a metal surface is 4.14 ev. The cutoff wavelength for this is :
(a) 4125 Å (b) 2062.5 Å
(c) 3000 Å (d) 6000 Å
Ans. (c)
3. If E1 , E2 , E3, E4 are the respective kinetic energies of electron, deuteron, proton and neutron having
same De- Broglie wavelength. Select the correct order in which those values would increase :
(a) E1, E3 , E4 , E2 (b) E2 , E4 , E1, E3
(c) E2 , E4 , E3 , E1 (d) E3 , E1, E2 , E4
Ans. (c)

4. When radiation of given frequency is incident upon different metals, the maximum kinetic
energy of electrons emitted –
(a) decrease with increase of work function
(b) increase with increase of work function
(c) remains same with the increase of work function
(d) does not depend upon work function
Ans. (a) [KEmax = h −o ]
5. A proton, a neutron, an electron and alpha particle have same kinetic energy, then their De-
Broglie wavelengths compare as
(e) λe = λp= λn = λa (b) λe>λp>λn>λa
(c) λa<λp<λn<λe (d) λp = λn&λe>λa
27
Prepared by Dr. Dinesh Kumar Lecturer in Physics
Govt Victoria Girls Sen. Sec. School Patiala
Ans. (b)
6. The monochromatic beams A and B of equal intensities I, hit a screen. The number of photons
hitting the screen by beam A is twice that by beam B. The ratio of their frequencies will be –
(a) 1:2 (b) 2:1
(c) 1:1 (d) 1:3
Ans. (a) [I = nh ]
7. Following graph shows the variation of photoelectric current with
anode potential for two light beam of same wavelength but different
intensity. Find the correct relation :
(a) I1> I2 (b) I1 = I2
(c) I1< I2 (d) I1 ≤ I2
Ans. (c)
8. Which of the following has maximum stopping potential when metal is illuminated by
visible light?
(a) Blue (b) Yellow
(c) Violet (d) Red
Ans. (c) [KEmax = h −o  KEmax is max for violet]
9. The slop of frequency of incident ray and stopping potential for a given surface will be
(a) h (b) h/e
(c) eh (d) e
Ans. (b)
10. The threshold wavelength for a metal having work function ϕ0 is λ0 , what is the threshold
wavelength for a metal whose work function is ϕ0 /2 .
(a) 4 λ0 (b) 2 λ0
(c) λ0 /2 (d) λ0 /4
Ans.( b)
11. Maximum kinetic energy of emitted electron depends on the frequency of incident photon when
frequency of incident photons is
(a) equal to the threshold frequency
(b) half of threshold frequency
(c) greater then threshold frequency
(d) one third of threshold frequency
Ans. (C)
12. Two particles have equal momentum. What is the ratio of their de-Broglie wavelength?
(e) 2 (b) 1
(c) 3 (d) 0.5

Ans. (b)

28
Prepared by Dr. Dinesh Kumar Lecturer in Physics
Govt Victoria Girls Sen. Sec. School Patiala
13. Identify the correct relation for the given diagram for frequency

(a) υ1= υ2 = υ3 (b) υ1> υ2> υ3

(c) υ1< υ2< υ3 (d) υ1=2υ2 =3υ3
Ans. (c )
True/False Type Questions
1. An electron and proton have the same De-Broglie wavelength, the K.E. of electron is greater than K.E. of
proton.
Ans. True

2. The electron emission can be obtained from photoelectric emission only.

Ans. False [Thermo ionic emission, field emission etc]

3. Photoelectric current varies linearly with the intensity of the incident radiation.
Ans. True [As one electron cause emission of one electron]

4. The higher is the work function for a photosensitive material, the greater is the value of threshold frequency.
Ans. True [ = h0 ]

5. The maximum K.E. of the ejected photoelectrons is dependent of the intensity of the incident light.

Ans. False[KEmax depends upon frequency of incident radiation]

6. “Photoelectric effect can be explained by wave nature of light”.

