02.

STRAIGHT LINES
Engg Mathematics – 20SC01T
Total marks – 40, TH– 10
Formulae list

1. Slope of a straight line 𝒎 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽

𝒚 −𝒚
2. Slope of line joining two points 𝒎 = 𝒙𝟐 −𝒙𝟏
𝟐 𝟏

3. General form of equation of straight line 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒚 + 𝑪 = 𝟎

𝒂
a) Slope of a straight line = − 𝒃

𝒄
b) X – intercept = − 𝒂

𝒄
c) Y- intercept = − 𝒃

4. Slope intercept form 𝒚 = 𝒎𝒙 + 𝑪

𝒚−𝒚 𝒚 −𝒚
5. Two point form of a straight line 𝒙−𝒙𝟏 = 𝒙𝟐 −𝒙𝟏
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏

6. Slope point form of a straight line 𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 = 𝒎(𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 )

𝒙 𝒚
7. Intercept form of the straight line + = 𝟏
𝒂 𝒃

8. Equation of the straight line which is parallel to line 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒚 + 𝒄 = 𝟎 and passing

through the point (𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 ) is 𝒂𝒙𝟏 + 𝒃𝒚𝟏 + 𝑲 = 𝟎

9. Equation of the straight line which is perpendicular to the line 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒚 + 𝒄 =

𝟎 and passing through the point (𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 ) is 𝒃𝒙𝟏 − 𝒂𝒚𝟏 + 𝒌 = 𝟎

10. Midpoint of the line formed by the points (𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 ) and (𝒙𝟐 , 𝒚𝟐 ) is given by

𝒙 𝟏 + 𝒙 𝟐 𝒚 𝟏 + 𝒚𝟐
( 𝒙 , 𝒚) = ( , )
𝟐 𝟐

Ravi kumar R,Lecturer,GPT Bagepalli

2.1 SLOPE
Angle of Inclination : If the line make an angle 𝜃 with the x - axix then it is called as angle
of inclination.
Slope or Gradient of a straight line:
If a straight line makes an angle 𝜃 with the positive direction of the x-axis, then 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝛉 is
called its slope or gradient and is denoted by m.
That is

𝐦 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝛉
Y

𝜃 𝜃
O X

The angle 𝜃 is always measured in the anticlockwise direction.

Example:(1) If a line makes an angle 𝟒𝟓𝐨 with the x-axis in the positive direction
(𝜃 = 𝟒𝟓𝐨 )then 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝛉 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟒𝟓𝐨 = 𝟏, is the slope of the line.
(2) If 𝜃 = 𝟏𝟓𝟎𝐨 then 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝛉 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟏𝟓𝟎𝐨 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝟏𝟖𝟎 − 𝟑𝟎)
𝟏
= −𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟑𝟎 = − , is the slope of the line.
√𝟑

Note :
1. If the line is parallel to x-axis then its slope is zero and if the line is parallel to y-
axis then its slope is not defined and is at ∞.
2. If three points A, B, C are collinear (all points lies in the same straight line), then
slope of AB = Slope of BC = slope of AC

Problems:
Find the slope of the lines which makes angles with the positive direction of the x-axis
(i) 𝟔𝟎𝐨
Solution: Given θ = 60o
slope is m = tanθ
then, m = tanθ = tan60o = √3

∴ 𝒎 = √𝟑
(ii) 𝟏𝟑𝟓𝐨
Solution: Given θ = 135o

Ravi kumar R,Lecturer,GPT Bagepalli

 slope is m = tanθ
then, m = tanθ = tan135o = tan(180o − 45o ) = −tan45o = −1
∴ 𝐦 = −𝟏
(iii) 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝐨
Solution: Given θ = 120o
slope is m = tanθ
then, m = tanθ = tan120o = tan(180o − 60o ) = −tan60o = −√3

∴ 𝐦 = −√𝟑
ASSIGNMENT:
Find the slope of the lines which makes angles with the positive direction of x-axis
1) 30𝑜
2) 45𝑜
3) 90𝑜
4) 150𝑜

Slope of line Joining two points:

The slope the line joining the two points (𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 )&(𝒙𝟐 , 𝒚𝟐 ) is

𝑦2 − 𝑦1
𝑚=
𝑥2 − 𝑥1

Find the slope of a line joining two points:

(1) (𝟐, 𝟑)& (4, 6)
Solution: Let 𝐴 = (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) = (2, 3) and 𝐵 = (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) = (4, 6)
𝒚𝟐 −𝒚𝟏
∴ Slope of AB = 𝒙𝟐 −𝒙𝟏
6−3 3
⟹ 𝑚 = 4−2 = 2

(2) (−𝟑, 𝟐)& (1, 4)

Solution: Let 𝐴 = (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) = (−3, 2) and 𝐵 = (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) = (1, 4)
𝒚𝟐 −𝒚𝟏
∴ Slope of AB = 𝒙𝟐 −𝒙𝟏
4−2 2 2 1
⟹ 𝑚 = 1−(−3) = 1+3 = 4 = 2

Assignment: Find the slope of the line joining the two points
(i) (𝟐, 𝟒)& (6, 8)

Ravi kumar R,Lecturer,GPT Bagepalli

 (ii) (𝟑, 𝟐)& (−1, 5)
(iii) (𝟒, −𝟕)& (−1, 3)
(iv) (𝟐, 𝟏𝟏)& (3 , 2)
(v) (𝟐, 𝟎)& (0, −3)

Model Questions:
4 marks Questions
1. Find the slope of the line which makes an angle of 30𝑜 with the positive direction of
x-axis
2. Find the slope of the line which makes an angle of 60𝑜 with the positive direction of
x-axis
3. Find the slope of the line which makes an angle of 45𝑜 with the positive direction of
x-axis
4. Find the slope of the line which makes an angle of 90𝑜 with the positive direction of
x-axis
5 marks Questions
1) Find the slope of the line joining the two points (2, 3)& (4, 6)

2) Find the slope of the line joining the two points (3, 2)& (−1, 5)

3) Find the slope of the line joining the two points(2, 0)& (0, −3)

4) Find the slope of the line joining the two points(3, −5)& (1, 2)

6 marks Questions
(1) Find the slope of the line which makes an angle of 120𝑜 with the positive
direction of x-axis
(2) Find the slope of the line which makes an angle of 150𝑜 with the positive direction of
x-axis
(3) Find the slope of the line which makes an angle of 135𝑜 with the positive direction of
x-axis
(4) Find the slope of the line which makes an angle of 225𝑜 with the positive direction of
x-axis

