BSN Group 4

Republic of the Philippines
University of Cabuyao
(Pamantasan ng Cabuyao)
College of Health and Allied Sciences
Katapatan Mutual Homes, Brgy. Banay-banay, City of Cabuyao, Laguna 4025
Bachelor of Science in Nursing
COMMUNITY NEEDS ASSESSMENT: A FRAMEWORK FROM DEVELOPING

DRIVEN PROGRAMS AND SERVICES
A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of College of Health

and Allied Sciences Pamantasan ng Cabuyao
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the

Degree of Bachelor of Science in Nursing
By:
Castillo, Jessa Marie B.
Cepe, Justine Hannah M.
Cortez, Daniel G.
Cesario, Charles David B.
2024

APPROVAL SHEET

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preliminaries PAGE
Title Page i
Approval Sheet ii
Table of Contents iii
List of Tables iv
List of Figures v
CHAPTER I - THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

Introduction 1
Theoretical Framework 3
Research Paradigm 8
Research Questions 9
Hypothesis 10
Scope and Limitations 10
Significance of the Study 10
Definition of Terms 13
CHAPTER II - REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES

Review of Literature and Studies 15
Research Literature
Synthesis 43
Research Gaps 45
CHAPTER III - RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design 46
Research Locale 46
Participants of the Study 46
Sampling Design 47
Instrumentation 48
Data Gathering Procedure 49
Treatment of Data 49
Ethical Considerations 51
LITERATURES CITED 52
APPENDICES
A. Letters 61
B. Validated Research Instrument 62
C. Informed Consent Form 78

D. Research Ethics Review Committee Evaluation 82
E. Short Report of Plagiarism Software 93
F. Report of Language Software 96
G. Curriculum Vitae of Student Researchers 97

LIST OF FIGURES
PAGE
Research Paradigm 8
1
CHAPTER I
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING
Introduction
"Alone, we can do so little; together, we can do so much” - Helen Keller.
Communities are the foundation of society because they create the complex
structure of interpersonal relationships that both build society and affect people's quality
of life. Communities have a significant role in society, and the achievement of the
programs and services offered to the people impacts the well-being of those communities.
But most of the time, communities face challenges that need a thorough understanding of
their needs to help them solve them.
A complex web of interconnectedness that depends on the well-being of all members

of the Community is what the Community is all about. The research titled "Community
Needs Assessment: A Framework for Developing Community-Driven Programs and
Services" reflects the importance of identifying and meeting the requirements of each
Community. This study represents academic research and serves as a continuation of
community extension research. As the study begins, it is critical to avoid an isolated
approach and instead embrace a philosophy based on community participation and
cooperation. This study's depth and significance are echoed in the words of renowned
sociologist Margaret Mead, who once said, "Never doubt that a small group of thoughtful,
committed citizens can change the world; indeed, it's the only thing that ever has." This
emphasizes the transformative potential inherent in the proactive investigation of
Community needs assessment.
2
In the Philippines, barangays are the smallest administrative units that capture the
spirit of community life, and they serve as the perfect example of this idea. Some of the
barangays can't meet the specific needs of the people because they do not know what
they are. The program that they gave is not suited to the actual needs of the Community,
and it results in inefficiencies and a limited impact.
A Community Need Assessment serves more than just identifying needs; it is

essential to resource allocation, allowing groups and governments to make efficient use
of limited resources. This strategic allocation ensures that interventions are targeted
towards areas where they can have the most substantial impact. In addition, the data
acquired from a community needs assessment acts as a basis for community-driven
programs and service creation, matching projects to the unique requirements of the
Community. This strategy encourages program sustainability throughout time in addition
to improving the relevance of treatments.
A well-conducted Community Need Assessment addresses essential areas such as

health, education, economic opportunities, social services, community safety,
infrastructure, and cultural and recreational activities when addressing a community's
basic needs. Community engagement in needs assessment procedures is crucial, as
demonstrated by research (Hajnal et al., 2020) on community-based participatory
research approaches in low- and middle-income countries. By ensuring that the
requirements are authentically reflective of community people's goals and experiences,
this participatory method guarantees more effective and culturally relevant actions. In
conclusion, a Community Needs Assessment is a crucial first step toward creating focused
and successful community-driven programs and services. It is based on research on
socioeconomic determinants of health and community-based participatory research. By
addressing a community's different requirements, this method guarantees a holistic and
long-term plan for community growth and well-being.
3
In conclusion, a Community Needs Assessment is a crucial first step toward creating

focused and successful community-driven programs and services. It is based on research
on socioeconomic determinants of health and community-based participatory research.
By addressing a community's different requirements, this method guarantees a holistic
and long-term plan for community growth and well-being.
Theoretical Framework
The study is related to Dorothea Orem's Self-Care Deficit Theory. It focuses on the
ability of an individual to take care of themselves, including life-sustaining, health-
promoting, and well-being activities. The idea categorizes three types of self-care needs:
deviation from health, developmental, and universal. Air, water, food, activity, rest, and
protection are examples of universal needs that are necessary for survival. Learning to
walk or taking care of chronic illnesses are two examples of life phases or conditions that
give rise to developmental requirements. Health deviation needs stem from health
problems like recovering from surgery. Orem suggests five strategies to help people who
struggle with self-care: doing and acting on behalf of others, mentoring, encouraging,
creating a supportive atmosphere for personal growth, and instructing. In addition to
providing care, nurses can advise, assist, build supportive environments, and educate
people to improve their capacity to fulfill their own requirements for self-care. This all-
encompassing strategy emphasizes Orem's goal of enabling people to take an active role
in their own well-being by providing them with individualized support and education.
Community needs assessments are vital tools for identifying gaps in self-care within
a community, in line with Dorothea Orem's Self-Care Deficit Theory. They help uncover
areas where residents lack essentials like clean water, safe housing, and nutritious food.
This information forms the basis for community-driven programs, addressing both general
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and specific self-care needs, such as food assistance for all or tailored interventions for
certain groups. These assessments also pinpoint self-care needs related to health issues,
paving the way for support programs for those dealing with chronic illnesses or disabilities.
By considering the Community's culture, programs can be designed to respect traditions.
Importantly, Community needs assessments empower residents by involving them in
planning, ensuring responsiveness to their needs, and fostering a sense of ownership over
health. Nurses, by using these assessments to guide interventions, play a crucial role in
enhancing overall community health, aligning with Orem's theory and emphasizing the
interconnectedness of individual and community well-being.
According to Neuman's Systems Model conceptualizes individuals and families as

dynamic, open systems in constant interaction with their Environment. The Model centers
on understanding how individuals respond to stressors and the factors influencing their
ability to cope and return to a state of optimal well-being. The key components of the Model
include the Client System, which stands for the person or family receiving care; the
Environment, which is made up of both internal and external factors that affect the client
system; Stressors, which are situations that cause tension for the client system; Lines of
Defense, which are the client's internal resources and coping mechanisms; Reaction,
which is the client's response to stress; Prevention/Reduction Factors, which are
interventions meant to prevent or lessen stressors; and Reconstitution, which is the
process of getting back to optimal well-being following a stressful event. This holistic
perspective enables healthcare professionals to assess and intervene comprehensively,
considering the intricate interplay between individuals, their environments, and the factors
influencing their well-being.
Applying this theory to Community needs assessments is valuable. It encourages

nurses to see the Community as a complex, interconnected system, aiding in identifying
factors impacting community health. It helps pinpoint stressors and resources, aligning with
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data gathering in Community needs assessments. This information forms the foundation
for developing programs addressing stressors and promoting community well-being. The
Model emphasizes client participation, aligning with Community needs assessments and
fostering community ownership and engagement. It also supports developing culturally
sensitive programs and respecting community values. Lastly, the focus on reconstitution
enables evaluating program effectiveness in improving overall community health.
Neuman's Model transforms Community needs assessments into a comprehensive,
community-driven process promoting optimal well-being for everyone.
King's Goal Attainment Theory emphasizes a collaborative approach between nurses

and clients or communities to achieve mutually agreed-upon goals. This theory identifies
three interconnected systems—the Personal System (individual perceptions and self-
concept), the Interpersonal System (nurse-client relationship and interactions), and the
Social System (considering cultural norms and community values). The collaborative
journey involves setting SMART goals and working together to plan, implement, and
evaluate actions, acknowledging the interplay of personal, interpersonal, and social
systems in enhancing well-being. By prioritizing partnership and active involvement, the
theory ensures that interventions are co-created, fostering a sense of shared responsibility
and empowerment within the Community.
Community needs assessments align closely with Imogene King's Goal Attainment
Theory, sharing key principles. The collaborative nature of these assessments, involving
nurses, community members, and stakeholders, fits well with King's emphasis on nurse-
community partnerships. The goal-setting aspect in Community needs assessments
reflects King's focus on establishing SMART goals collaboratively. Creating action plans to
address identified needs directly aligns with King's emphasis on planning actions to
achieve goals. Ongoing monitoring and evaluation in Community needs assessments align
with King's principle of regularly assessing progress. By integrating King's theory, nurses
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can enhance community needs assessments by emphasizing dialogue, mutual goal

identification, culturally appropriate interventions, community empowerment, and regular
progress evaluation. This holistic approach ensures that community programs are
responsive, effective, sustainable, and deeply rooted in community collaboration.
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Research Paradigm
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
1. What is the demographic
profile of the respondents in
terms of:
1.1 Age
1.2 Gender
1.3 Civil status
1.4 Employment Status Recommendation to
1.5 Length of Residency -Descriptive Research gather and analyze the
1.6 Family size -Selecting Respondents programs that are
-Survey Questionnaire needed for the selected
2. What are the needs of selected -Statistical Treatment Barangays in Cabuyao
Barangays in Cabuyao Laguna in
Laguna
terms of:
2.1 Quality Education
2.2 Gender Well-being
2.3 Entrepreneurship
and Livelihood
2.4 Industry and Energy
2.5 Food and Safety
2.6 High governance
2.7 Environment
FEEDBACK
8
Figure shows the Research Paradigm of the study. The research Paradigm followed
the IPO or the input, process, and output.
The input phase consists of two main components: the community needs, which are high-
quality education, gender well-being, entrepreneurship and livelihood, industry and energy,
food and safety, high governance, and the Environment; and the demographic profile,
which includes age, gender, civil status, employment status, length of residency, and family
size.
The process involves the development and implementation of a comprehensive

survey questionnaire for data collection.
The output of this phase is a recommendation, which includes a thorough analysis of
community needs based on demographic profiles. This analysis will delve into each
agenda, aiming to identify patterns, variations, and priorities within the collected data.
Research Questions
The study generally aspired to assess the community needs from developing
community driven program and services.
1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:
1.1 Age
1.2 Gender
1.3 Civil Status
1.4 Employment Status
1.5 Length of Residency
1.6 Family size
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2. What are the needs of selected Barangays in Cabuyao Laguna in relation to:
2.1 Quality Education
2.2 Gender Well-being
2.3 Entrepreneurship and livelihood
2.4 Industry and energy
2.5 Food and safety
2.6 High governance
2.7 Environment
3. Is there a significant difference between the needs of the community and the
demographic profile of the respondents?
4. What recommendations can be offered based on the results of the study?
Hypothesis
The null hypothesis will be tested in this study:
There is significant difference between the needs of selected barangays in Cabuyao,