Ans : False[Explained by Einstein using quantum theory]

7. “Photoelectron are ejected with kinetic energy which ranges from 0 to KEmax when frequency of
incident photon is greater than threshold frequency of metal ”
Ans : True

8. “Stopping potential depends on intensity of incident light ”

Ans: False [Stopping potential depends upon frequency of incident radiation]

9. “If we double the frequency of incident photon than stopping potential also doubled”
Ans : False

10. De broglie wave length of proton and deuteron are equal when accelerated by same potential.
Ans : False

11. In photoelectric emission the emitted photoelectrons have different kinetic energies.
Ans : True [has a range from 0 to KEmax]

12. Velocity of photons in different media is different ?

Ans : True

13. Emitted photo-electron will possess maximum kinetic energy comparatively if we use light of blue colour
rather than red light.
Ans : True [KEmax = h −0 &B R ]

29
Prepared by Dr. Dinesh Kumar Lecturer in Physics
Govt Victoria Girls Sen. Sec. School Patiala
 ATOMS
Multiple Choice Questions
1. When alpha particles are sent through a thin gold foil, most of them go straight through the foil,
because
(a) Alpha particles are positively charged
(b) Mass of alpha particle is more than mass of electron
(c) Most of the part of an atom is empty space
(d) Alpha particles moves with high velocity
Answer : (c)
2. The radius of an atomic nucleus have an order of,
(a) 10-8m (b) 10-15m (c) 10-12m (d) 10-10m
Answer : (b)
3. In an experiment of scattering of alpha particle showed for the first time that the atom has,
(a) Electron (b) Proton (c) Neutron (d) Nucleus
Answer : (d)

4. The existence of positively charged nucleus was established by,

(a) Bohr’s model of H-atom (b) Positive ray analysis
(c)  Scattering experiment (d) Thomson’s model of atom
Answer: (c)
5. What was the order of thickness of gold foil on which beam of alpha particles allowed to fall in
Geiger-Marsden Experiment?
(a) 10-3m (b) 10-9m (c) 10-7m (d) 10-5m
Answer : (c)
6. In Geiger Marsden experiment, the expression of distance of closest approach to the nucleus of a
alpha particle before it comes to momentarily at rest and reverse its direction is,
𝑍𝑒 2 𝑍𝑒 2 𝑍𝑒 2 𝑍𝑒 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
ϵ
4𝛑 0K ϵ
2 0K 𝟐𝛑 ϵ0K ϵ
4 0K
Answer: c

7. According to Bohr’s postulates, an electrons revolve around the nucleus in orbits.

(a) Dynamic (b) Stationary
(c) Lower (d) First
Ans:- (b) Stable or stationary
8. The angular momentum of the electron in the nth allowed orbit is;
𝑝ℎ ℎ 2ℎ 𝑛ℎ
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2𝛑 2𝛑 𝛑 2𝛑

Ans:- (d)
9. Which spectral series of hydrogen lie in UV region.
(a) Paschen (b) Lyman
(c) Brackett (d) Balmer
Ans:- (b)

30
Prepared by Dr. Dinesh Kumar Lecturer in Physics
Govt Victoria Girls Sen. Sec. School Patiala
 10. In equation what does this negative sign indicates En = -13.6/n2
(a) Electrons are free to move
(b) Electron is bound with nucleus.
(c) Kinetic energy is equal to potential energy
(d) Atom is radiating energy
Ans:- (b)
11. Kinetic energy of electron in hydrogen atom is
𝑒2 𝑒2 𝑒3 𝑒2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
ϵ
4𝛑 0r ϵ
8𝛑 0r 𝟖𝛑 ϵ0r ϵ
3𝛑 0r

Ans:- (b)
12. What is the order of velocity of electron in a hydrogen atom in ground state.
(A). 106ms-1 (B). 102ms-1
(C) 1010ms-1 (D). 109ms-1
Ans:- (A)

13. Energy required to excite an electron in hydrogen atom to its ground state to its first excited state
is .
(A). 6.2eV (B). 3.40eV
(C). 10.2eV (D). -13.6eV
Ans:- (C) 10.2eV Hint- E2-E1=-3.40-(-13.6)= 10.2eV
14. The Bohr’s model is applicable to which kind of atoms
(A). Having one electron only (B). Having two electrons
(C). Having eight electrons (D). Having more than eight electrons.
Ans:- (A)
15. What is the angular momentum of an electron revolving in the 3rd orbit of an atom?
(a) 31.510−34 J.sec (b) .31510−34 J.sec
(c) 3.1510−34 J.sec (d) 31510−34 J.sec
Ans. (c) −
16. Which one of these is the famous Bohers’ quantisation condition for angular momentum
ℎ ℎ 𝑛ℎ 𝑛𝑚
(a) 𝑙 = 2𝛑
(b) 𝑙 = 9𝛑
(c) 𝑙 = 2𝛑
(d) 𝑙 = 2𝛑