Ravi kumar R,Lecturer,GPT Bagepalli

 Problems on Slope of a line joining two points:
1. Find the value of 𝒙, so that the slope of the line joining of two points
(𝟐, 𝟓) 𝐚𝐧𝐝 (𝐱, 𝟑) 𝐢𝐬 𝟒.
Solution: Let 𝐴 = (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) = (2, 5) and 𝐵 = (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) = (𝑥, 3)
Given that slope of AB = 4
𝒚𝟐 −𝒚𝟏
We know that, Slope of AB = 𝒙𝟐 −𝒙𝟏
𝟑−𝟓 −𝟐
⟹ 4 = 𝒙−𝟐 ⟹ 4 = 𝒙−𝟐 ⟹ 4(𝑥 − 2) = −2

⟹ 4𝑥 − 8 = −2 ⟹ 4𝑥 = 8 − 2 = 6
6 3
⟹𝑥=4=2

2. Find the angle between the line passing through (𝟓, 𝟒) & (−3, −4) & 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
Solution: Given 𝐴 = (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) = (5, 4) and 𝐵 = (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) = (−3, −4)
𝑦2 −𝑦1
We know that, 𝑚 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 𝑥2 −𝑥1
−4−4 −8
⟹ tanθ = = =1
−3−5 −8

⟹ tanθ = 1 ⟹ θ = 45o

2.2 INTERCEPT OF STRAIGHT LINES:

Intercepts on x-axis and y-axis:
A part of a line or plane cutoff by another line or plane is called as intercept.
y

x
O A
If a straight line cuts the x-axis and y-axis at A & B respectively, then OA is called as 𝑥 −
𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 = 𝑎 and OB is called as 𝑦 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 = 𝑏 of the line. The intercepts may be
positive or negative.
Note: 1. 𝐱 − 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐩𝐭 is denoted by (𝐱, 𝟎) and to find the 𝐱 − 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐩𝐭 of a
straight line we have to take 𝐲 = 𝟎
2. 𝐲 − 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐩𝐭 is denoted by (𝟎, 𝐲) and to find the 𝐲 − 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐩𝐭 of a
straight line we have to take 𝐱 = 𝟎
3. The general equation of straight line is 𝐚𝐱 + 𝐛𝐲 + 𝐜 = 𝟎

Ravi kumar R,Lecturer,GPT Bagepalli

Find x-intercept and y-intercept of a given line and hence represent it in plane:
1. 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 − 𝟔 = 𝟎
Solution: 𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 6 = 0 − (1)
𝑇𝑜 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡, 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 0 𝑖𝑛 (1)
∴ (1) 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑥 + 2(0) − 6 = 0 ⟹ 𝑥 − 6 = 0 ⟹ 𝑥 = 6
∴ 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 𝑖𝑠 (6, 0)
𝑇𝑜 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑦 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡, 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 0 𝑖𝑛 (1)
∴ (1) 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 0 + 2𝑦 − 6 = 0 ⟹ 2𝑦 − 6 = 0 ⟹ 2𝑦 = 6 ⟹ 𝑦 = 3
∴ 𝑦 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 𝑖𝑠 (0, 3)

(0, 3)

(6, 0)

2. 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 − 𝟖 = 𝟎
Solution: 𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑖𝑠 4𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 8 = 0 − (1)
𝑇𝑜 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡, 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 0 𝑖𝑛 (1)
∴ (1) 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 4𝑥 − 2(0) − 8 = 0 ⟹ 4𝑥 − 8 = 0 ⟹ 𝑥 = 2
∴ 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 𝑖𝑠 (2, 0)
𝑇𝑜 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑦 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡, 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 0 𝑖𝑛 (1)
∴ (1) 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 4(0) − 2𝑦 − 8 = 0 ⟹ −2𝑦 − 8 = 0 ⟹ 2𝑦 = −8 ⟹ 𝑦 = −4
∴ 𝑦 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 𝑖𝑠 (0, −4)

(2, 0)

(0, -4)

3. 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟔𝒚 + 𝟏𝟐 = 𝟎
Solution: 𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑖𝑠 3𝑥 + 6𝑦 + 12 = 0 ----(1)
𝑇𝑜 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡, 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 0 𝑖𝑛 (1)
∴ (1) 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 3𝑥 + 6(0) + 12 = 0 ⟹ 3𝑥 + 12 = 0 ⟹ 𝑥 = −4
∴ 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 𝑖𝑠 (−4, 0)
𝑇𝑜 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑦 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡, 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 0 𝑖𝑛 (1)

Ravi kumar R,Lecturer,GPT Bagepalli

 ∴ (1) 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 3(0) + 6𝑦 + 12 = 0 ⟹ 6𝑦 + 12 = 0 ⟹ 6𝑦 = −12 ⟹ 𝑦 = −2
∴ 𝑦 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 𝑖𝑠 (0, −2)

(-4, 0)

(0, -2)

4. 𝒚 − 𝒙 − 𝟑 = 𝟎
Solution: 𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑦 − 𝑥 − 3 = 0 − −(1)
𝑇𝑜 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡, 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 0 𝑖𝑛 (1)
∴ (1) 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 0 − 𝑥 − 3 = 0 ⟹ −𝑥 − 3 = 0 ⟹ 𝑥 = −3
∴ 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 𝑖𝑠 (−3, 0)
𝑇𝑜 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑦 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡, 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 0 𝑖𝑛 (1)
∴ (1) 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑦 − 0 − 3 = 0 ⟹ 𝑦 − 3 = 0 ⟹ 𝑦 = 3
∴ 𝑦 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 𝑖𝑠 (0, 3)

(0, 3)
(-3, 0)

ASSIGNMENT:
Find x-intercept and y-intercept of a given line and hence represent it in a plane.
(i) 2x + 3y − 6 = 0
(ii) x − 2y − 4 = 0
(iii) 2x + 4y + 12 = 0
(iv) y−x−5= 0

Ravi kumar R,Lecturer,GPT Bagepalli

 Model Questions:
4 marks Questions
5. Find the x-intercept and y-intercept of the line 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 6 = 0
6. Find the x-intercept and y-intercept of the line 𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 4 = 0
7. Find the x-intercept and y-intercept of the line 3𝑥 + 6𝑦 + 12 = 0
8. Find the x-intercept and y-intercept of the line 𝑦 − 𝑥 − 3 = 0

5 marks Questions
5) Find the value of 𝑥, so that the slope of the line joining of two points
(2, 5) and (x, 3) is 4.
6) Similarly find the value of k, if the slope of line joining two points A (2, -1) and B (1,
2
k) is 3
7) Find the angle between the line passing through (5, 4) & (−3, −4) & 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠

6marks Questions
(1) Find the x-intercept and y-intercept of the line 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 6 = 0 and hence represent it
in a plane.
(2) Find the x-intercept and y-intercept of the line 4𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 8 = 0and hence represent it
in a plane.
(3) Find the x-intercept and y-intercept of the line 2𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 12 = 0 and hence represent
it in a plane.
(4) Find the x-intercept and y-intercept of the line 𝑦 − 𝑥 − 5 = 0 and hence represent it
in a plane.