Laguna and the demographic profile of the respondents.
Scope and Limitations
The study will be conducted to actively engage with and address the concerns of
community members. In Cabuyao, Laguna, there are 18 barangays: 12 of these, namely
Brgy. 1, Brgy. 2, Brgy. 3, Brgy. 4, Brgy. 5, Brgy. 6, Brgy. 7, Brgy. 8, Brgy. 9, Brgy. 10, Brgy.
11, and Brgy. 12, were the focus of the study. Surveys and interviews with the remaining
six barangays have been conducted to assess their needs.
10
It is focused on the adoption of Pamantasan Ng Cabuyao's community extension

agenda. The goal of the study is to identify the target community's demographics, what are
the needs of selected barangays in Cabuyao Laguna in terms of quality education, gender
well-being, entrepreneurship and livelihood, industry and energy, food and safety, high
governance, Environment, and resource availability. It will explore the different needs and
goals of community members, establishing a foundation for developing specialized
services and community-driven programs. This research will help by creating an improved
awareness of local needs, identifying challenges, and providing targeted solutions.
Significance of the Study

The study, which focuses on the Community Needs Assessment of the Barangays in
the Cabuyao Laguna will provide benefits to the following:
Families. This study will ensure that their perspectives will be heard. It will benefit each
family that their specific needs will be directed toward programs that specifically cater to
their well-being. The programs and services will be directly aligned with their unique needs
and demands. The study promotes an environment of collaboration where people and
households feel a meaningful connection to the development activities aimed at improving
their quality of life by including Families in the decision-making process.
Barangay Officials. This study will help them to have an organized, data driven method
for making decisions. By giving them the data of each family, they will be able to understand
the concerns in the community. They will be informed of the needs of the community and
may be able to have program planning and resource allocation. They can improve
openness, responsibility, and community involvement by having the strategy. They will
have their needs and goals when they know the specific need of their community.
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Barangay Health Official. They will have a targeted strategy for meeting the needs of
community health. They can make programs and services through the use of this study to
assist them to identify and rank the issues of each community through survey form. With
this strategy, it will better manage resources, increase preventative care, and deal with
issues in the community, which would ultimately improve community health and well-being.
Community Health Office. This study will help them with a systematic approach to
understand and comprehend the Community’s specific health needs. It will benefit them
through thorough assessment to identify the most important health issues in each
community. They can improve overall community health outcomes, improve the use of
resources, and strengthen preventive measures based on the result of this study. This can
help them support focused and successful healthcare initiatives at the community level.
College of Health and Allied Sciences (CHAS). This study will help them to understand
the needs of each Community. It will benefit them by using it in their academics. They can
apply their academic knowledge in this study by developing practical skills and deeper
understanding of community issues. It can be used to the nursing students' duties and the
upcoming community extension programs.
University of Cabuyao. The result of the study will help them to know which barangays
need support for community driven assessment. It will give them an idea about where to
conduct a community driven drive. The research agenda of the study is related to the
Biodiversity and Environment Conservation
Researchers. This study will help them to have an abundance and comprehensive supply
of information. It will benefit them by having an understanding and knowledge of each
community's needs.
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Future researchers. They may use this study to serve as the basis for them to have a
broad understanding about the said topic. They can address different problems and
improve community driven strategies by adding to the body of knowledge that continues to
evolve.
Definition of Terms
The researchers establishing a comprehensive and precise set of definitions for
important terms is essential for allowing a thorough and comprehensive understand of the
problem at hand.
Agenda. It is a list or outline of specific topics, themes or areas of interest that can be a
guide. It helps to organize and prioritize topic and ensuring that the respondents stay
focused, and objectives are achieved.
Community Needs Assessment. This refers to a systematic process for obtaining and
evaluating data to determine and rank a community's needs, assets, and strengths. It
supports the allocation of resources and decision-making processes aimed at addressing
and enhancing community well-being.
Community Needs. This refers to the requirements, shortcomings, or holes in a community

that, when filled, can improve its citizens' overall quality of life. These demands may include
things like social services, infrastructure, healthcare, education, and more. Comprehending
and recognizing these requirements is essential for efficient community growth and resource
distribution.
13
Community. The term community is often employed to refer to a group of people who have
much in common or are similar. To ensure the relevance and accuracy of their findings,
researchers must precisely describe and specify the sort of community they are examining.
The definition of "community" in a research study is determined by the research question,
aims, and environment of the investigation.
Driven Programs. This refers to a community-driven program that seeks to enable local
communities to choose and implement projects that they most require. It also describes an
effort or work in which a community of individuals actively shapes, guides, and participates.
Families and Individuals. This refers to families and individuals who are the participants
in this survey. We aim to obtain an in-depth understanding of the social structure of the
community by collecting feedback from both family units and individual members. The
individual and family-structure perspectives are essential for determining the insights we
would like to attain.
Services. This refers to the multiple services and supplies provided to fulfill the
requirements and improve the quality of life for community members. These services can
include, but are not restricted to, housing, recreational possibilities, public safety, social
support, healthcare, and education. Local governments, nonprofits, and other groups
frequently offer community services to meet the various needs of the local populace.
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
The researchers review articles and literature that they believe relate to their current
studies, which have significance in this chapter. Additionally, they gather information from
various sources to gain a deeper understanding of the research they will be carrying out.
Community Needs Assessment

According to Agonafer et al. (2021), Community-based Organizations (CBOs) play a
vital role in enhancing health and social service integration for vulnerable populations. The
study advocates for a client-centered and holistic approach, emphasizing continuous
engagement and regional partnerships to address social determinants of health.
Recognizing CBOs' expertise in serving communities, the authors stress equitable
collaboration. Aligned with existing literature, the research underscores the significance of
community engagement in tackling complex issues and highlights CBOs' crucial role as
essential partners in developing effective programs. The article encourages ongoing
community engagement, emphasizing CBOs' expertise in needs assessments and culturally
responsive interventions. Overall, Agonafer et al.'s work underscores the importance of
collaborative, community-driven approaches for promoting health equity and well-being in
health and social service integration literature.
Subsequently, the OSCE article, "An Assessment of Kosovo's Municipal Community

Participation and Representation Mechanisms," emphasizes the crucial role of municipal
advocates. The evaluation covers legal frameworks, establishment, functioning, and
benefits, providing practical recommendations for enhanced compliance and performance.
With OSCE credibility and thorough research, the article maintains an objective tone,
15
improving understanding of global community participation mechanisms. While maintaining

perspectives, it offers valuable insights into community involvement for program
development, aligning with community needs assessments. As a valuable resource, it
contributes theoretical insights and actionable recommendations for individuals,
organizations, policymakers, researchers, and practitioners aiming to enhance community-
driven initiatives. In summary, the article makes a commendable contribution to improving
the effectiveness of community participation mechanisms.
Additionally, Wieland et al.'s 2020 article, "Community-Engaged Approaches for

Minority Recruitment into Clinical Research," addresses the underrepresentation of minority
groups in clinical trials through a scoping review. The authors systematically explore the
efficacy of community-engaged approaches in enhancing minority participation,
emphasizing the need for further research to evaluate their comparative effectiveness. The
article demonstrates clarity, organization, and impartiality, providing valuable insights into
inclusive clinical research practices. It serves as a cornerstone in advancing the
conversation on fostering inclusivity in clinical research, addressing gaps in minority
representation, and offering actionable insights for creating more equitable practices. In the
evolving discourse on diversity and inclusion, this article is a pivotal contribution guiding the
way toward a representative and responsive clinical research landscape.
Furthermore, Buys and Rennekamp (2020), in their article "Cooperative Extension as

a Force for Healthy, Rural Communities," a detailed historical analysis explores the
organization's pivotal role in rural communities, primarily rooted in agriculture. The article
provides a comprehensive historical context for current initiatives, emphasizing its potential
to address health issues in rural settings. While suggesting the need for more specific
examples of contributions, the article proves invaluable for researchers’ conducting
community needs assessments. It skillfully weaves together Extension's historical trajectory,
16
ongoing initiatives, and future directions, aligning seamlessly with proposed research on
community-driven programs and services. This comprehensive guide offers insights and
perspectives on Cooperative Extension's crucial role in promoting health and well-being in
rural communities, making it a compelling read for those interested in influential community
needs assessment strategies.
Moreover, the study of João et al.'s (2022) scoping review titled "Climate Change
Prevention through Community Actions and Empowerment," the study underscores the
importance of community empowerment and integrated policies in addressing climate
change. Focused on the intersection of health promotion and climate change adaptation,
the authors advocate for community-driven approaches, despite the absence of specific
success stories. Although lacking practical examples, the article aligns with the principles of
community-driven programs and services, offering value to researchers and practitioners
with its clear writing style, diverse sources, and comprehensive overview. While there is
room for improvement, the article establishes a foundation for future research and policy
development in community-driven climate change initiatives, enhancing its impact and
relevance.
In Addition, in the study of Yolanda Suarez-Balcazar's (2020) article, "Meaningful

Engagement in Research: Community Residents as Co‐creators of Knowledge," she
advocates for the crucial role of community residents in community-based participatory
research (CBPR). Stressing the transformative potential of CBPR, the article calls for a
human rights agenda in community psychology that empowers communities to influence
decisions affecting their lives. Suarez-Balcazar suggests strategies such as elevating
community members as co-learners and co-researchers, implementing culturally relevant
interventions, and promoting civic engagement. Grounded in a thorough literature review,
the article makes a compelling case for authentic community involvement in CBPR, aligning
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with the principles of "Community Needs Assessment." Suarez-Balcazar's objective stance

and well-supported argument significantly contribute to the discourse on meaningful
engagement, emphasizing the collaborative approach essential for community-driven
research and intervention.
However, the study of Sanchez, A. L., Cliggitt, L. P., Dallard, N. L., Irby, D., Harper,
M., Schaffer, E., & Beidas, R. S. (2023) is about research that investigates the ways in which
implementation research and practice can uphold the beliefs of White supremacists,
maintain unequal power relations, and maintain disparities in health care. The following
queries were taken into consideration: What data is important and regarded as proof? and
how do disparities in power arise in implementation research and practice?
Additionally, the study of Suzanne Fleming, M. Arensberg, R. Blancato (2023) is about

the risk of malnutrition can be raised by a variety of factors in the community, such as those
related to illness, function, poor economic status and sanitary environment. The perspective
identifies areas where further program development and policy support are still required and
offers opportunities for rural healthcare institutions to better collaborate with community-
based nutrition programs and services.
In line with China Harrison, N. Leonard, J. Kidger (2023), People share a common
mental health condition, though since the COVID-19 pandemic began, some groups have
seen a decline in mental health. Therefore, policy makers and practitioners continue to view
improving mental health as a top priority. The use of community-based interventions to
enhance health and lessen inequality is growing.
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Additionally, the need for social and health services that are both supportive and
rehabilitative is only going to increase due to the rising prevalence of mental and physical
illness. Physical and psychological barriers to rehabilitation are created in many nations by
the disconnection of communities, transitional services, and the healthcare infrastructure.
Also, therapeutic landscapes, outdoor areas can promote self-empowerment, community
support, and rehabilitative healing. (B. Marques, J. McIntosh, C. Kershaw 2021)
Furthermore, the study of Burns, J.C., and colleagues (2020), takes a detailed look at
the community needs assessment process within an urban federally qualified health center,
with a specific focus on enhancing adolescent and young adult health services. The claim
posits that a thorough assessment process is imperative for optimizing these services. The
study's focus on a community-based approach further amplifies the potential for more
effective and targeted interventions, recognizing the community as a crucial factor in
shaping health outcomes for this specific demographic. Overall, Burns and colleagues' work
provides valuable insights for healthcare practitioners, policymakers, and researchers
aiming to enhance services for adolescents and young adults within urban federally qualified
health centers.
In Contrast, the study of Handyside, L., Warren, R., Devine, S., & Drovandi, A. (2021),
it significantly contributes to the field by exploring the implementation of the PRECEDE-
PROCEED model in community pharmacy settings, providing a comprehensive narrative
review. Their comprehensive review underscores the model's structured approach,
emphasizing its potential to enhance the effectiveness of pharmacy initiatives. The study
highlights the importance of systematically addressing health needs, developing evidence-
based interventions, and fostering a holistic approach to community healthcare. This
research contributes to the evidence base, guiding healthcare practitioners, policymakers,
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and researchers in implementing more impactful and targeted community health