Ans. (c)
17. The minimum energy required to knock an e- completely out of the atom is called as
(a) Kinetic Energy (b) Potential Energy
(c) IonisationEnergy (d) Excitation energy
Ans. (c)
18. The ground state energy of Hydrogen atom is -13.6 eV. What is the KE of an electron in the 3rd
excited state?
(a) − 3.4eV (b) −1.51 eV
(c) −.85eV (d) 0eV
Ans. (b) 31
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Govt Victoria Girls Sen. Sec. School Patiala
 19. The energy level diagram of an element is given:- , which transition corresponds to the
emission of a spectral line of wave length 102.7 nm

(a) A (b) B
(c) C (d) D
Ans. (d)

20. Bohr’s model is most likely to applicable for:

(a) Spectrum of single e atom (b) spectrum of Helium atom
(c) intensity variations is spectral lines (d) frequencies emitted by hydrogenic atoms.
Ans. (a)

1 1 1
21. For the shortest wavelength present in the paschen series of spectral lines = 𝑅[𝑛2 − 𝑛2 ]
λ 2 1

(a) n2 = 3, n1 =  (b) n2 = , n1 = 3
(c) n2 = 3, n1 = 1 (d) n2 = , n1 = 1
Ans. (a)
22. The radius of the innermost electron orbit of a hydrogen atom is r1 . What is the ratio of radii of
the n = 2 and n = 3 orbits?
(a) 4/9 (b) 9/4 (c)10/15 (d) 2/5
Ans. (a)
True/False Type Questions

1. Paschen series of hydrogen atom lie in UV region.

Ans. False
2. Electron will revolve in stationary orbit.
Ans. True
3. At room temperature most of the hydrogen atoms are in ground state.
Ans. True
4. In hydrogen atom Kinetic energy (K.E) of revolving orbit in an orbit is E then total energy of electron will be –E.
Ans. True
5. Shortest wavelength in balmer series is 364.6 nm.
Ans. True
6. We use a very thin gold foil in Rutherford’s  - particle scattering experiment.
Ans. True
7. In the Rutherford atomic model, the electrostatic force of attraction between revolving electrons and nucleus provides
the necessary centripetal force.
Ans. True
8. When an electron transit from one of its orbit to another of lower energy it emits a photon of energy equal to h E f Ei
Ans. True
9. To ionize a hydrogen atom an electron from the ground state, −13.6 eV of energy must be supplied.
Ans. False

10. Most of the mass and entire positive charge are concentrated in a very small volume of the atom.
Ans. True
11. The distance of closest approach between alpha particle and a nucleus is directly proportional to kinetic
energy of alpha particle, when it is far apart from nucleus.
Ans. False 32

Prepared by Dr. Dinesh Kumar Lecturer in Physics

Govt Victoria Girls Sen. Sec. School Patiala
12. The existence of positively charged nucleus in atom was established by alpha particle scattering experiment.
Ans. True
13. The electrostatic force between the alpha particle and target nucleus is responsible for the scattering.
Ans. True
14. Atom should emit discrete frequency of radiation, according to Rutherford’s model.
Ans. False
15. When the impact parameter of alpha particle is minimum, the angle of scattering is 1800.
Ans. True

NUCLEI
Multiple Choice Questions
1. The average binding energy per nucleon is maximum for the nucleus.
(a) 2He4 (b) 8O16 (c)26Fe56 (d) 92U238
Ans. (c)
2. In the Uranium radioactive series the initial nucleus is 92U238 and that the final nucleus is
82Pb206, when uranium nucleus decays to lead, the number of α- particle and  -particle

emitted are
(a) 8, 6 (b) 6, 7
(c) 6, 8 (d) 4, 3
Ans. (a)
3. In gamma rays emission from a nucleus
(a) only the proton number changes
(b) both the proton no and neutron no changes
(c) there is no change in the proton number and neutron number
(d) only the neutron no changes
Ans. (c)