2.3 INTERCEPT FORM OF A STRAIGHT LINE

The equation of a line which makes intercepts ‘a’ and ‘b’ on x-axis and y-axis is

𝒙 𝒚
+ =𝟏
𝒂 𝒃

Problems on intercepts form of a straight line

1. Find the equation of a straight line whose intercepts are 3 and 5 on the axes.
Solution: 𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡: 𝑎 = 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 = 5
𝑥 𝑦
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑖𝑠 + =1
𝑎 𝑏
𝑥 𝑦
⟹ + =1
3 5
5𝑥 + 3𝑦
⟹ =1
15
⟹ 5𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 15
⟹ 5𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 15 = 0
∴ 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 − 𝟏𝟓 = 𝟎 𝐢𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞

2. Find the equation of a straight line passing through (𝟒, −𝟏) and whose

Ravi kumar R,Lecturer,GPT Bagepalli

 𝒙 − 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒑𝒕 is twice 𝒚 − 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒑𝒕.
Solution: 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 = 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 = 𝑏
Given that: a = 2b
𝑥𝑥 y𝑥
Equation of a straight line is +b𝑥 = 1
𝑎𝑥
𝑥 𝑦
⟹ + =1
2𝑏 𝑏
4 1
⇒ 2𝑏 − 𝑏 = 1
4 2
⇒ 2𝑏 − 2𝑏 = 1

2
= 1, b=1
2𝑏

𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑎 = 2(1) = 2
𝑥 𝑦
+ 1 = 1 ⇒ 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 2
2

3. Find the equation of a straight line passing through the point(𝟏, − 𝟐) and making
equal intercepts on axes.
Solution: 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 = 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 = 𝑏
Given that: a = b
𝑥 𝑦
Equation of a straight line is +𝑏 = 1
𝑎
𝑥 𝑦
⟹b+b=1

⟹𝑥+𝑦 =𝑏 − (1)
Since, (1) passes through (1, −2)
(1) becomes 1 − 2 = 𝑏
∴ 𝑏 = −1
∴ from (1), the equation of straight line is x + y = −1
⟹𝑥+𝑦+1= 0
∴ 𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝟏 = 𝟎 𝒊𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆

4. Find the equation of a straight line passing through the point(−𝟐, 𝟓) and whose
intercepts are equal in magnitude and opposite in sign.
Solution: 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 = 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 = 𝑏
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡: 𝑎 = −𝑏
𝑥 𝑦
Equation of a straight line is +𝑏 = 1
𝑎
𝑥 𝑦
⟹ −b + b = 1

Ravi kumar R,Lecturer,GPT Bagepalli

 ⟹ −𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑏 − (1)
Since, (1) passes through (−2, 5)
(1) becomes 2 + 5 = 𝑏
∴𝑏=7
∴ from (1), the equation of straight line is − x + y = 7
⟹𝑥−𝑦+7= 0
∴ 𝒙 − 𝒚 + 𝟕 = 𝟎 𝒊𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆

5. Find the equation of a straight line passing through the point(−𝟖, 𝟔)which cuts off
intercepts on the axis in the ratio 2:3
Solution: 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 = 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 = 𝑏
𝑎 2 2𝑏
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡: 𝑎: 𝑏 = 2: 3 , 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑠 = 3 𝑜𝑟 𝑎 =
𝑏 3
𝑥 𝑦
Equation of a straight line is +𝑏 = 1
𝑎
2𝑏 𝑥 𝑦 3𝑥 𝑦
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑎 = ⟹ 2𝑏 + =1⟹ + =1
3 𝑏 2𝑏 𝑏
3

3𝑥+2𝑦
⟹ = 1 ⟹ 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 2𝑏 − (1)
2𝑏

𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 (1) passes through (-8, 6),

3(−8) + 2(6) = 2𝑏 ⟹ −24 + 12 = 2𝑏
∴ 2𝑏 = −12
Hence, equation (1) becomes ⟹ 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = −12
∴ 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 + 𝟏𝟐 = 𝟎 𝒊𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆

Assignment:
1. Find the equation of a straight line passing through (6, −6) and having its intercepts
on the y-axis equal to twice its intercepts on the x-axis
(Ans: 2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 6 = 0)
2. Find the equation of a straight-linehaving intercepts 2 and 3.
(Ans: 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 6 = 0)
3. Find the equation of a straight linewhose x-intercept is twice the y-intercept and
which passes through the point (4, 1)
(Ans: 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 2 = 0)
4. Find the equation of a straight line passing through the point (5, −4)and having x & y
intercepts in the ratio 7: 5
(Ans : 5𝑥 + 7𝑦 + 3 = 0)
5. Find the equation of a straight line passing through the point (3,4) and whose
intercepts are equal in magnitude and opposite in sign.
(Ans:𝑥 − 𝑦 + 1 = 0)

Ravi kumar R,Lecturer,GPT Bagepalli

 Model Questions:

6 marks Questions

(1) Find the equation of a straight line passing through (6, −6) and having its intercepts
on the y-axis equal to twice its intercepts on the x-axis
(2) Find the equation of a straight-line having intercepts 2 and 3.
(3) Find the equation of a straight line whose x-intercept is twice the y-
intercept and which passes through the point (4, 1)
(4) Find the equation of a straight line passing through the point (5, −4) and having x &
y intercepts in the ratio 7: 5
(5) Find the equation of a straight line passing through the point (3,4) and whose
intercepts are equal in magnitude and opposite in sign.
Note : All Questions in this can be asked for 6marks