interventions.
Additionally, in Johnson et al.'s (2020) study, it focused on pediatric palliative care and
hospice resources. It highlights the importance of having a solid understanding of the
opportunities, limitations, and strengths in this specialized field of healthcare. Their study
not only provides strong evidence for the necessity of community needs assessments, but
it also shows how important it is to conduct complete assessments since they lay the
groundwork for well-informed and successful intervention plans. The study's conclusions
greatly enhance and optimize pediatric palliative care services, providing insightful
information for healthcare practitioners, policymakers, and researchers that aim to meet the
particular needs of this vulnerable population on a larger state-wide scale.
Moreover, on the study by Gundran, C. P. D. et al. (2023) Given its geographical

location, the Philippines confronts substantial disaster risks, ranking third internationally in
the World Risk Report 2018. Despite government efforts, the country has disaster risk
reduction and management (DRRM) issues. Typhoon Sendong in 2011 and Typhoon Pablo
in 2012 exposed flaws in communication, teamwork, and the use of the incident command
system (ICS). Similar problems arose during Typhoon Yolanda in 2013. Several capacity-
building initiatives have been launched to address these difficulties, but gaps in disaster
response remain. The purpose of this research is to identify the obstacles that government
agencies encounter, assess their needs for developing disaster simulation training, and
provide insights for designing effective DRRM training programs, as a reference for
international organizations facing similar challenges.
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Furthermore, Purisima, E.M.R. et al. (2023) The aim of this descriptive quantitative
study was to examine the well-being of the community in Brgy. Napo and Sto. Domingo,
Ilocos Sur, had 149 household heads involved. Clean and Green, Growth and Prosperity,
Healthy Lifestyle, Safety and Security, Sense of Community, and Sustainable and
Connected Transportation were dependent factors, while socio-demographic characteristics
were independent variables. The information was gathered using a customized
questionnaire checklist and analyzed using mean and percentage calculations. According
to the report, the top causes of morbidity and mortality are hypertension and heart attacks.
While the community scored highly in characteristics of well-being such as a strong

sense of community, sustainable transportation, cleanliness, safety, and prosperity, it
ranked worse in terms of a healthy lifestyle. Local government support for livelihood
programs and digital initiatives, NGO aid for low-income families, the implementation of the
"Healthy NA'PO! Project" by the University of Northern Philippines, and proposals for further
qualitative research are among the recommendations.
In contrast, Treadwell et al. (2020) highlights the significance of a community-based

needs assessment. It focuses on healthcare disparities among adults and adolescents with
sickle cell disease. It says that this customized approach is essential to getting a deeper
comprehension of the particular challenges and barriers that people in the community
experience. The key finding of the study is that these kinds of evaluations lay the foundation
for creating focused intervention plans, which allow for a more effective response to
disparities in healthcare among sickle cell disease patients. By doing this, this study
provides policymakers and healthcare professionals with important insights to help them
adopt targeted initiatives that effectively address the unique healthcare requirements of this
population.
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Based on the local study of Amparado and Colonia's (2020) in Mandaue City,
Philippines, it underscores the important role of community needs assessment in
understanding localized needs. According to the research, this procedure is necessary and
realistically required for creating community programs that are effective. This conclusion
highlights the need of an individual approach based on local evaluations, considering the
particular opportunities and problems faced by the community. This realization has major
implications for community development, motivating professionals and decision-makers to
use context-specific approaches to make interventions more successful.
The study of Warguez et al. (2023) examined community involvement in coastal

resource management in Davao Oriental, Philippines, and was based on the importance of
understanding community needs in order to manage supplies effectively. The study
emphasizes how important it is to have an in-depth understanding of community needs in
order to build environmentally friendly, culturally, and socially appropriate strategies.
Beyond environmental issues, the research emphasizes the important part that community
assessments provide in developing programs that guarantee the efficacy and sustainability
of coastal resource management. The study offers a useful paradigm for practitioners and
policymakers aiming to implement comprehensive and community-centric approaches in
coastal resource management in Davao Oriental by emphasizing the interaction between
ecological, social, and cultural aspects.
Moreover, according to Boakye, M.D.S. et al. (2021) Community Health Workers

(CHWs) play a crucial role in extending basic healthcare to underserved populations. A
qualitative study in malaria-endemic districts in Kenya assessed the needs of CHWs
engaged in Community Case Management of malaria (CCMm). The study revealed that
CHWs considered working materials, particularly Rapid Diagnostic Tests (RDTs) and
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Antimalarial Drugs (ACT), as their primary needs, emphasizing the challenge of

frequent shortages in these essential supplies. Lack of recognition and respect, especially
from some healthcare facility staff, emerged as another concern affecting CHWs' morale.
Additionally, logistical needs like gumboots, bicycles, mobile phones, raincoats, uniforms,
and ID cards were identified, along with a strong desire for continuous training on malaria
management.
The study highlighted the importance of remuneration, as the current allowance

provided by NGOs was deemed inadequate. CHWs suggested a minimum amount of Ksh.
10,000 as fair compensation to sustain their commitment to community health work,
emphasizing the need for financial incentives to support the success of CCMm. Addressing
these multifaceted needs, including training, recognition, and fair compensation, is essential
for sustaining and enhancing the effectiveness of CHW programs in managing malaria in
communities.
In the study done by Burns, J. et al. (2020) The Community Needs Assessment (CNA)
method provided public health and nursing students with great learning opportunities by
exposing them to interprofessional teams and service-learning opportunities. The
assessment, which was conducted through semi structured interviews, allowed students to
grasp the role, structure, and function of the health center while also analyzing experiences
working with diverse communities. The findings were consistent with previous Adolescent
and Young Adult (AYA) health literature, highlighting common difficulties such as
depression, homelessness, and nutrition and weight disorders. The assessment's strength
resides in the school-linked clinic's extended and intensive care services, which address
sexual, reproductive, and behavioral health requirements while also being financially
accessible to AYAs. However, limitations include a small sample size, provider and staff
point of view, and the need for future interviews with AYAs to guarantee a more
comprehensive awareness of community needs.
23
However, as stated by Querri, A. et al. (2020) The study focuses at how barangay
health workers (BHWs) in the Philippines use the "thirteen folders," a critical dataset for
community health profiling under the Primary Health Care (PHC) plan. The study uses a
mixed-method approach involving descriptive epidemiology and qualitative analysis, as well
as structured interviews with nurses and BHWs in Manila City. Significant findings reveal a
failure to fulfill prescribed BHW to community ratios, which has an influence on community
profiling. Inconsistent BHW visits cause delays and missing information in the folders.
Difficulties such as delayed honorarium disbursement and redundant activities appear,
underlining the importance of optimizing BHW roles, addressing human resource shortages,
and streamlining chores for efficient community health efforts.
Moreover, as reported by Sarmiento, P. J. D. et al. (2021) On a global scale,

indigenous populations' overall well-being has been jeopardized due to limited access to
health and social welfare services, particularly for those living in rural or peripheral areas.
Academics from two South Korean and Philippine universities conducted community-based
research in an indigenous Aeta village in the highlands of Pampanga Province in the
Philippines' Central Luzon area. They explored family health and hygiene, as well as the
existing techniques used by this indigenous community to address their problems, using a
photovoice method and a community survey. According to the findings, the neighborhood
lacks essential human needs and services such as water, food, shelter, education, and
health care. They displayed resilience in managing their lives, however, by utilizing available
natural resources and drew power from group spirit. This study shed light on how higher
education institutions and other concerned organizations design efforts to aid vulnerable
populations and underserved communities like indigenous peoples.
Subsequently, Camacho, L. D. et al. (2020) study overall attempts to consolidate the

best methods and problems in mangrove rehabilitation in the Philippines, Myanmar, Japan,
24
China, and India. It used an in-depth study of secondary information including policy
documents and project reports, as well as participatory research activities with different
mangrove stakeholders like key informant interviews and focus group discussions. The
lessons learned and strategies devised were used to create a mangrove rehabilitation
framework/guideline. Case studies in the Philippines and Myanmar were used to assess the
appropriateness of the guideline. It was determined that mangrove rehabilitation will be
successful if 1) it is built around an integrated and ecosystem-based approach that

considers feedback between rehabilitation and other economic activities; 2) its scope
extends beyond mere planting; 3) local people are involved in planning and monitoring in
addition to implementation; 4) all stakeholders are informed of their roles and
responsibilities; and 5) species selection is based on ecological and silvicultural
considerations.
Community needs assessment in Developing Community

According to the Society for Community Research and Action (SCRA) policy position
statement by Buckingham et al. (2021), titled "The Roles of Settings in Supporting
Immigrants' Resistance to Injustice and Oppression," the document explores the vital role
of various settings in empowering immigrants to resist injustice and oppression.
Emphasizing community-based, faith-based, educational, and transnational organizing
settings, the statement advocates for dismantling oppressive structures within specific
contexts. Noteworthy for its clear articulation of critical principles and inclusion of concrete
examples, it serves as a valuable synthesis of existing research and theory. As a practical
guide for policymakers, practitioners, and community organizers, the article aligns with
community needs assessment principles and maintains objectivity by endorsing evidence-
based approaches. It underscores the transformative potential of settings as hubs for
supporting immigrants' resistance, contributing significantly to the discourse on addressing
25
immigrant communities' unique needs and encouraging further exploration in this vital area
of community research and action.
Similarly, the OECD's article, "Innovative Citizen Participation and New Democratic
Institutions: Catching the Deliberative Wave," the study explores citizen engagement
methods such as Citizens' Assemblies, Juries, and Panels, emphasizing their effectiveness
in addressing complex policy challenges and enhancing decision-making quality and trust
in government. Drawing from an extensive literature review, the article advocates for
integrating contemplative methods in governance. Relevant to the research on "Community
Needs Assessment," this credible OECD source expands understanding of diverse citizen
participation strategies, reinforcing the critical role of citizen engagement in decision-
making. While maintaining perspectives, the article identifies pivotal issues in the field,
serving as a valuable reference for exploring effective citizen engagement strategies for
community-driven initiatives and providing a robust foundation for future research in the
intersection of citizen participation and democratic institutions.
Furthermore, Lin et al.'s (2020) integrative review on community engagement for