4. In reaction:
4 Be +He →C +n ,x =
9 4 x 1

(a) 16 (b) 12
(c) 10 (d) 14
Ans. (b)

5. Which word equation represents β+ decay?

(a) proton →neutron + electron + electron antineutrino
(b) proton →neutron + electron + electron neutrino
(c) proton →neutron + positron + electron antineutrino
(d) proton →neutron + positron + electron neutrino
Ans. (d)

33
Prepared by Dr. Dinesh Kumar Lecturer in Physics
Govt Victoria Girls Sen. Sec. School Patiala
6. In a radioactive decay series, three successive decays each result in a particle being emitted. The
first decay results in the emission of a ß- – particle. The second decay results in the emission of
an α -particle. The third decay results in the emission of another ß- – particle.

Nuclides P and S are compared. Which statement is correct?

(a) P and S are identical in all respects.
(b) P and S are isotopes of the same element.
(c) S is a different element of lower atomic number.
(d) S is a different element of reduced mass.
Ans. (b)
7. What is the ratio of nuclear radii if the mass numbers of two nuclei are 4 and 32
(a) 1:2 (b) 1:3
(c) 1; 4 (d) 1:5
Ans. (a)

8. Which statement about alpha, beta and gamma radiation is correct?

(a) Alpha radiation has the greatest ionizing power.
(b) Beta radiation has the greatest ionizing power.
(c) Gamma radiation has the greatest ionizing power.
(d) Alpha, beta and gamma radiation have nearly equal ionizing powers.
Ans. (a)
9. The nuclei of the isotopes of an element all contain the same number of a certain particle. What
is this particle?
(a) electron (b) neutron
(c) nucleon (d) proton
Ans. (d)

True/False Type Questions

1. The radius R of a nucleus is proportional to cube root of its mass number.
Ans. True
2. Solar energy is mainly caused due to burning of Hydrogen in the oxygen.
Ans. False [nuclear fusion]
3.  -particles have a high ionizing power.
Ans. False [  − particles have high ionizing power] 34
Prepared by Dr. Dinesh Kumar Lecturer in Physics
Govt Victoria Girls Sen. Sec. School Patiala
4. Heavy water is used as a moderator in a nuclear reactor.
Ans. True
m
5. If a nucleus n X emits one α particle and one  −1 particle then mass number is m-4 and
atomic number is n-2 of the product.
Ans. False [mass number = m-4 atomic number = n-1]
6. Correct order of increasing penetrating power is α- ray >  -rays >  -rays.
Ans. False [Penetration power  − rays   − rays  − rays ]
− t
7. N = N0 e represents solution to the radioactive decay law.
Ans. True
8. Nuclear forces are charge independent and non-central forces.
Ans. True

9. The density of nuclear matter is independent of the size of the nucleus.

Ans. (True)
10. Isotopes of an element are the atoms of an element which have different atomic no. but same mass
number.
Ans. (False same atomic no. and different mass no.)
11. Neutron is a charge less particle having mass slightly greater than that of proton.
Ans. (True)
12. In ß- decay neutron converts to a proton according to n → p + e− + 
Ans. (True)
13. The nuclear force is charge independent i.e. it acts equally among all nucleons.
Ans. (True)
14. All nuclides with same mass no. are called isotones.
Ans. (False)

(2 & 3 marks question's)

Q1. What is radioactivity? State Radioactive decay law? 1,1

Q2. Define binding energy and mass defect. Draw and explain a curve between binding energy per
nucleon and mass number? 1,2

Q3. State the basic postulates of Bohr's atomic model. Write an expression for the radius of
stationary orbit? 1,1,1

Q4. Find the expression for total energy of electron in nth orbit of an atom? 3

Q5. The wave length of first member of Lyman series is 1216A.Calculate the wave length of second member of Balmer
series? 3

Q6. State and explain Rutherford alpha scattering method to find the size of nucleus? 1,2

Q7. Define nuclear forces. Write three properties of nuclear forces. 1,1,1

35
Prepared by Dr. Dinesh Kumar Lecturer in Physics
Govt Victoria Girls Sen. Sec. School Patiala
 SEMICONDUCTOR - 14
Multiple Choice Questions
1. In Conductor, Semiconductor and Insulator, the forbidden energy gap are E1 ,E2 and E3
respectively. Which one is correct
a) E1 <E2 < E3 b) E1 >E2 = E3
c) E1 = E2 < E3 d) E1 >E2 > E3