Ravi kumar R,Lecturer,GPT Bagepalli

2.4 : SLOPE - INTERCEPT FORM OF STRAIGHT LINES

Equation of a line in slope-intercept form

The equation of a line with slope 𝒎 and 𝒚 intercept 𝒄 is given by

𝒚 = 𝒎𝒙 + 𝒄

Note:
To find slope
1. If angle 𝜃 is given then slope 𝒎 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽.
−𝒂
2. If line 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 is given then slope 𝒎 = .
𝒃
𝒚 −𝒚
3. If two points (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) and (𝑥 2 , 𝑦2 ) is given then slope is 𝒎 = 𝒙𝟐 −𝒙𝟏.
𝟐 𝟏

Problems on Slope-intercept form

1. Find the equation of the straight line with slope 𝟓 and 𝒚intercept 𝟓.
Solution: Given 𝑚 = 5 and 𝑐 = 5
The equation of a straight line with slope 𝑚 and 𝑦 intercept 𝑐 is given by
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐
Substitute the values of 𝑚and 𝑐, we get
𝑦 = 5𝑥 + 5
5𝑥 − 𝑦 + 5 = 0
∴ 𝟓𝒙 − 𝒚 + 𝟓 = 𝟎is the required equation of the straight line.

2. Find 𝒎 and 𝒄 given the straight line 𝟑𝒚 − 𝒙 + 𝟐 = 𝟎.

Solution:Given 3𝑦 − 𝑥 + 2 = 0
Arrange the given equation in general form as
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐
we get,
3𝑦 = 𝑥 − 2
Divide both LHS & RHS by 3, to make the coefficient of y as 1, we get
1 1 2
. 3𝑦 = 𝑥 −
3 3 3
1 2
𝑦= 𝑥−
3 3
Comparing with 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐, we get

Ravi kumar R,Lecturer,GPT Bagepalli

 𝟏 −𝟐
∴𝒎= &𝑐 =
𝟑 𝟑
𝟏
3. Find the equation of the straight line with slope 𝟑 and 𝒚intercept 𝟒.
1
Solution:Given 𝑚 = 3 and 𝑐 = 4

The equation of a straight line with slope 𝑚 and 𝑦 intercept 𝑐 is given by

𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐
Substitute the values of 𝑚and 𝑐, we get
1
𝑦= 𝑥+4
3
1
3. 𝑦 = 3. 𝑥 + 3.4
3
3𝑦 = 1𝑥 + 12
∴ 𝟏𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚 + 𝟏𝟐 = 𝟎is the required equation of the straight line.

4. Find the equation of the straight line inclined at 𝟏𝟑𝟓° to the 𝒙 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔 having
𝟐
𝒚intercept 𝟑.

2
Solution:Given 𝜃 = 135° and 𝑐 = 3

𝑚 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
𝑚 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛135°
𝑚 = tan(180° − 45°)
𝑚 = −𝑡𝑎𝑛45°
𝑚 = −1
The equation of a straight line with slope 𝑚 and 𝑦 intercept 𝑐 is given by
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐
2
Substitute the values of 𝑚 = −1and 𝑐 = 3, we get
2
𝑦 = −1𝑥 +
3
2
3. 𝑦 = 3. (−1𝑥) + 3.
3
3𝑦 = −3𝑥 + 2
3𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 2 = 0
∴ 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 − 𝟐 = 𝟎is the required equation of the straight line.

5. Find the equation of the straight line inclined at 𝟏𝟓𝟎° to the 𝒙 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔& having

Ravi kumar R,Lecturer,GPT Bagepalli

 𝒚intercept 𝟓.
Solution:Given 𝜃 = 150° and 𝑐 = 5
𝑚 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
𝑚 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛150°
𝑚 = tan(180° − 30°)
𝑚 = −𝑡𝑎𝑛30°
1
𝑚=−
√3
The equation of a straight line with slope 𝑚 and 𝑦 intercept 𝑐 is given by
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐
1
Substitute the values of 𝑚 = − and 𝑐 = 5, we get
√3

1
𝑦=− 𝑥+5
√3
1
√3. 𝑦 = √3. − √3 𝑥 + √3.5

√3𝑦 = −1𝑥 + 5√3

1𝑥 + √3𝑦 − 5√3 = 0
∴ 𝟏𝒙 + √𝟑𝒚 − 𝟓√𝟑 = 𝟎is the required equation of the straight line.

6. Find the value of 𝒎 if the line 𝒚 = 𝒎𝒙 + 𝟑 passes through thepoint (−𝟐, 𝟏).
Solution:Given𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 3 ∴ 𝑐 = 3 and(𝑥, 𝑦) = (−𝟐, 𝟏)
Substitute 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 in equation𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 3, we get
1 = 𝑚(−2) + 3
1 = −2𝑚 + 3
1 − 3 = −2𝑚
−2 = −2𝑚
−2
𝑚=
−2
∴𝒎=𝟏

7. If the line 𝒚 = 𝟑𝒙 + 𝒄 passes through the

point (𝟑, 𝟑), find 𝒄.
Solution: Given line 𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 𝑐 ∴ 𝑚 = 3 and
(𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝟑, 𝟑)
Substitute 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 in equation 𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 𝑐,

Ravi kumar R,Lecturer,GPT Bagepalli

we get
3 = 3(3) + 𝑐
3−9=𝑐
−6 = 𝑐
∴ 𝒄 = −𝟔

8. Find the value of 𝒎 the line 𝒚 = 𝒎𝒙 + 𝒄 passes through the

points(𝟐, 𝟏)& (3, 2).
Solution: Given line is𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 → (1)
line (1) passes through (2, 1)& (3, 2)
Substitute (2, 1) in equation (1), we get
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐
1 = 𝑚(2) + 𝑐
1 = 2𝑚 + 𝑐--------(2)

Substitute (3, 2) in equation (1), we get

2 = 𝑚(3) + 𝑐
2 = 3𝑚 + 𝑐 --------(3)
Solving (2) & (3),
1 = 2𝑚 + 𝑐
2 = 3𝑚 + 𝑐
−1 = −𝑚
∴𝒎=𝟏

Assignment
1. (a)Find the equation of the straight line with slope −1 and 𝑦 intercept 2.
(b) Find the𝑚 and 𝑐 from the equation 2𝑦 = 3𝑥 − 1.
1
2. Find the equation of the straight line with slope 2 and 𝑦intercept3.