Indigenous health research, the authors offer practical recommendations emphasizing the
importance of strong relationships and active community involvement. The article highlights
culturally appropriate methodologies and provides valuable insights into the cultural
nuances of Indigenous health research, serving as a framework for effective community
engagement strategies. The recommendations demonstrate a profound awareness of
cultural sensitivity, promoting a collaborative and respectful approach in fostering
meaningful research partnerships. Overall, Lin et al.'s work significantly contributes to
Indigenous health research by providing a nuanced, practical, and culturally sensitive guide
for researchers in the field.
26
Additionally, Williamson et al. (2020), in their article on community-based participatory

research (CBPR), the authors highlight the importance of involving community members at
all stages of research to address health issues. Emphasizing the significance of community
engagement from issue identification to intervention development, the article offers a
nuanced analysis of CBPR, discussing its potential to improve health outcomes, generate
relevant research findings, and build community trust. While providing valuable insights, it
is advisable to supplement this resource with additional sources for a comprehensive
understanding. The paper serves as a theoretical foundation for studies on community
needs assessment and program development, offering guidance for techniques in these
areas. Exploring CBPR's drawbacks and advantages aids in maximizing the benefits of
community-driven studies and anticipating challenges, aligning with study goals.
Moreover, Alegría, M., Zhen-Duan, J., O’Malley, I. S., & DiMarzio, K. (2022) More
community-based care interventions are made possible by the chance to rethink and
restructure the goals of mental health research and service delivery with marginalized
communities. In order to address the social and psychological needs that can be handled at
the community level as opposed to the clinical level, this entails forming multi sector
partnerships.
Subsequently, M. Hughes( 2022) study shows that using art in focus groups and close
collaboration between a public mental health board, academic faculty, student researchers,
local behavioral health organizations, and schools to create a better local system of care in
a rural midwestern county are two of this study's unique features. Also, for young children
with mental illness, early diagnosis and access to behavioral health services can improve
their health outcomes. The behavioral health needs of children and their families are
frequently unmet because of an inadequate local healthcare system. One rural county in the
Midwest was prepared to create a better local system of care by gaining a thorough grasp
27
of the situation through an extensive review of the scientific literature and an exploration of
the needs of all stakeholders within the community. A public mental health board, academic
faculty, student researchers, local behavioral health organizations, and schools work closely
together in this study, which is unique in that it uses art to facilitate visual mapping during
focus groups. Family dysfunction, a lack of resources, reliance on the educational system,
and difficulty accessing healthcare providers were identified as the main themes pertaining
to the barriers that currently exist. This method can be applied to other communities as a
model for a local needs assessment.
However, according to McNeish, R., Albizu-Jacob, A., & Memmoli, C. (2022). The
recognition of community engagement as a viable approach to optimizing the impacts of
public health programs exists despite obstacles such as power disparities that may impede
progress. Also, there has been a growing recognition of the importance of involving
communities as equitable partners in the development and implementation of community-
based programs.
Subsequently, as mentioned in the study of Greene, M. C., Huang, T. T., Giusto, A.,
Lovero, K. L., Stockton, M. A., Shelton, R. C. & Wainberg, M. L. (2021). Progress in the field
of global environmental health implementation research has unveiled encouraging
approaches to enhancing the availability of evidence-based environment services. But these
developments haven't resulted in a decline in the prevalence of health illnesses.
Additionally, in the study of Russell, K., Rosenbaum, S., Varela, S., Stanton, R., &
Barnett, F. (2023). The study examines that In rural areas, poor emotional and physical
health is an underappreciated burden. Effective interventions may be impacted by rural
communities' degree of engagement and preparedness to accept or even adjust.
28
Community engagement should involve relevant stakeholders, individuals, and their support
networks for interventions to be culturally appropriate.
According to Mallari et al., in the study of Barangay Health Workers (BHWs) in the
Philippines, published in BMC Health Services Research in 2020, the roles, motivations,
and lived experiences of these volunteers supporting community healthcare are explored.
Financial incentives, selflessness, and social duty drive BHWs, but despite improving health
outcomes, the program faces sustainability challenges. The paper advocates for further
investigation into the motivation and support systems of community health workers, offering
valuable insights for your study on "Community Needs Assessment" to develop a
community-driven framework.
Additionally, the study conducted by Noack, A. et al. (2020), Along with the paper titled
"Social innovation in rural regions: older adults and creative community development”. Rural
social innovation research is critical for influencing the future of creative community
development and addressing the needs of older people. Scholars, policymakers, and
community organizers will benefit from the synthesis of past studies. It emphasizes the
necessity of social innovation in encouraging comprehensive and sustainable community
development, particularly in fulfilling the unique needs of rural aging populations. The
analysis emphasizes the complex interplay of technology, community involvement, and
creative care models, emphasizing the importance of inclusivity, teamwork, and cultural
understanding. To provide contextually relevant solutions, the study recommends
multidisciplinary research that incorporates elements from community development,
technology, sociology, and gerontology. This overview provides practical solutions for
lawmakers and community leaders by addressing the complex dynamics of rural regions,
the diverse needs of older people, and the transformative potential of social innovation. It
29
serves as a road map for future research projects focused at making rural older people's
lives more inclusive, resilient, and sustainable.
In Contrast, the study of Corpuz, Time, and Afalla (2022) addresses community
empowerment in a different context by using the extension services of a Philippine teacher
education institution. The study emphasizes how important it is to do a community needs
assessment as a first step towards developing extension programs that empower people
and meet their educational needs. This research has contributed to a realization that goes
beyond appreciating the value of educational outreach. It emphasizes how important it is for
educational establishments, including teacher education providers, to match their extension
services to the unique needs and goals of the communities they serve. This study promotes
a cooperative strategy in which academic institutions actively interact with local communities
to provide customized extension services that elevate and assist them.
Moreover, Sharma et al.'s (2022) systematic review, focused on perinatal health in the
aftermath of natural disasters, the authors examine nine studies to emphasize the
importance of employing an intersectional framework in disaster response. While identifying
gaps in the literature and advocating for further research, the article contributes significantly
to the discourse on disaster preparedness within the broader theme of "Community Needs
Assessment." Despite falling short in specific service enhancement recommendations, it
serves as a valuable resource for researchers and policymakers, shedding light on perinatal
care in community-focused disaster planning and urging further exploration for evidence-
based policies and interventions.
Furthermore, as mentioned in the study of Siddiqui, S., Morris, A., Ikeda, D. J., Balsari,
S., Blanke, L., Pearsall, M., & Naslund, J. A. (2022). These initiatives will need to modify
programs to target the particular traits of the target group, such as access to technology,
culture, literacy, and the social determinants. While obtaining private funding is essential to
30
a program's continued success, the initiatives that seemed to succeed the most were
frequently those that received support from both the federal and local governments.
Krings and Schusler's (2020) research makes a significant contribution by examining

the equity aspect of sustainable development, specifically focusing on community
responses to environmental development. To promote equitable and sustainable growth, it
is important to understand the requirements of the community when it comes to
environmental changes. The conclusion that was reached from this research emphasizes
the difficulties caused by environmental development even more. It emphasizes how
community-focused approaches are essential to preventing development projects from
unintentionally displacing or eliminating disadvantaged communities. As always to lessen
the negative effects of environmental changes on vulnerable communities, policymakers
and practitioners should promote social fairness and inclusivity. The study's findings support
a careful and community-centric approach to sustainable development planning.
Moreover, Gulakov, Vanclay, and Arts (2020) suggest a way for companies to do
better when helping local communities. When businesses want to make a positive impact in
a community, they should first try to figure out what the community actual needs. The
researchers believe that if businesses incorporate this information into the planning of their
good acts, it will make their efforts more purposeful and well-informed. They refer to this
understanding as a "community needs assessment." The study also emphasizes how
beneficial corporate social responsibility is to both the community and the business. This
study offers practical guidance to companies seeking to improve the communities in which
they operate.
Similarly, the study of Dapar and Alejandro (2020) on ethnobotanical practices in

indigenous communities in the Philippines, the importance of understanding commonly used
31
knowledge and medical needs. According to the study, it is possible to develop healthcare
interventions and policies that are both culturally appropriate and effective by including
indigenous ideas into community needs assessments. By ensuring that interventions are in
line with the specific cultural settings of these communities, the acknowledgement of
traditional knowledge promotes a more comprehensive strategy that encourages
collaboration and understanding between parties.
Moreover, according to Johnson, K., et al. (2020) The aim of this study is to examine
the present landscape of pediatric palliative care (PPC) in Georgia and suggest
opportunities for improvement. Recognizing inequalities in PPC resource availability, the
community needs assessment (CNA) investigates the scope and gaps in PPC and pediatric
hospice programs throughout the state. Data synthesis highlights key aspects such as
defining and offering PPC, the local environment for PPC, coordination and collaboration,
and the future of PPC in Georgia. Recommendations include improving PPC education for
clinicians and patients, as well as forming a formal network or coalition of PPC professionals
to coordinate efforts across care levels. This review will serve as the foundation for
collaborative activities including hospital-based doctors, state hospice groups, and
policymakers to improve PPC accessibility for Georgia's children and families.
Additionally, according to Pedersen, J. F. et al. (2022) This study investigates

techniques for involving the public in the design, development, and implementation of
community health services, considering the wide diversity of methodologies and
conceptualizations within this sector. In April 2021, a thorough search across seven
databases yielded 39 relevant studies. There are two major groups of public involvement
strategies that have emerged: multiple method approaches and single method approaches,
both of which include a variety of engagement activities. The methods used were generally
participatory or community-based, with a range of tactics used to facilitate group
32
conversations, idea sharing, and group procedures. This overview is intended to assist
agencies and practitioners in selecting acceptable strategies for effective public involvement
in community health services, while highlighting the need for additional research and
thorough evaluation of these approaches' effects, particularly during the implementation
phase.
Furthermore, as stated by Park, H. N. et al. (2022) This study investigates the

educational needs and priorities of care coordinators among nurses in South Korea,
considering the new position of care coordinators. An online survey was done with 661
current or retired nurses to analyze 17 important competencies for care coordinators based
on a literature analysis. The findings highlight five key priorities for educational needs,
including 'Health program planning and evaluation,' 'Care planning,' 'Coordinatincommunity-
based services,' 'Case management,' and 'Transitional care.' Secondary priorities include
'Population health management' and 'Welfare resource linkages via communicating with
social workers.
Similarly, Masangkay et al. (2020) provides insight into the importance of water quality
when assessing community needs, especially for the indigenous Hanunuo Mangyan tribe in
the Philippines. The study makes sense that thorough assessments of the quality of the
water are essential for meeting basic necessities and ensuring the general welfare of
communities. The conclusion from this study highlights the importance of community
extension services in supporting the sustainable development and well-being of indigenous
people. These services should be customized to meet demands, such those related to water
quality. The study highlights the importance of community-based and localized approaches
to ensure the success and relevance of treatments within these distinct cultural contexts by
concentrating on this crucial feature.
33
Community needs assessment Programs and Services

According to Carandang et al. (2020), the study explores the effectiveness of peer
counseling, social engagement activities, and their combination in mitigating depressive
symptoms among Filipino senior citizens. The research indicates that all three interventions
improved depressive symptoms, psychological resilience, and social support. The combined
intervention had the most significant positive impact, although effects on loneliness varied.
This study offers valuable insights into the feasibility and effectiveness of community-based
mental health interventions for older Filipinos in resource-limited settings. It advocates for
integrating such services into community programs, emphasizing the need to tailor
interventions to address specific community needs and preferences.
In Addition, Colón et al. (2023), in their study "Community Forums as Amplifiers of