Ans. a)
2. Silicon is doped with which of the following to obtain P type semiconductor
a) Phosphorus b) Gallium
c) Germanium d) Bismuth
Ans. b)
3. What happens to resistance of an intrinsic semiconductor when heated
a) increases b) remains constant
c) decreases d) decreases linearly
Ans. c)

4. A semiconductor has an electron concentration of 6 × 1022 per m3and hole concentration of

8.5 × 109 per m3 .Then it is
a) N type semiconductor b) P type semi conductor
c) intrinsic semiconductor d) conductor
Ans. a)

5. In an n-type silicon, which of the following statement is true :

(a) Electrons are majority carriers and trivalent atoms are the dopants.
(b) Electrons are minority carriers and pentavalent atoms are the dopants.
(c) Holes are minority carries and pentavalent atoms are the dopants.
(d) Holes are majority carries and trivalent atoms are the dopants.
Ans. (c)
6. Carbon, silicon and germanium have four valence electrons each. These are characterized by
valence and conduction bands separated by energy band gap respectively equal to (Eg)C, (Eg)Si
and (Eg)Ge. Which of the following statements is true?
(a) (Eg)Si < (Eg)Ge < (Eg)c
(b) (Eg)c < (Eg)Ge < (Eg)Si
(c) (Eg)c > (Eg)Si > (Eg)Ge
(d) (Eg)c = (Eg)Si = (Eg)Ge
Ans. (c)

36
Prepared by Dr. Dinesh Kumar Lecturer in Physics
Govt Victoria Girls Sen. Sec. School Patiala
7. In an unbiased p-n junction, holes diffuse from the p-region to n-region because
(a) free electrons in the n-region attract them.
(b) they move across the junction by the potential difference.
(c) hole concentration in p-region is more as compared to n-region.
(d) All the above.
Ans. (c)
8. When a forward bias is applied to a p-n junction, it
(a) raises the potential barrier.
(b) reduces the majority carrier current to zero.
(c) lowers the potential barrier.
(d) None of the above.
Ans. (c)

9. In a p-type silicon, which of the following statement is true :

(a) Electrons are majority carriers and trivalent atoms are the dopants.
(b) Electrons are minority carriers and pentavalent atoms are the dopants.
(c) Holes are minority carries and pentavalent atoms are the dopants.
(d) Holes are majority carries and trivalent atoms are the dopants.
Ans. (d)
10. The intrinsic semiconductor becomes an insulator at
(a) 0C (b)−100C
(c) 300 K (d) 0 K
Ans. (d) At 0K temperature semiconductor behaves as an insulator, because at very low
temperature electrons cannot jump from the valence band to conduction band.

11. In the forward bias arrangement of a PN-junction diode

(a) The N-end is connected to the positive terminal of the battery
(b) The P-end is connected to the positive terminal of the battery
(c) The direction of current is from N-end to P-end in the diode
(d) The P-end is connected to the negative terminal of battery
Ans. (b)
12. In a PN-junction diode
(a) The current in the reverse biased condition is generally very small ~ µA
(b) The current in the reverse biased condition is small but the forward biased current is
independent of the bias voltage
(c) The reverse biased current is strongly dependent on the applied bias voltage
(d) The forward biased current is very small in comparison to reverse biased current

37
Prepared by Dr. Dinesh Kumar Lecturer in Physics
Govt Victoria Girls Sen. Sec. School Patiala
Ans. (a) In forward biased PN-junction, external voltage decreases the potential barrier, so current is
maximum. While in reversed biased PN-junction, external voltage increases the potential
barrier, so the current is very small.

13. A P-type semiconductor can be obtained by adding

(a) Arsenic to pure silicon (b) Gallium to pure silicon
(c) Antimony to pure germanium (d) Phosphorous to pure germanium
Ans. (b) Ga has a valency of 3.

14. Electrical conductivity of a semiconductor

(a) Decreases with the rise in its temperature
(b) Increases with the rise in its temperature
(c) Does not change with the rise in its temperature
(d) First increases and then decreases with the rise in its temperature

Ans. (b) With temperature rise conductivity of semiconductors increases.