3. Find the equation of the straight line inclined at 120° to the 𝑥 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 having𝑦 intercept 1.
4. Find the value of 𝑚 if the line 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 1 passes through the point(4, 1).
5. If the line 𝑦 = −1𝑥 + 𝑐 passes through the point(1, −1), find 𝑐.
6. Find the value of 𝑚 and 𝑐 if the line 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 passes through the points (1, 1)& (-1, 2).

Ravi kumar R,Lecturer,GPT Bagepalli

2.5 : SLOPE - POINT FORM OF STRAIGHT LINES
Equation of line in slope-point form
Equation of line passing through the point (𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 )
with slope 𝒎 is given by

𝐲 − 𝐲𝟏 = 𝐦(𝐱 − 𝐱 𝟏 )

Problems on slope-point form

1. Find the equation of the line passing through the

point (𝟐, 𝟐) with slope 𝟒.
Solution: Given (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) = (2,2) and 𝑚 = 4
Equation of line passing through the
point(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) with slope 𝑚 is given by
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
𝑦 − 2 = 4(𝑥 − 2)
𝑦 − 2 = 4𝑥 − 8
4𝑥 − 𝑦 − 8 + 2 = 0
4𝑥 − 𝑦 − 6 = 0
∴ 𝟒 𝒙 − 𝒚 − 𝟔 = 𝟎is the required equation of line.
2. Find the equation of the line passing through the point
𝟏
(𝟐, −𝟑)with slope 𝟑.
1
Solution: Given (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) = (2, −3) and 𝑚 = 3

Equation of line passing through the

point(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) with slope 𝑚 is given by
𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 = 𝒎(𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 )
1
𝑦 − (−3) = (𝑥 − 2)
3
3(𝑦 + 3) = (𝑥 − 2)
3𝑦 + 9 = 𝑥 − 2
𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 9 − 2 = 0
𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 11 = 0
∴ 𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚 − 𝟏𝟏 = 𝟎is the required equation of line.

Ravi kumar R,Lecturer,GPT Bagepalli

3. Find the equation of straight line inclined at 𝟏𝟑𝟓° and passing through the point(𝟏, 𝟐).
Solution: Given (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) = (1,2) and 𝜃 = 𝟏𝟑𝟓°
𝑚 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
𝑚 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛135°
𝑚 = tan(180° − 45°)
𝑚 = −𝑡𝑎𝑛45°
𝑚 = −1
Equation of line passing through the
point(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) with slope 𝑚 is given by
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
Substitute the values of 𝑚 = −1and (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) = (1,2),
we get
𝑦 − 2 = −1(𝑥 − 1)
𝑦 − 2 = −1𝑥 + 1
1𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2 − 1 = 0
1𝑥 + 𝑦 − 3 = 0
∴ 𝟏𝒙 + 𝒚 − 𝟑 = 𝟎is the required equation of the straight line.

4. Find the equation of straight line inclined at 𝟏𝟐𝟎° and passing through the point
(𝟏, 𝟏).
Solution: Given (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) = (1,1) and 𝜃 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎°
𝑚 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
𝑚 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛120°
𝑚 = tan(180° − 60°)
𝑚 = −𝑡𝑎𝑛60°
𝑚 = −√3
Equation of line passing through the point (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) with slope 𝑚 is given by
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
Substitute the values of 𝑚 = −√3and (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) = (1,1), we get

𝑦 − 1 = −√3(𝑥 − 1)
𝑦 − 1 = −√3𝑥 + √3
√3𝑥 + 𝑦 − 1 − √3 = 0
∴ √𝟑𝒙 + 𝒚 − 𝟏 − √𝟑 = 𝟎is the required equation of the straight line.

Ravi kumar R,Lecturer,GPT Bagepalli

5. Find the equation of line having slope 𝟐 and passing through the midpoint of the line
joining the points (𝟐, 𝟒)&(𝟔, 𝟖).
Solution: Given 𝑚 = 2, (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) = (2,4)&(𝑥3 , 𝑦3 ) = (6,8).
Mid-point formula is
𝑥2 +𝑥3 𝑦2 +𝑦3
Mid-point(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) = ( , )
2 2

2+6 4+8
(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) = ( , )
2 2
8 12
(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) = ( , ) = (4,6)
2 2

Equation of line passing through the point (𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 ) with slope 𝒎 is given by
𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 = 𝒎(𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 )
Substitute 𝑚 = 2 and (𝑥, 𝑦) = (4,6) in the above equation, we get
𝑦 − 6 = 2(𝑥 − 4)
𝑦 − 6 = 2𝑥 − 8
2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 6 − 8 = 0
∴ 𝟐𝒙 − 𝒚 − 𝟐 = 𝟎is the required equation of a straight line.
Assignment:
1. Find the equation of the line passing through the point (−1,3) with slope 2.
1
2. Find the equation of the line passing through the point (4, −5) with slope 2.

3. Find the equation of straight line inclined at 150° and passing through the point (1,1).
4. Find the equation of line having slope 1 and passing through the midpoint of the line
joining the points (1, −4)&(2,3).
5. Find the equation of line having slope 3 and passing through the Origin.

2.6 : TWO POINT FORM OF STRAIGHT LINES

Equation of straight line in Two-point form

Equation of straight line passing through the points(𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 )&(𝒙𝟐 , 𝒚𝟐 )is given by

𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏
𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 = ( ) 𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏
𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏

Note:
Midpoint of line joining two points is given by

Ravi kumar R,Lecturer,GPT Bagepalli

 𝒙 𝟏 + 𝒙 𝟐 𝒚𝟏 + 𝒚 𝟐
𝑴𝒊𝒅𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒂 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆 = ( , )
𝟐 𝟐

Problems on Two-point form

1. Find the equation of the line passing through the points (𝟏, 𝟐)and (𝟑, 𝟑).
Solution:Given (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) = (1, 2) and (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) = (3, 3)
Equation of straight line passing through the points(𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 )&(𝒙𝟐 , 𝒚𝟐 ) is given by
𝑦2 − 𝑦1
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = ( ) 𝑥 − 𝑥1
𝑥2 − 𝑥1
3−2
𝑦−2=( )𝑥 − 1
3−1
1
𝑦 − 2 = ( )𝑥 − 1
2
1
𝑦 − 2 = (𝑥 − 1)
2
2(𝑦 − 2) = 1(𝑥 − 1)
2𝑦 − 4 = 1𝑥 − 1
1𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 1 + 4 = 0
1𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 3 = 0
∴ 𝟏𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 + 𝟑 = 𝟎is the required equation of the line.