Communities' Voices: Isolated Communities in Puerto Rico," community forums play a
crucial role in amplifying the voices of isolated communities in Puerto Rico. The research
highlights the significance of these forums for underprivileged populations, emphasizing
their role as vital spaces for interaction, story-sharing, and advocacy. Addressing challenges
such as resource scarcity, the study underscores how community forums facilitate
cooperation, information exchange, and collective action to overcome adversities.
Grounded in academic literature, the research provides a unique perspective on Puerto
Rico's post-natural catastrophe landscape and suggests potential avenues for future
research. The practical implications lie in contributing to culturally sensitive approaches for
assessing community needs and developing community-driven initiatives, offering valuable
insights for scholars exploring technology's role in empowering communities.
This aligns with Local Government Association's article on "Community Engagement:

Building a Partnership with Residents in Changing Times," community engagement plays a
crucial role, particularly during periods of low trust. The article highlights challenges and
34
offers essential steps for councils to improve their practices, emphasizing the importance of
nurturing community relationships, active listening, and involving residents in decision-
making. Authored by the reputable Local Government Association in the UK, the article
provides credible and actionable guidance, making it a valuable resource for councils aiming
to enhance community engagement. This aligns with the research titled "Community Needs
Assessment: A Framework for Developing Community-Driven Programs and Services,"
reinforcing the argument that effective engagement is foundational to creating programs that
genuinely meet community needs.
However, the article "Engaging Communities in Non-communicable Disease

Research and Interventions in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Realist Review
Protocol" by Klingberg et al. (2021), community engagement is crucial in addressing non-
communicable diseases (NCDs) in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). The authors
emphasize involving communities in designing and implementing NCD interventions to align
with local needs. Despite challenges like resource constraints, the article proposes a realist
review methodology to understand community engagement dynamics comprehensively.
However, its exclusive focus on LMICs may limit generalizability, and the absence of specific
recommendations for enhancing community engagement is a notable gap. Nevertheless,
the article aligns with the broader theme of community-driven approaches in health
promotion, significantly contributing to understanding community engagement in NCD
research, especially in resource-constrained settings, and highlighting the indispensable
role of community involvement in crafting effective interventions.
In Addition, Partelow and Manlosa's (2022) article, "Commoning the Governance," the
authors conduct a comprehensive review of literature on commoning as a governance
strategy, emphasizing the integration of power dynamics. The result is a nuanced framework
that aids in the analysis of commoning processes. Backed by theoretical foundations and
35
practical examples, including two case studies, the article's clarity and engaging style cater
to a broad audience. The proposed framework serves as a valuable tool, contributing
significantly to scholarly discourse on governance strategies. Its relevance extends beyond
its immediate focus, aligning with broader themes of community participation and
empowerment, as evidenced by its connection to research on community needs
assessment. Partelow and Manlosa's synthesis of literature and practice deepens our
understanding of participatory governance and community development, enriching
perspectives on effective governance overall. In summary, their article makes a timely and
valuable contribution to the evolving domains of commoning, governance, and community
development.
According to Simen-Kapeu et al.'s (2021) study in the Journal of Global Health, Liberia
responded to the Ebola outbreak by enhancing its community health program to bolster
primary healthcare and resilience against future crises. Titled "Strengthening the
Community Health Program in Liberia: Lessons Learned from a Health System Approach,"
the research employed a government-led health system analysis, identifying challenges and
proposing policy shifts through workshops and qualitative surveys. Advocating for a
standardized community health program with well-trained assistants, the study emphasizes
the importance of coordination, a systems approach, and community engagement. Aligned
with principles in "Community Needs Assessment," the research provides nuanced insights
into post-Ebola recovery and community health program development, highlighting the role
of community engagement in shaping design, identifying priorities, and ensuring
sustainability for future health system-strengthening efforts.
In line with this, Rice, K., Seidman, J., & Mahoney, O. (2022). The fields of health
policy and research have adopted novel strategies to address health equity, moving past
conventional approaches that frequently ignored the input of patients and people with lived
36
experience. Fountain House has implemented community-based participatory action

research (CBPAR) protocols in their research and service initiatives because of these
considerations.
Moreover, according to Trawver, K. R., Brocious, H., & Aguiniga, D. M. (2020), It is

recommended and occasionally mandated that health professionals in both rural and urban
areas employ evidence-based practices or services (EBPs). On the other hand, not much
is known about the corpus of pertinent empirical data that can guide the successful
application of EBPs in rural health practice. This study set out to perform an exploratory
systematic review of a subset of recent literature that described the testing of behavioral or
psychosocial health interventions on a rural population.
As mentioned in the study of Farah N. Mawani, Sureya Ibrahim (2020). An innovative

community-based peer support walking and rolling program called Intervention Building
Roads Together was created to encourage inclusivity and lessen health disparities. It has
won numerous awards, and some studies show that social support from peers, walking, and
being in green spaces all reduce social isolation and enhance physical and mental well-
being.
In connection, based on the study of H.Kim (2022). Fast aging of the population, rising
healthcare costs, and institutionalization is continuously growing. Despite initiatives to
support community-based health care, there are few reliable programs and valid self-
checkup instruments available to evaluate the health and mental functioning of the people
in the community.
According to the study of Stockton et al. (2021) the implementation of the World Health
Organization (WHO) building blocks in rural community health services, providing valuable
37
insights for community needs assessment programs and services. The claim posits that a
comprehensive understanding and application of the WHO building blocks are fundamental
to the success of rural community health services. This is grounded in the belief that effective
healthcare systems rely on key components such as service delivery, health workforce,
information systems, leadership, medical products, and financing. The realization drawn
from the study underscores the importance of integrating the WHO building blocks into
community health services to ensure a well-rounded and sustainable approach. By
addressing each building block, communities can enhance service accessibility, improve
healthcare delivery, and promote overall well-being. Therefore, the study supports the claim
that incorporating the WHO building blocks is essential for developing and implementing
successful community needs assessment programs and services, especially in rural
settings.
The study conducted by Zeledon et al. (2020) sheds light on the collaborative
partnerships among American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) communities in California
to address the opioid epidemic, emphasizing the importance of targeted interventions and
community needs assessment programs and services. The study emphasizes it possible
that working together is essential to addressing complicated health problems like the opioid
crisis, especially in indigenous communities. The study's conclusion highlights how well
community-based needs assessments—more especially, the Tribal Medication Assisted
Treatment (MAT) key informant needs assessment—identify and address the particular
difficulties that AI/AN community’s encounter. Communities can customize interventions
and services to address particular needs related to substance misuse and mental health by
performing focused evaluations. Therefore, the study supports the claim that collaborative
partnerships and needs assessments are important components of successful community
programs and services, particularly in the context of addressing complex health challenges
like the opioid epidemic among indigenous populations.
38
Additionally, James et al. (2022) study, which focuses on a community-engaged

needs assessment of Deaf American Sign Language users in Florida, offers helpful details
about the needs of the community. According to the study's results, community engagement
is crucial when doing needs assessments, especially for underrepresented or marginalized
groups like the Deaf. The conclusion reached by the study emphasizes the importance to
adapt services and programs according to the particular needs found through community
assessment. Furthermore, the research supports the idea that community participation in
the evaluation process increases the significance and effectiveness of the programs and
services that follow. In summary, the study supports a needs assessment methodology that
is community-driven, guaranteeing that the identified requirements of populations—like Deaf
Americans—are met.
However, based on van Scherpenseel (2023) and his colleagues, fall prevention is
one of them that can be addressed in a community program. It can raise awareness among
older adults in their everyday lives. The study says that particular strategies are necessary
to provide the different needs and preferences of older adults in the community. It also
emphasizes the importance of an individualized and personalized approach. The qualitative
results emphasize the needs like social networks, personal interests, and mobility of the
individual when encouraging active engagement in fall prevention initiatives.
Additionally, the study of Fien, S. (2022). Characteristics of community-based exercise

programs for community-dwelling older adults in rural/regional areas highlighted future
research directions and characterized studies in the field that attempted to implement
community-based programs in settings classified as rural or regional. Also, elders who
participate in community-based exercise programs may be able to lessen the negative
effects of aging on their functional outcomes, body composition, psychological outcomes,
and cardiovascular health. Few people are aware of the features and efficacy of community-
39
based fitness programs, especially when those programs are provided outside of major
cities. Rural and regional environments present difficulties, including restricted access to
services, transportation, and equipment/resources, as well as high program operating costs.
Characterizing research in the field that has attempted to implement community-based
programs in settings classified as rural or regional was the goal of this scoping review.
Establishing guidelines for upcoming exercise regimens in this context and outlining
potential future research avenues were the secondary goals.
Subsequently, Alarte, M. V. H. (2022), in Sitio Sapa, Barangay San Rafael, Rodriguez,

Rizal, serves as a valuable basis for the Social Welfare Extension Program of the University
of Rizal System, Rodriguez, Rizal. The study's conclusions emphasize the important
function that localized needs assessments play in guiding and establishing university
extension initiatives. The realization drawn from the study emphasizes the significance of
aligning academic initiatives with the identified needs of specific communities. Moreover,
the research supports the idea that community-based assessments facilitate the
development of targeted and responsive social welfare programs. In essence, this study
underscores the importance of integrating community needs assessments into the planning
and implementation of university extension services, ensuring a meaningful impact on the
communities served.
Moreover, Bourbon and Ylagan (2021) study focused on the impact assessment on
the Tourism Community Extension Project in the SHL Restoration Village highlights the vital
role of community needs assessment in guiding and evaluating extension initiatives. The
study emphasizes how focused evaluations support a community-centered and responsive
strategy by making community interventions more effective and long-lasting. By
understanding the specific needs and challenges of the SHL Restoration Village, the project
40
can effectively address the unique requirements of the community, fostering a collaborative
and empowering environment that enhances overall community well-being.
As stated by Bhawra et al. (2022) highlight the significance of needs assessments in

community-based research, particularly in rural and Indigenous populations facing access
challenges. Recognizing the potential of digital devices, especially smartphones, this paper
introduces a framework for needs assessments integrating digital platforms in collaboration
with Indigenous communities. The study, conducted in a subarctic Métis community in
Saskatchewan, Canada, involved an Advisory Council comprising Knowledge Keepers,
Elders, and youth. Through an environmental scan, key informant interviews, and focus
groups, four community priorities were identified: the Coronavirus pandemic, climate change
impacts, mental health and wellbeing, and food security. The paper concludes with
recommendations for community-based needs assessments, emphasizing the importance
of self-governance and data sovereignty in implementing digital infrastructure.
Moreover, according to Jafree et al. (2023) conducted a study in seven underprivileged