15. A semiconductor is cooled from T1 K to T2 K. Its resistance
(a) Will decrease (b) Will increase
(c) Will first decrease and then increase (d) Will not change
Ans. (b) Resistance of semiconductor
16. The cut-in voltage for silicon diode is approximately
(a) 0.2 V (b) 0.6 V
(c) 1.1 V (d) 1.4 V
Ans. (b)
17. The depletion layer in the P-N junction region is caused by
(a) Drift of holes
(b) Diffusion of charge carriers
(c) Migration of impurity ions
(d) Drift of electrons
Ans. (b) Due to the large concentration of electrons in N-side and holes in P-side, they
diffuses from their own side to other side. Hence depletion region produces.

18. Which is reverse biased diode

Ans. (b) Because P-side is more negative as compared to N-side. Understanding

38
Prepared by Dr. Dinesh Kumar Lecturer in Physics
Govt Victoria Girls Sen. Sec. School Patiala
 19. If a full wave rectifier circuit is operating from 50 Hz mains, the fundamental frequency in the
ripple will be
(a) 50 Hz (b) 70.7 Hz
(c) 100 Hz (d) 25 Hz
Ans. (c) In full wave rectifier, the fundamental frequency in ripple is twice that of input
frequency.
20. In a full wave rectifiers, input ac current has a frequency ‘’. The output frequency of current is
(a) /2 (b) 
(c) 2 (d) None of these
Ans. (c)

True/False Type Questions

1. Charge carriers in n type semiconductor are both electrons and holes.
Ans. True [Electrons – majority holes – minority]
2. Current increases linearly with applied potential difference in a p-n diode.
Ans. False [Semiconductors are non-ohmic]
3. Resistance of p-n junction is low when forward biased & high when reverse biased.
Ans. True
4. LED works under reverse bias condition
Ans. False [Forward Bias]
5. Rectifier converts alternating supply voltage intodc- voltage.
Ans. True [p-n junction diode allows current under forward bias and blocks in reverse bias]
6. Electrons have higher mobility as compared to holes.
Ans. True [Electron needs less energy to move]
7. When a forward bias is applied to a pn junction, depletion layer increases
Ans. False [It decreases]
8. Ideal junction diode acts as a closed switch when forward biased and open switch when
reverse biased.
Ans. True [It conducts only when forward biased]
9. Capacitor is used as a filter in a rectifier.
Ans. True [Capacitor first charges and then discharge current to ensure constant supply of
current /voltage

39
Prepared by Dr. Dinesh Kumar Lecturer in Physics
Govt Victoria Girls Sen. Sec. School Patiala
 Semi
conduct
or

Two mar
ks
Q1.Whatisvalanceband.
Q2.Whatisconduct ionband.
Q3.Whatisforbiddenener gygap.
Q4.Whatisfermi ener gyl ev el.
Q5.Whatisani ntri
nsicsemi conduct or.
Q6.Drawenergyl evel diagr am f orintri
nsi c,nt ype,ptypesemi conductor .
Q7.Defi
neextrinsicsemi conduct or.
Q8.Defi
nept ypeandnt y
pesemi conduct or.
Q9.Defi
nehole.
Q10.Whatisthechar geonpt ypesemi conduct or.
Q11.Whatisdopi ng.
Q12.Whichtypeofdopi ngpr oduceahol e.
Q13.Whattypeofchar gecar ri
ersar et her einnt ypesemi conductor.
Q14.Wri
tethenameofmaj orityandmi noritycarri
ersinnt ypesemi conductor .
Q15.Howdoesconduct ivi
tyofasemi conduct orchangewi thriseintemper ature.
Q16.Whatisdepl eti
onl ayeri njunct iondi ode.
Q17.Defi
neforwar dandr ev ersebi as.
Q18.Whatwillhappent othedepl et i
onl ay erinforwardbiasandi nreversebias.
Q19.Whatisthef unct ionofj unctiondi odei nr everseBias
Q20.Wri
tefourdi ff
erencebet weeni ntrinsicandext r
insi
csemi conduct ors.
Q21.Wri
tefourdi ff
erencebet weenpt y peandnt y
pesemi conduct ors.
Q22.Defi
nehol e.Givei tst hreechar acteristics.
Q23.Defi
nedopi ng.Gi veonemet hodofdopi ng.
Q24.Defi
nedy nami cresi stanceandst aticresistance?