2. Find the equation of the line passing through the points (𝟐, −𝟑)and
(𝟓, 𝟒).
Solution: Given (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) = (2, −3) and (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) = (5, 4)
Equation of straight line passing through the points
(𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 )&(𝒙𝟐 , 𝒚𝟐 ) is given by
𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏
𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 = ( ) 𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏
𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏
4 − (−3)
𝑦 − (−3) = ( )𝑥 − 2
5−2
7
𝑦+3= (𝑥 − 2)
3
3(𝑦 + 3) = 7(𝑥 − 2)
3𝑦 + 9 = 7𝑥 − 14
7𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 14 − 9 = 0
7𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 23 = 0
∴ 𝟕𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚 − 𝟐𝟑 = 𝟎is the required equation of the line.

Ravi kumar R,Lecturer,GPT Bagepalli

3. Find the equation of median through B in a triangle with vertices 𝑨(−𝟏, 𝟑), 𝑩 =
(−𝟑, 𝟓)& 𝐶 = (7, −9).
Solution:Given 𝐴(−1,3), 𝐵 = (−3,5)& 𝐶 = (7, −9).
Here, 𝐷 is the midpoint of 𝐴𝐶.
𝑥1 +𝑥2 𝑦1 +𝑦2
Midpoint𝐷 of 𝐴𝐶 = ( , )
2 2

−1 + 7 3 − 9
=( , )
2 2
6 −6
= ( , ) = (3, −3)
2 2

∴ 𝐵𝐷is the median of ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 through 𝐵

𝐵 = (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) = (−3,5)& 𝐷 = (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) = (3, −3).
Equation of straight line passing through the points (𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 )&(𝒙𝟐 , 𝒚𝟐 ) is given by
𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏
𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 = ( ) 𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏
𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏
−3 − 5
(𝑦 − 5) = ( ) (𝑥 + 3)
3+3
−8
(𝑦 − 5) = (𝑥 + 3)
6
6(𝑦 − 5) = −8(𝑥 + 3)
6𝑦 − 30 = −8𝑥 − 24)
8𝑥 + 6𝑦 − 30 + 24 = 0
∴ 𝟖𝒙 + 𝟔𝒚 − 𝟔 = 𝟎is the required equation of median.

4. Find the equation of diameter of a circle passing through the point (𝟏, 𝟓) on it having
center (𝟑, 𝟐).
Solution:Given the point (1,5) on the circle with center (3,2).
∴ (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) = (1,5)&(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) = (3,2)
Equation of straight line passing through the points (𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 )&(𝒙𝟐 , 𝒚𝟐 ) is given by
𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏
𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 = ( ) 𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏
𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏
2−5
(𝑦 − 5) = ( ) (𝑥 − 1)
3−1
−3
(𝑦 − 5) = (𝑥 − 1)
2
2(𝑦 − 5) = −3(𝑥 − 1)
2𝑦 − 10 = −3𝑥 + 3
3𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 10 − 3 = 0

Ravi kumar R,Lecturer,GPT Bagepalli

∴ 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 − 𝟏𝟑 = 𝟎is the required equation of diameter.

5. The vertices of a quadrilateral taken in order (𝟏, 𝟐), 𝑩(𝟐, 𝟏), 𝑪(𝟑, 𝟒)& 𝐷 (−𝟏, −𝟐). Find
the equation to the diagonal 𝑩𝑫.
Solution: Given (1,2), 𝐵(2,1), 𝐶 (3,4)& 𝐷(−1, −2).
Diagonal 𝐵𝐷 a line passing through point (2,1)&𝐷 (−1, −2).
∴ (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) = (2,1)&(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) = (−1, −2)
Equation of straight line passing through the points
(𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 )&(𝒙𝟐 , 𝒚𝟐 ) is given by
𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏
𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 = ( ) 𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏
𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏
−2 − 1
(𝑦 − 1) = ( ) (𝑥 − 2)
−1 − 2
−3
(𝑦 − 1) = (𝑥 − 2)
−3
3(𝑦 − 1) = 3(𝑥 − 2)
3𝑦 − 3 = 3𝑥 − 6
3𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 3 − 6 = 0
∴ 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚 − 𝟑 = 𝟎is the required equation of diagonal 𝑩𝑫.

ASSIGNMENT:
1. Find the equation of the line passing through the points (4,2)and (−1, −1).
2. Find the 𝑦 − intercept of the line passing through the points 𝐴(3, −2)and 𝐵(−1,3).
3. Find the equation of median through 𝐶 in a triangle with vertices 𝐴(2,1), 𝐵 =
(−1,3)& 𝐶 = (2, −5).
4. Find the equation of diameter of a circle passing through the point (1,3) on it having
center (2,2).
5. The vertices of a quadrilateral taken in order (3,2), 𝐵 = (2,3), 𝐶 (1,1)& 𝐷(3, −2). Find the
equation to the diagonal 𝐵𝐷.

Ravi kumar R,Lecturer,GPT Bagepalli

 a. GENERAL EQUATION OF STRAIGHT LINE
Every straight line can be expressed as 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 which is known as general equation
of straight line. ′𝑎’ and ′𝑏′ are not zero simultaneously.

𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 line can be expressed as

𝑏𝑦 = −𝑎𝑥 − 𝑐
𝑎 𝑐
𝑦 = (− ) 𝑥 − ( )
𝑏 𝑏
Which can be compared with 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 (slope intercept form)
𝑎 𝑐
∴ slope 𝑚 = − 𝑏 and y intercept 𝑐 = − 𝑏

And it can also be reduced to the intercept form

𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0

𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 = −𝑐

𝑎𝑥 𝑏𝑦
+ = −1
𝑐 𝑐
𝑥 𝑦
𝑐
+ 𝑐
= −1
(𝑎 ) (𝑏 )

𝑥 𝑦
𝑐
+ 𝑐
=1
(− 𝑎) (− 𝑏)

𝑥 𝑦
Again, comparing with the intercept form 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 1

𝑐 𝑐
x – intercept =− 𝑎 and y – intercept = − 𝑏

𝑎 𝑐 𝑐
slope is − , x- intercept is − and y intercept is −
𝑏 𝑎 𝑏

so finally, in the general form of the equation 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒚 + 𝒄 = 𝟎