regions of Lahore City, Pakistan, to explore the socioeconomic determinants of mother and
child health (SDoH). Through ten Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) and twenty-two
Qualitative In-depth Interviews involving various community members, including family
members, healthcare personnel, and religious leaders, the study identified several
environmental and socioeconomic barriers adversely affecting maternal and child health.
These barriers encompassed issues such as inadequate food safety, housing quality,
sanitation, public sector school services, safety and security, poverty alleviation efforts,
transportation, internet services, and health services. The study emphasizes the need for
collaboration among the primary health sector, local governance, and macro state structures
to address these challenges and improve housing, food security, public services, safety,
and poverty reduction to achieve maternal and child health targets in Pakistan.
41
In the study done by Argawal et al. (2023) conducted a study focusing on seniors
residing in subsidized housing who face challenges such as lower income, poorer health,
and an increased risk of cardiometabolic diseases and falls, with seniors constituting a
significant portion of Emergency Medical Services (EMS) calls. The research assessed the
efficacy of the Community Health Assessment Program through EMS (CHAP-EMS) in
mitigating blood pressure, diabetes risk, and EMS calls. Paramedics on modified duty
conducted weekly drop-in sessions, offering one-on-one assessments, health education,
resource referrals, and follow-ups. Regular reports were sent to family physicians. The
intervention spanned one year, during which blood pressure was monitored continuously,
and diabetes risk was evaluated at baseline and 6–12 months. The study aimed to
determine the impact of CHAP-EMS on the health outcomes of seniors in subsidized
housing.
Subsequently, Singh, S. et al. A study involving 486 hospitals from the 2018-2021
period found significant alignment between identified health needs and hospital strategies
to address them in the context of nonprofit hospitals collaborating with local health
departments on community health needs assessments (CHNAs). The study discovered that
this alignment was strong even without collaboration with local health administrations,
highlighting the hospitals' independence in this area. However, one major exception was
identified: engagement with the local health department remained critical for improving
alignment, particularly in addressing substance use problems. This implies that such
collaborations help hospitals be more effective in tackling health concerns outside of their
typical specialty, notably in the area of substance abuse.
In Addition, the study of Oliffe, J. (2020) is about Community-based men’s health

promotion programs: eight lessons learnt and their caveats. Community-based programs
that target men have grown rapidly in the 2000s, and throughout this vast body of creative
42
work, experiential and empirical insights provide some crucial lessons learned and cautions
to direct current and future efforts. This article presents eight key takeaways for community-
based men's health promotion program design, content, recruitment, delivery, evaluation,
and scaling. Also, developing activity-based programming, getting men's consent and
affirmation to challenge masculine norms, addressing social determinants of health and
men's health disparities, and integrating content to improve men's health literacy are all
important aspects of designing lessons. Lessons learned about men-friendly environments,
tactics for attracting and keeping new members, the necessity of implementing program
evaluations gradually, and the boundaries of program sustainability and growth are all
covered in detail. The lessons learned are illustrated through a variety of community-based
programs, and specific caveats are provided to contextualize and advise on certain aspects
of the shared lessons. The specific goal of this article is to provide guidance for future and
current work in the rapidly expanding field of community-based men's health promotion by
addressing lessons learned and their limitations.
Nonetheless, as stated by Hall, J. et al. (2020) A needs assessment was undertaken

with street-level sex workers in a community-based participatory research study in a mid-
sized city in Ontario, Canada, to explore factors contributing to better safety and dignity
within their community. Twenty-four women who visited a peer-led drop-in center
(SafeSpace) took part in in-depth interviews, and observational data on requested items
was collected during a six-month period. The underlying theme of relationships emerged as
critical to participants' abilities to live and work with increased safety and dignity.
Relationships to public spaces, community services, and the value of peer-driven drop-in
centers were all subthemes. The findings emphasize the importance of relationships,
particularly peer ties, in sex workers' feeling of dignity, self-worth, safety, and access to
resources.
43
Synthesis
The literature and studies that are reviewed are focused on what to assess to know
what the community needs. In this study, there are four identified themes: first, Community
Needs Assessment; second, Community Needs Assessment in Developing Community;
and lastly, Community Needs Assessment Programs and Services.
Community needs assessments highlighted in various studies, play a crucial role in

shaping effective and context-specific interventions. The focus of the studies is on
collaborative strategies, recognizing the importance of Community-Based Organizations
(CBOs), equitable collaboration, and continuous community engagement. The studies cover
diverse areas, including health integration, climate change, mental health post-COVID-19,
forced relocations' impact, and the role of Community Health Workers (CHWs). The
importance of tailored interventions for specific populations, disaster risk reduction, and
optimizing roles like Barangay Health Workers (BHWs) are also underscored. Overall, these
assessments guide programs and policies to address community needs comprehensively.
The studies on “Community needs assessment in developing communities” offers a

comprehensive framework for community-driven programs and services. Key insights
include the importance of diverse settings for empowering immigrants, innovative citizen
participation methods, and culturally sensitive approaches to Indigenous health research.
The studies highlight motivations and challenges of community health workers, stress the
need for intersectional frameworks in disaster response, and advocate for community-based
participatory research. Additionally, they address mental health, social justice, global
environmental health, and rural health, emphasizing tailored interventions, outdoor spaces
for well-being, and digital transformation in rural tourism. Overall, the synthesis provides a
concise, yet comprehensive understanding of community needs assessment, advocating
44
for inclusivity, cultural sensitivity, and evidence-based strategies to foster resilient and
sustainable communities.
Furthermore, “Community needs assessment Programs and services” entails that in

order to inform the development of programs and services that address those needs, a
community needs assessment is a methodical process that identifies and analyzes the
needs, strengths, and resources of a community. Also, programs and services for
community needs assessments entail comprehending the essential elements and
advantages of these evaluations, along with the consequences for efficient community
growth. Community needs assessments promote a holistic understanding of a community's
dynamics. Beyond immediate needs, they also consider long-term goals and aspirations,
fostering sustainable development. The programs and services developed based on a
comprehensive assessment are more likely to contribute to the overall well-being and
resilience of the community. Lastly, community needs assessment programs and services
are integral to fostering responsive, effective, and sustainable community development. By
systematically identifying and addressing the unique needs of a community, organizations
and governments can enhance the quality of life for residents and contribute to the overall
resilience and vitality of the community.
Research Gaps
Insufficient exploration of effective and inclusive strategies for engaging communities
in the development and implementation of healthcare interventions may indicate a research
gap. Investigating innovative approaches to community involvement, with a focus on
ensuring diverse voices are heard and considered, could contribute to more successful and
sustainable interventions.
45
The research may suffer from a deficiency in standardized and validated measurement
tools for a comprehensive assessment of community needs. A valuable contribution could
involve developing or refining measurement tools tailored to the context of community-driven
programs.
Some studies may not adequately address health disparities within communities. A
research gap could involve exploring how community needs assessments can specifically
target and address disparities to promote health equity.
46
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter clarifies the study's research methodology in detail. The researchers
discussed how the primary information, research objectives, and questions were gathered,
as well as the sampling technique, instrumentation, data collection procedure, and statistical
treatment of use.
Research Locale
The study will be conducted in selected barangays in Cabuyao, Laguna, specifically
Brgy. 1, Brgy. 2, Brgy. 3, Brgy. 4, Brgy. 5, Brgy. 6, Brgy. 7, Brgy. 8, Brgy. 9, Brgy. 10, Brgy.
11, and Brgy. 12. The study will be conduct via face-to-face interviews, wherein
respondents well interviewer in their houses or any comfortable place that the respondent
chose to. The researchers chose the place of implementation because it will give the
researchers the needed information for the community.
Respondents/Participants of the Study

The study will encompass the active involvement of families residing in 12 carefully
selected barangays within Cabuyao, Laguna. Each barangay was meticulously chosen to
ensure a diverse representation of the local community. The respondents were drawn from
Brgy. 1 (50 participants), Brgy. 2 (30 participants), Brgy. 3 (5 participants), Brgy. 4 (25
participants), Brgy. 5 (90 participants), Brgy. 6 (67 participants), Brgy. 7 (57 participants),
Brgy. 8 (9 participants), Brgy. 9 (5 participants), Brgy. 10 (2 participants), Brgy. 11 (6
participants), and Brgy. 12 (52 participants). This comprehensive selection aimed to capture
a broad spectrum of perspectives, ensuring a robust and representative dataset for the
survey questionnaire.
47
Sampling Design
The target population of this study will be the residents of Barangay 1, Brgy. 2, Brgy.
3, Brgy. 4, Brgy. 5, Brgy. 6, Brgy. 7, Brgy. 8, Brgy. 9, Brgy. 10, Brgy. 11, and Brgy. 12. The
study acquired the complete number of populations for each barangay for the years 2023–
2024.
The researchers use probability sampling, specifically the stratified random technique.
The researchers divided a population into subpopulations called strata based on specific
characteristics or demographic profiles. The researchers used Slovin’s formula to determine
the number of respondents they needed. The researchers will do this to ensure that every
character is appropriately represented in the sample.
“Sampling Size Table”

Barangay population
Barangay Total Population Sample Size Sample Size
1 35,565 12.63% 50
2 21,431 7.61% 30
3 3,722 1.32% 5
4 17,873 6.34% 25
5 63,414 22.51% 90
6 47,063 16.71% 67
7 40,038 14.21% 57
48
8 6,276 2.23% 9
9 3,824 1.36% 5
10 1,611 0.57% 2
11 4,430 1.57% 6
12 36,444 12.94% 52
Total 281,691 100% 399
Instrumentation
The instrumentation for this study corresponds to the instruments used to gather data
and information, and paper survey questionnaires will be utilized. Researchers believed that
paper survey questionnaires were the primary tool among the methods used for data
collection.
The design of the instrument was based on the researchers' statement of the problem.
The aim of this study was to determine the demands of a selected barangay of Cabuyao,
Laguna pertaining to quality education, gender well-being, entrepreneurship and livelihood,
industry and energy, food and safety, high governance, environment, and the availability of
resources. The survey is divided into section, contains a defined number of questions,
totaling 10 questions per agenda. Additionally, demographic data from the respondents will
be collected.
The researchers formed a Likert scale questionnaire in which participants would be

presented questions and needing a prioritization. For each section, participants were
required to select from choices such as "high priority”, "priority”, "not priority”, and "not
49
applicable”. The researchers distributed the same questionnaire to all participants, which
served as the primary data collection instrument.
Particularly, the survey used for this research had been adapted from the College of
Health and Science's community evaluation. The adaption consists of seven agendas with
ten questions each to fully represent the objectives and needs of the chosen barangay. The
main tool for gathering data will be a questionnaire that will be given to each participant.
Data Gathering Procedure

In gathering the data, a letter of request to survey each barangay will prepare and will
be signed by the Research Professor, Research Adviser, and the Dean. The researchers
will also submit a letter of request to survey the Barangay Chairman. Researchers provided
a survey questionnaire to give in 12 selected Barangays in Cabuyao Laguna. The survey
questionnaire will draw based on the researchers and the previous study. After approving
the request letter, the researchers will go to selected barangays to personally give the
survey questionnaire to the participants. They will also explain to the participants a brief
background of the study that has been conducted. This is done to gather information on the
Community Needs Assessment in each barangay. After the participants answer all the
questionnaires, the data will be collected and classified. The result of the study will be
identified based on the answers of the participants.
Statistical Treatment of Data

The researchers will examine the respondent’s questions and responses. The data
that will be gathered will be organized using a descriptive method. In this study, statistical
treatment will be identified as essential to effective data utilization. The researchers applied
statistical tools to evaluate and interpret the data once it had been tallied and processed.
50
The researchers facilitated the use of these statistical methods with the assistance of
a research statistician.
1. Frequency and Percentage Distribution
Used to calculate the percentage for profile data. The frequency is the number of
responses per statement as counted by the points allotted. It is also used in computing the
weighted mean of the variables. The formula follows:
𝑓
% = 𝑋 100
𝑁
Where: P - Percentage
F - Frequency of response
N - Number of respondents
100 - The constant in finding percent
2. Weighted Mean
refers to a method for determining an average or mean that gives various weights to
individual data points according to their relative significance or value.
The formula follows:
𝛴𝑓𝑛
𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 =
𝑛
Where: F - Frequency
W - Weights
N - Total Number of Sample
3. Standard Deviation
To identify the variability or spread of a distribution. It gives the average of all deviation
from the mean. It applies in the statement of the problem number 2
51
𝛴(𝑋𝑖 − 𝜇)2
𝜎 = √
𝑁
Where: 𝜎 – population of standard deviation