Thr
eemar
ks

Q1.Ont hebasisofenergydi agram di

sti
ngui
shbet weenconduct ors,
insul
atorsand
semiconductors.
Q2.Whati sp-njuncti
on.Explainthefor
mat i
onofdepl et
ionl ay
erandpotenti
albarr
ieri
nit
.
Q3.Whatdoy oumeanbyf orwar dbi
asandrev er
sebias.Dr awtheforwardbiasandrever
se
biascharact
eristi
cs.
Q4.Definerectif
ier
.Howdi odeisusedashal fwav erect
ifier
.
Q5.Definerectif
ier
.Howdi odeisusedasf ullwaverecti
fier.

40
Prepared by Dr. Dinesh Kumar Lecturer in Physics
Govt Victoria Girls Sen. Sec. School Patiala
 5Mar
ksQuest
ions

Q1.Def ineelectricdi pol e.Fi ndel ect r

icf i
el di ntensi t
yatanypoi ntont heax i
allineduet o
electricdipole.Wr iter el ati
onf orEduet oshor tdi pole.Whati stheangl eb/ w EandPont he
axialline.
Q2.Def ineneut ralax is.Fi ndel ect r
icf ieldi ntensi tyatanypoi ntont heequat orialli
neor
neut r
al ax i
sduet oel ect ricdipol e.Wr i
ter elationf orEduet oshor tdi pole.Whati sthean-
glebet ween EandPont heequat or i
alline?
Q3.Def ineGausst heor em?Fi ndr elationf orel ect ri
cf i
el dintensityEduet ochar gedr od?
Q4.Def ineElectricf lux ?Fi ndr elationf orel ect ricf i
eldi ntensityEduet ochar gedt hinsheet?
Whatwi llbeitsv aluei nsi dei fthesheeti sthick?
Q5.Def i
negaussi ansur face.Fi ndr elationf orel ectricfieldintensityEduet ochar ged hol l
ow
conduct ingshel l(i)insi de( ii)outsi de( ii
i)ont hesur face.Dr awgr aphi callyal so?
Q6.Def inecapaci tanceofaapar all
elpl atecapaci tor.Der iveanexpr essi onf ort hecapaci -
tance ofapar allelpl atecapaci torwi thdi elect ricast hemedi um i nt r
oducedbet weent he
plates.
Q7.Def i
neel ectri
cdi pol emoment .Fi ndt her elat ionf orel ectri
cpot entialatanypoi ntduet o
electricdipole.Wr iter elat i
onf ori t(i)onax ial l
ine( i
i)equat oriall
ine.?
Q8. Findt her el
at i
onf orener gyst or edi ncapaci tor?Wher eandi nwhatf ormt hi sener gyis
stored.
Q9.St atet henecessar ycondi ti
onsf orsust ainedi nterferencepat tern.Der i
v eanexpr ession
forfringewi dthusi ngYoung' sdoubl esl i
tex perimenti nterferenceofl ight.
Q10. Discussf ul
lyFr aunhof erdi ff
ract ionatasi ngl eslit.Alsoder ivet her elationforl inear
width ofcent r
al max i
mum.
Q11.Der i
vear elation bet ween f ocall engt h ofa doubl e conv exl ens and i t
sr adius of
curvature.
Q12.Whatist ot
alinter
nalr efl
ecti
on?Whatar enecessar ycondit
ionsfortotali
nternalref
lec-
ti
on tot akeplace?Obtainar efl
ecti
onbet weencr i
ti
cal angleandref
ractiv
eindexof
medium.Gi v
e anex ampleshowi ngt ot
alint
ernal r
efracti
on.
Q13.Withthehelpofadi agr am,explai
nthewor kingofacompoundmi croscopeandf i
ndthe
expr
essionforitsmagnifyingpower .
Q14.Drawacour seofraysi ncaseofast r
onomi calrefr
actingtel
escopewhen( i)fi
nalimage
atdist
anceofdi sti
nctvision( i
i
)f i
nalimageati nfini
ty.Obtainexpressionofmagni fyi
ng
powerineachcase.

41
Prepared by Dr. Dinesh Kumar Lecturer in Physics
Govt Victoria Girls Sen. Sec. School Patiala