PROBLEMS

1. For the given equation 𝟐𝐱 + 𝟑𝐲 + 𝟒 = 𝟎 find the slope, x intercept and y intercept

Solution:Given line is 2x + 3y +4 =0

Ravi kumar R,Lecturer,GPT Bagepalli

Comparing with general form 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0

𝑎 = 2, 𝑏 = 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐 = 4

𝑎 2
∴ 𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = − = −
𝑏 3
𝒄 𝟒
𝒙 − 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒑𝒕 = − = − = −𝟐
𝒂 𝟐
𝒄 𝟒
𝒚 − 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒑𝒕 = − =−
𝒃 𝟑
2. Find the slope of the equation 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟔𝒚 − 𝟖 = 𝟎

Solution:Given 4𝑥 + 6𝑦 − 8 = 0

Comparing with general form 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0

Here𝑎 = 4, 𝑏 = 6 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐 = −8

𝒂 𝟒 𝟐
∴ 𝑺𝒍𝒐𝒑𝒆 = − = − = −
𝒃 𝟔 𝟑

3. Find the slope intercept form of a straight line from the general form 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒚 =
𝒄=𝟎

Solution: Given line is𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 = 𝑐 = 0

⇒ 𝑏𝑦 = −𝑎𝑥 − 𝑐
𝑎 𝑐
⇒ 𝑦 = (− ) 𝑥 − ( )
𝑏 𝑏
𝑎 𝑐
⇒ 𝑦 = (− ) 𝑥 + (− )
𝑏 𝑏
⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐
𝒂 𝒄
⇒ 𝒔𝒍𝒐𝒑𝒆 𝒎 = (− ) 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒚 − 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒑𝒕 𝒄 = −
𝒃 𝒃
4. Find the slope, x-intercept and y-intercept of line 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 11 = 0.

Solution: Given line is 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 11 = 0

It is in the form 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0

Here 𝑎 = 2, 𝑏 = 3 and 𝑐 = −11

𝑎 2
Slope = − =−
𝑏 3
𝑐 (−11) 11 𝑐 (−11) 11
𝑥 − intercept = − 𝑎 = − = and 𝑦 − intercept = − 𝑏 = − =
2 2 3 3

ASSIGNMENT

Ravi kumar R,Lecturer,GPT Bagepalli

Four mark questions

1. Find the slope straight line 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 4 = 0

2. Find the y intercept of the straight line 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 5 = 0

3. Find the x intercept of the straight line 6𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 10 = 0

4. Find the slope of the straight line 7𝑥 + 9𝑦 + 11 = 0

Five mark question

1. Find the slope and x intercept of the equation 4𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 6 = 0

2. Find the slope and y intercept of the equation 2𝑥 + 5𝑦 − 6 = 0

3. Find the slope and x intercept of the equation 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 7 = 0

4. Find the x intercept and y intercept of the equation 5𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 2 = 0

Six mark questions

1. Find the x intercept, y intercept and slope of the equation 4𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 7 = 0

2. Find the x intercept, y intercept and slope of the equation 2𝑥 + 5𝑦 + 8 = 0

3. Find the x intercept, y intercept and slope of the equation 9𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 12 = 0

4. Find the x intercept, y intercept and slope of the equation 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 5 = 0

Ravi kumar R,Lecturer,GPT Bagepalli

2.8 ANGLE BETWEEN THE TWO STRAIGHT LINES

The angle′𝜃′ between the two lines having the slopes 𝑚1 and 𝑚2 is defined by

𝑚1 − 𝑚2
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = ± ( )
1 + 𝑚1 𝑚2

1. If the lines are parallel then 𝑚1 = 𝑚2 ,(𝜃 = 0)

2. If the lines are perpendicular then 𝑚1 × 𝑚2 = −1, (𝜃 = 900 )

PROBLEMS

1. Prove that the lines 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 − 𝟓 = 𝟎 and 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 + 𝟏𝟐 = 𝟎 are parallel.

Solution:Given 𝑙1 𝑖𝑠 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 5 = 0 and𝑙2 𝑖𝑠 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 12 = 0
𝑎 2 𝑎 2
𝑚1 = − 𝑏 = − 3 and 𝑚2 = − 𝑏 = − 3

Since 𝑚1 = 𝑚2 , the two lines are parallel.

2. Prove that the lines𝟓𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 − 𝟏𝟎 = 𝟎 and 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟓𝒚 + 𝟗 = 𝟎 are perpendicular.

Solution:Given line 𝑙1 5𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 10 = 0 and𝑙2 𝑖𝑠 2𝑥 − 5𝑦 + 9 = 0

𝑎 5 𝑎 2 2
𝑚1 = − 𝑏 = − 2 and 𝑚2 = − 𝑏 = − −5 = 5

5 2
𝑚1 × 𝑚2 = − × = −1
2 5
Since 𝑚1 × 𝑚2 = −1, the two lines are perpendicular.

3. Find the angle between the two lines 𝟐𝒙 − 𝒚 + 𝟏 = 𝟎 and 𝒚 = −𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐

Solution:Given line 𝑙1 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 1 = 0 and 𝑙2 𝑦 = −3𝑥 − 2

𝑎 2
Let the slope of 𝑙1 be 𝑚1 = − 𝑏 = − −1 = 2

𝑎 −3
Slope of 𝑙2 be 𝑚2 = − 𝑏 = − −1 = −3

Ravi kumar R,Lecturer,GPT Bagepalli

 𝑚1 − 𝑚2
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = ± ( )
1 + 𝑚1 𝑚2

2 − (−3) 5 5
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = ± ( ) = ±( ) = ±( ) = 1
1 + 2(−3) 1−6 −5

𝜃 = tan−1 (1) = 450

ASSIGNMENT

Four-mark questions

1. Show that lines are parallel 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 5 = 0 and 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 6 = 0

2. Check the lines4𝑥 + 8𝑦 + 15 = 0 and 2𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 4 = 0 are parallel or not.
3. Check the given two lines are parallel 3𝑥 + 9𝑦 + 5 = 0 and 𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 6 = 0
4. Check whether the given two lines are parallel 6𝑥 + 12𝑦 + 5 = 0 and 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 6 = 0

Five-mark questions

1. Show that two lines 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 7 = 0 and 4𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 15 = 0are perpendicular

2. Show that two lines 7𝑥 + 5𝑦 − 9 = 0 and 5𝑥 − 7𝑦 + 11 = 0are perpendicular
3. Prove that two lines 5𝑥 + 7𝑦 − 12 = 0 and 7𝑥 − 5𝑦 + 13 = 0are perpendicular
4. Prove that two lines 8𝑥 + 16𝑦 − 7 = 0 and 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 15 = 0are perpendicular

2.9 Equation of a line parallel to given line

If equation of a line is 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 then equation of the line which is parallel to given

line

is defined by 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑘 = 0 .

Steps to find parallel line to a given line

Step 1 : Replace the constant value by k or rewrite equation as 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑘 = 0

Step 2 : Substitute the point (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) in the place of x and y

Step 3: Simplify the equation to get the k

Ravi kumar R,Lecturer,GPT Bagepalli

 Step 4: Substitute value of k in equation 2 ( Step 1)

Worked Problems

1. Find the equation of a line passing through the point (2, 5) parallel to the line 𝟑𝒙 +
𝟒𝒚 − 𝟔 = 𝟎.

Solution:Given line3𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 6 = 0…. (1) andpoint (2, 5)

Any line parallel to given line (1) is

3𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 𝑘 = 0…… (2)

Since it is passing through the point (2, 5),

⇒ 3(2) + 4(5) + 𝑘 = 0

⇒ 6 + 20 + 𝐾 = 0

⇒ 𝑘 = −26

Substituting the value of k in (2)

3𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 26 = 0 is the required equation of line.

2. Find the equation of straight line parallel to 5𝑥 + 6𝑦 − 10 = 0 and passing through the
point (−3,3).
Solution: Given line is 5x+6y-10=0……(1)
Any line parallel to given line (1) is

5x+6y+k=0…………..(2)

Since (2) passes through the point (-3,3),

5(-3)+6(3)+k=0
 -15+18+k=0
 3+k=0
 k=3
Substituting the value of k in (2),
5x+6y-3=0 is the required equation of line.

3.If the two lines 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 + 𝟏 = 𝟎 and 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟒𝒚 + 𝒌 = 𝟎 are parallel then find the
value of k?

Solution:

Given 𝑙1 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 1 = 0 and 𝑙2 3𝑥 − 𝑘𝑦 + 2 = 0 then

𝑎 2 𝑎 3
𝑚1 = − 𝑏 = − 3 and 𝑚2 = − 𝑏 = − −𝑘

Since the lines are parallel 𝑚1 = 𝑚2

Ravi kumar R,Lecturer,GPT Bagepalli

 2 3
− =−
3 −𝑘
2 3
=
3 −𝑘
2 × −𝑘 = 3 × 3

9 9
−𝑘 = ⇒𝑘=−
2 2
ASSIGNMENT

Six-mark questions

1. Find the equation of straight line parallel to 2𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 10 = 0 and passing through the
point(2,3).
2. Find the equation of straight line parallel to 3𝑥 + 5𝑦 + 6 = 0 and passing through the
point(2,5).
3. Find the equation of straight line parallel to 𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 5 = 0 and passing through the point
(1,5).
4. Find the equation of straight line parallel to 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 7 = 0 and passing through the
point(3 , 1) .

2.10 EQUATION OF A LINE PERPENDICULAR TO THE GIVEN LINE

If the given equation of a line is 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 then equation of the line which is

perpendicular to given line is defined by 𝑏𝑥 − 𝑎𝑦 + 𝑘 = 0

Steps to find the perpendicular line

Step 1 : Replace the constant value by k and interchange the value of a and b

Step 2 : Change the sign of the co efficient of y

Step 3: Substitute the point (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) in the place of x and y

Ravi kumar R,Lecturer,GPT Bagepalli

 Step 4: Simplify the equation to find the value of k

Step 5 : Substitute back the value of k in equation 2(step 1)

PROBLEMS

1. Find the equation of a line passing through the point (1, 1) perpendicular to the line
𝟒𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 − 𝟕 = 𝟎

Solution: Given line is 4𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 7 = 0 --- (1)

and point is (1, 1)
Any line perpendicular to given line (1) is
2𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 𝑘 = 0(𝑏𝑥 − 𝑎𝑦 + 𝑘 = 0) ---(2)
Since (2) passing through the point (1, 1),
2(1) − 4(1) + 𝑘 = 0
−2 + 𝑘 = 0
𝑘=2
Substituting the value of k in (2),

Therefore, the perpendicular line is given by 2𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 2 = 0

3. Find the equation of straight line perpendicular to the line 11𝑥 + 6𝑦 + 20 = 0and
passing through the point (4,1).

Solution: Given line is 11𝑥 + 6𝑦 + 20 = 0 --- (1)

Any line perpendicular to given line (1) is
6𝑥 − 11𝑦 + 𝑘 = 0 --- (2)

Since (2) passes through the point (4,1),

6(4) − 11(1) + 𝑘 = 0
 24 − 11 + 𝑘 = 0
 13 + 𝑘 = 0
 𝑘 = −13
Substituting the value of k in (2),
6𝑥 − 11𝑦 − 13 = 0 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒.
3.If the two lines 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 + 𝟑 = 𝟎 and 𝟒𝒙 − 𝒌𝒚 + 𝟐 = 𝟎 are perpendicular then
find the value of k?
Solution:
Given 𝑙1 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3 = 0 and 𝑙2 4𝑥 − 𝑘𝑦 + 2 = 0 then

𝑎 3 𝑎 4 4
𝑚1 = − 𝑏 = − 2 and 𝑚2 = − 𝑏 = − −𝑘 = 𝑘

Since the lines are perpendicular𝑚1 × 𝑚2 = −1

Ravi kumar R,Lecturer,GPT Bagepalli

 3 4
− × = −1
2 𝑘
12
− = −1
2𝑘
2𝑘 = 12
12
𝑘= ⇒𝑘=6
2
ASSIGNMENT

Six marks questions

1. Find the equation of the line passing through the point (1, 4) perpendicular to the
line 2𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 6 = 0
2. Find the equation of a line passing through the point (3, 4) perpendicular to the
line8x + 6y + 15 = 0.
3. Find the equation of a line passing through the point (1, 3) perpendicular to the
line 2𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 6 = 0
4. Find the equation of a line passing through the point (2, 4) perpendicular to the
line 4𝑥 + 5𝑦 + 10 = 0.
5. Find the equation of a line passing through the point (1, 1) perpendicular to the
line 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 12 = 0.

Ravi kumar R,Lecturer,GPT Bagepalli