N – size of population
𝑥𝑖 – each value of population
𝜇 − 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛
4. ANOVA. Statistical test used to analyze the difference between the means of more than
two groups
𝑀𝑆𝑇
𝐹=
𝑀𝑆𝐸
Where: F = ANOVA coefficient
MST = mean sum of squares due to the treatment
MSE = mean sum of squares due to error
5. Slovin’s Formula. The same size was computed using Slovin's formula. Its formula was
as follows:
𝑁
𝑛 = 1+𝑁𝑒 2
Where: n = Sample size

N = Size of the population
e = Margin of error
52
Ethical Considerations
This research adhered to the following ethical principles:
Voluntary Participation. Participation in this study is voluntary and agreement to participate

can be withdrawn at any time without prejudice, right to refuse or discontinue without penalty
at any time as information becomes available that may affect their willingness to participate.
Confidentiality and Privacy. Researchers have access solely to the participants' data to
ensure that the information gathered will be kept with utmost security. The designated
location of the form is appropriate and only the researchers can access and use it for five
years.
Informed Consent Process. Informed consent contains the purpose of the research, the
methods, and an explanation of how the research will be conducted and grants the
participants the right to join or decline with impunity.
Risk and Safety. The researchers had advised participants that all precautions were taken
into account to prevent emotional harm and avoid social stigma.
Communicating Results. Researchers ensure that the research will be free from any form
of plagiarism or research misconduct, and results will be presented with accuracy and
precision.
Compensation. No financial compensation will be provided to any of the respondents. On

the other hand, there should be no amount of money or costs that respondent need to give
to complete this survey and their participation.
53
Confidentiality and Data Security. The identity and responses of each participant will be
kept confidential and anonymous. The acquired results will be utilized for academic and
research purposes for the completion of the institutional research. In compliance with the
Data Privacy Act of 2012, individual information will not be stated in the results. Furthermore,
the paper may be submitted for publication and/or presented at conferences/conventions with
no identifiable information that will be used in the write-up and/or presentation.
54
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63
A. Quality Education High Priority Not Not
Priority Priority Applicable
1. Pagbibigay ng Programa para sa

kasanayan sa pagbasa, pagsulat at
pagbilang.
(Literacy and numeracy program)
2. Programa sa Pagsulat
(Writing Programs)
3. Balik-aral para sa Alternative Learning

System (ALS)
(Review sessions for ALS)
4. Programa para sa mga Bata na may

Espesyal na Pangangailangan
(Programs for Children with special needs)
5. Pagtatasa at pagbibigay fidbak para sa

kaunlaran ng mga mag-aaral.
(Assessment and feedback mechanisms

for student progress)
64
6. Pagkakaroon ng mga Modernong
Kagamitang Pampagtuturo (halimbawa,
mga aklat, teknolohiya).
(Availability of modern teaching resources

(e.g., textbooks, technology))
7. Pagkakaroon ng mga ekstra-kurikular na

gawain para sa mga mag-aaral.
(Access to extracurricular activities for

students)
8. Pagpapalaganap ng kamalayan tungkol

sa serbisyong pangkalusugan
(Promoting awareness of community

resources for health services Promotion)
9. Pagbibigay ng kaalaman at mga

gawaing tutugon sa pangangailangang
pangkalusugan ng komunidad
(Healthcare education and Promotion

Activities to address health needs of the
community)
10. Pagpapaunlad na gawain at pagtuturo

para sa kabisaan ng kaalaman.
65
(Remedial and tutorial or
enhancement/enrichment classes)
B. Gender and Well-Being High Priority Not Not

1. Konsultang Medical at Dental
(Medical and dental mission)
2. Programa para sa Personal na

kaunlaran
(Personal development programs)
3. Pagpapahalaga sa kabutihang asal.
(Values formation)
4. Programa para sa Pampalakasan at

Pangkalusugan
(Sports and wellness program)
5. Katuruan tungkol sa Alternatibong

Gamot at Pagkakaroon ng malusog na
pangangatawan
66
(Alternative medicine and healthy Lifestyle)
6. Pagsasanay sa pagbibigay ng
pangunahing lunas.
(First-Aid Training)
7. Pagbibigay ng payo
(Counseling Advice)
8. Pagsasanay sa Pagtatanggol ng Sarili
(Self-defense training)
9. Pagsasanay upang maging handa ang

kaisipan ng mga magulang na may mga
Anak na may espesyal na
pangangailangan.
(Mental readiness for parents with children

w/ special needs)
10. Edukasyon pang nutrisyon at paraan

ng pamumuhay.
67
(Nutrition and Lifestyle Education)
C. Entrepreneurship and Sustainable High Priority Not Not

Livelihood Priority Priority Applicable
1. Mga workshop o programa sa komunidad

tungkol sa negosyo at pagpapaunlad ng
maliit na Negosyo
(Community workshops or programs on

entrepreneurship and small business
development).
2. Programang Pangkabuhayan 1: Mga

Nareresiklong materyales
(Livelihood program 1: Recyclable

materials)
3. Programang Pangkabuhayan 2: Paggawa

ng kandila
68
(Livelihood program 2: Candle-making)

ng Sabon o Dishwashing Liquid
(Livelihood program 3: Soap/dishwashing

liquid)
5. Mga kurso sa TESDA: paggawa ng damit,

pagba-bake, manikyur/pedikyur, masahe,
bookkeeping, virtual assistance, call center
(TESDA COURSES: dress making, baking,

mani/pedicure, massage, bookkeeping,
virtual assistance, call center)
6. Pag-aaral ng Pagproseso ng Pagkain
(Food Processing Course)
7. Pagsasanay sa E-commerce at Online

Entrepreneurship
(E-commerce and online entrepreneurship

training)
69
8. Programang nagbibigay kaalaman sa

komunidad na isinusulong ng mga
entrepreneur upang ipaalam sa mga
residente ang mga benepisyo sa kalusugan
ng kanilang Negosyo
(Community awareness programs initiated

by entrepreneurs to educate residents about
the health benefits of their business)
9. Iba’t ibang hanapbuhay na may

kaugnayan sa kalusugan sa loob ng
komunidad
(Health-care related livelihoods within the

community)
10. Pagsasakatuparan ng mga kampanya

tungkol sa pangkalusugan sa pamamagitan
ng lokal na mga negosyante
(Implementation of community health

awareness campaigns through local
entrepreneurial initiatives.)
70
D. Industry, Energy and Emerging High Priority Not Not
Technology Priority Priority Applicable
1. Malinis at Likas na Enerhiya
(Clean and Renewable Energy)
2. Kakayanang makabuo ng programa 1:

Pagsasanay sa Impormasyon at Literasiya
(Capability-building program 1 Information

and literacy training)
3. Sistema ng Pag-iimbak ng Enerhiya
(Energy storage system)
4. Pagtatala ng maayos na sistema.
(Inventory Management System)
5. Mobile app para sa pagpapakalat ng

impormasyon sa komunidad
71
(Mobile App on Information Dissemination)
6. Pagpapayo sa Pagtitipid ng Enerhiya sa

tahanan para sa bawat pamilya
(Saving Energy at Home Tips and Tricks

for Families)
7. Pagbukas ng usapin tungkol sa mga

nauuso.
(Open Discussions on Emerging Trends)
8. Pamumuhunan upang magkaroon ng

charging station sa bawat transportasyong
elektikal.
(Investing in infrastructure for electric

vehicles and charging station)
9. Mga programang nagbibigay edukasyon

at pagsasanay na nakatuon sa mga
teknolohiya sa industriya at sektor ng
enerhiya.
(Education and training programs focused

on emerging technologies in the industry
and energy sectors)
10. Pagpapatupad ng “telehealth

technologies” para sa pagsusuri ng mga
72
pasyente sa malalayong lugar sa
komunidad
(Implementation of telehealth technologies

for remote patient monitoring in the
community)
E. Food Safety and Security High Priority Not Not

1. Pagbibigay kaalaman at kasanayan sa

kaligtasan at kahalagahan ng pagkain sa
loob ng komunidad
(Aware of food and safety practices within

the community)
2. Paggawa at Pag-preserba ng Pagkain
(Food processing and preservation)
3. Programang pangkalusugan para sa

mga bata
(Feeding Program to children)
4. Teknolohiya: Sistema ng Paglilinis ng

Tubig
73
(Tech Transfer: Water Filtration System)
5, Edukasyong nagbibigay kaalaman kung

paano magbalanse ng pagkain
(Educational Sessions for Balanced Diets)
6. Pagbibigay payo kung paano

magkaroon ng malinis na kapaligiran
kapag nagluluto
(Practical Tips for a Clean Cooking

Environment)
7. Handa ang komunidad kapag nagkaroon

ng problema tungkol sa pagkain
(Community is prepared to handle food

safety emergencies or outbreaks)
8. Pagtataguyod at pagsasagawa ng mga

hakbang para sa kaligtasan ng pagkain
(Actively engaged in promoting and

practicing food safety measures)
74
9. Pamumuhunan ng kumunidad at
pagbibigay prayoridad sa malinis na
pagkain para sa pangmatagalang
benepisyo sa kalusugan
(Community invest in and prioritize food

safety initiatives for long-term public health
benefits)
10. Pagsusuri para tiyakin ang kaligtasan

ng mga produkto ng pagkain na mayroon
sa komunidad
(Inspection and monitoring systems in

ensuring the safety of food products
available in the community)
F. High Governance High Priority Not Not

1. Isinusulong ang mga plano na may

kahusayan para sa interes ng mga
residente
(Makes plan with its resident’s best interest

in mind)
75
2. Nagtatrabaho kasama ang lokal na
negosyante upang mapabuti ang mga
pampublikong lugar.
(Works with local business owners to

improve public and shared spaces to
create a sense of community)
3. Nagtatrabaho upang lumikha ng

positibong kinabukasan para sa komunidad
(Is working to create a positive future for

the community)
4. May kaalaman sa mga oportunidad

upang makipag-ugnayan sa mga lider ng
komunidad
(Aware of opportunities to engage with

community leaders)
5. Interesado sa pagkakataon na magbigay

ng kaalaman sa mga lider ng komunidad
hinggil sa mga lokal na isyu.
(Interested in the opportunity to provide

feedback to community’s leaders regarding
local issue)
6. Pakikipagtulungan sa mga nagbibigay

ng serbisyong pangkalusugan para sa
76
maayos at dekalidad na pangangalaga sa
kalusugan.
(Collaborates with healthcare providers for

accessible and quality healthcare services)
7. Tumutugon sa mga pangangailangan at

hinaing ng mga residente sa komunidad
(Community's response to the needs and

concerns of its residents)
8. Nagbibigay ng mahahalagang
impormasyon tungkol sa pamamahala at
pampublikong mga gawain sa mga
residente.
(The community communicates important

information about governance and public
affairs to its residents.)
9. Ang mga lider ng komunidad ay

nakatutok sa pagsusulong ng sa mga
proseso ng paggawa ng desisyon .
(Community leaders prioritize transparency

in decision-making processes)
10. Pagpapahalaga sa fidbak ng

komunidad sa pagpapabuti ng mga
77
serbisyo sa pangangalagang
pangkalusugan
(Value of community feedback in improving

healthcare services)
G. Biodiversity and Environment High Priority Not Not

Conservation Priority Priority Applicable
1. Pakikilahok ng Komunidad sa Paggawa

ng mga desisyon Tungkol sa Kapaligiran
(Community Engagement in Environmental

Decision Making)
2. Pamamahala ng Basura
(Waste Management)
3. Pagbibigay ng kaalaman kung paano ang

tamang pagsusuri ng mga maaaring
maging sanhi ng kapahamakan
(Capacity Building on National Hazard risk

Assessment)
4. Pagbibigay ng impormasyon kung paano

gumawa ng mga materyales (brochure,
78
video, poster) na nagpapalaganap ng
kaalaman tungkol sa kalikasan.
(Development of Information-Education-
Communication (IEC) materials on
Environment)
5. Pagbibigay ng edukasyon patungkol sa

kapaligiran (pagbabago ng klima, mga
hakbang sa adaptasyon, at rehabilitasyon)
(Environment education (climate change,

adaptation measures and environmental
rehabilitations))
6. Probisyon sa kalusugan at ligtas na

kapaligiran para sa mga batang may
espesyal na pangangailangan.
(Provisions on health and safety

environment for children with special
needs)
7. Pagpapatupad ng mga gawi o

pagsasanay para sa pagpapanatili ng
kagubatan.
(Implementation of sustainable forestry

management practices)
79
8. Kamalayan sa Paggamit ng mga kemikal
tulad ng pesticides at herbicides para sa
pagpatay sa mga pesteng nakakasira sa
mga tanim.
(Awareness of the use of pesticides and

herbicides).
9. Mga Programa sa Pagpapabuti ng

Kalidad ng Hangin
(Air Quality Improvement Programs)
10. Pangangalaga sa Natural na

kapaligaran o tahanan ng mga may buhay.
(Preservation of Natural Habitats)

80
APPENDICES
APPENDIX B
VALIDATED RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
COMMUNITY NEEDS ASSESSMENT SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRES

Dear Respondents,
This survey is to determine the needs of your community and to understand the
priorities for improvements. Your thoughts really matter, and we promise that your
responses will be confidential. We appreciate your participation!
- From: Researchers
Instructions
81
1. We want to know how you view your community, so we are inviting you to participate in
a research study for community needs. Your opinions are important. This questionnaire will
take approximately 20 minutes to complete.
2. All your individual responses are confidential. We will use results of the surveys to improve
our understanding of the needs in the community.
3. Please read each question and mark the response that best represents your views of
community needs.
Name of Respondents (Optional):
Age: L 18-24 Gender: Male Female
eL 25-34 Civil status: Single
ne 35-44 Married
gn
45-54 Divorced/Seperated
tg
55 and above Widowed
ht
Employment
o Status: Employed Family Size: 2-4
h
fo Full-time 5-10
Rf Part-time 10 and above
eR
Unemployed
se
is
d
Length ofi Residency:
ed
ne
Barangays:
cn
Banlic y Pittland
c L
Casile :y e Población Uno
Gulod : n Población Dos
Mamatid g Poblacion Tres
t
Banaybanay Niugan
h
Marinig o Pulo
f
R
e
s
i
d
e
n
82
The following topic areas require that you mark the three most important needs in
each category. Please take the time to review each carefully before making your
decision. As always, we value your input and feedback.
4 = High priority 3 = Priority 2 = Not Priority 1 = Not Applicable
H. Quality Education High Priority Not Not

1. Pagbibigay ng Programa para sa

kasanayan sa pagbasa, pagsulat at pagbilang.
(Literacy and numeracy program)
2. Programa sa Pagsulat
(Writing Programs)
3. Balik-aral para sa Alternative Learning

System (ALS)
(Review sessions for ALS)
4. Programa para sa mga Bata na may

Espesyal na Pangangailangan
(Programs for Children with special needs)
5. Pagtatasa at pagbibigay fidbak para sa

kaunlaran ng mga mag-aaral.
(Assessment and feedback mechanisms for

student progress)
83
6. Pagkakaroon ng mga Modernong
Kagamitang Pampagtuturo (halimbawa, mga
aklat, teknolohiya).
(Availability of modern teaching resources

(e.g., textbooks, technology))
7. Pagkakaroon ng mga ekstra-kurikular na

gawain para sa mga mag-aaral.
(Access to extracurricular activities for

students)
8. Pagpapalaganap ng kamalayan tungkol sa

serbisyong pangkalusugan
(Promoting awareness of community

resources for health services Promotion)
9. Pagbibigay ng kaalaman at mga gawaing

tutugon sa pangangailangang pangkalusugan
ng komunidad
(Healthcare education and Promotion

Activities to address health needs of the
community)
10. Pagpapaunlad na gawain at pagtuturo

para sa kabisaan ng kaalaman.
(Remedial and tutorial or

enhancement/enrichment classes)
I. Gender and Well-Being High Priority Not Not

84
1. Konsultang Medical at Dental
(Medical and dental mission)
2. Programa para sa Personal na kaunlaran
(Personal development programs)
3. Pagpapahalaga sa kabutihang asal.
(Values formation)
4. Programa para sa Pampalakasan at

Pangkalusugan
(Sports and wellness program)
5. Katuruan tungkol sa Alternatibong Gamot at

Pagkakaroon ng malusog na pangangatawan
(Alternative medicine and healthy Lifestyle)
6. Pagsasanay sa pagbibigay ng pangunahing

lunas.
(First-Aid Training)
7. Pagbibigay ng payo
(Counseling Advice)
8. Pagsasanay sa Pagtatanggol ng Sarili
(Self-defense training)
85
9. Pagsasanay upang maging handa ang
kaisipan ng mga magulang na may mga Anak
na may espesyal na pangangailangan.
(Mental readiness for parents with children w/

special needs)
10. Edukasyon pang nutrisyon at paraan ng

pamumuhay.
(Nutrition and Lifestyle Education)
J. Entrepreneurship and Sustainable High Priority Not Not

Livelihood Priority Priority Applicable
1. Mga workshop o programa sa komunidad

tungkol sa negosyo at pagpapaunlad ng maliit
na Negosyo
(Community workshops or programs on

entrepreneurship and small business
development).
2. Programang Pangkabuhayan 1: Mga

Nareresiklong materyales
(Livelihood program 1: Recyclable materials)

ng kandila
(Livelihood program 2: Candle-making)

86
ng Sabon o Dishwashing Liquid
(Livelihood program 3: Soap/dishwashing

liquid)
5. Mga kurso sa TESDA: paggawa ng damit,

pagba-bake, manikyur/pedikyur, masahe,
bookkeeping, virtual assistance, call center
(TESDA COURSES: dress making, baking,

mani/pedicure, massage, bookkeeping, virtual
assistance, call center)
6. Pag-aaral ng Pagproseso ng Pagkain
(Food Processing Course)
7. Pagsasanay sa E-commerce at Online

Entrepreneurship
(E-commerce and online entrepreneurship

training)
8. Programang nagbibigay kaalaman sa

komunidad na isinusulong ng mga
entrepreneur upang ipaalam sa mga residente
ang mga benepisyo sa kalusugan ng kanilang
Negosyo
(Community awareness programs initiated by

entrepreneurs to educate residents about the
health benefits of their business)
87
9. Iba’t ibang hanapbuhay na may kaugnayan
sa kalusugan sa loob ng komunidad
(Health-care related livelihoods within the

community)
10. Pagsasakatuparan ng mga kampanya

tungkol sa pangkalusugan sa pamamagitan ng
lokal na mga negosyante
(Implementation of community health

awareness campaigns through local
entrepreneurial initiatives.)
K. Industry, Energy and Emerging High Priority Not Not

Technology Priority Priority Applicable
1. Malinis at Likas na Enerhiya
(Clean and Renewable Energy)
2. Kakayanang makabuo ng programa 1:

Pagsasanay sa Impormasyon at Literasiya
(Capability-building program 1 Information and

literacy training)
3. Sistema ng Pag-iimbak ng Enerhiya
(Energy storage system)

88
4. Pagtatala ng maayos na sistema.
(Inventory Management System)
5. Mobile app para sa pagpapakalat ng

impormasyon sa komunidad
(Mobile App on Information Dissemination)
6. Pagpapayo sa Pagtitipid ng Enerhiya sa

tahanan para sa bawat pamilya
(Saving Energy at Home Tips and Tricks for

Families)
7. Pagbukas ng usapin tungkol sa mga

nauuso.
(Open Discussions on Emerging Trends)
8. Pamumuhunan upang magkaroon ng

charging station sa bawat transportasyong
elektikal.
(Investing in infrastructure for electric vehicles

and charging station)
9. Mga programang nagbibigay edukasyon at

pagsasanay na nakatuon sa mga teknolohiya
sa industriya at sektor ng enerhiya.
(Education and training programs focused on

emerging technologies in the industry and
energy sectors)
89
10. Pagpapatupad ng “telehealth
technologies” para sa pagsusuri ng mga
pasyente sa malalayong lugar sa komunidad
(Implementation of telehealth technologies for

remote patient monitoring in the community)
L. Food Safety and Security High Priority Not Not

1. Pagbibigay kaalaman at kasanayan sa

kaligtasan at kahalagahan ng pagkain sa loob
ng komunidad
(Aware of food and safety practices within the

community)
2. Paggawa at Pag-preserba ng Pagkain
(Food processing and preservation)
3. Programang pangkalusugan para sa mga

bata
(Feeding Program to children)
4. Teknolohiya: Sistema ng Paglilinis ng Tubig
(Tech Transfer: Water Filtration System)
5, Edukasyong nagbibigay kaalaman kung

paano magbalanse ng pagkain
(Educational Sessions for Balanced Diets)

90
6. Pagbibigay payo kung paano magkaroon ng
malinis na kapaligiran kapag nagluluto
(Practical Tips for a Clean Cooking

Environment)
7. Handa ang komunidad kapag nagkaroon ng

problema tungkol sa pagkain
(Community is prepared to handle food safety

emergencies or outbreaks)
8. Pagtataguyod at pagsasagawa ng mga

hakbang para sa kaligtasan ng pagkain
(Actively engaged in promoting and practicing

food safety measures)
9. Pamumuhunan ng kumunidad at pagbibigay

prayoridad sa malinis na pagkain para sa
pangmatagalang benepisyo sa kalusugan
(Community invest in and prioritize food safety

initiatives for long-term public health benefits)
10. Pagsusuri para tiyakin ang kaligtasan ng

mga produkto ng pagkain na mayroon sa
komunidad
(Inspection and monitoring systems in

ensuring the safety of food products available
in the community)
91
M. High Governance High Priority Not Not
1. Isinusulong ang mga plano na may

kahusayan para sa interes ng mga residente
(Makes plan with its resident’s best interest in

mind)
2. Nagtatrabaho kasama ang lokal na

negosyante upang mapabuti ang mga
pampublikong lugar.
(Works with local business owners to improve

public and shared spaces to create a sense of
community)
3. Nagtatrabaho upang lumikha ng positibong

kinabukasan para sa komunidad
(Is working to create a positive future for the

community)
4. May kaalaman sa mga oportunidad upang

makipag-ugnayan sa mga lider ng komunidad
(Aware of opportunities to engage with

community leaders)
5. Interesado sa pagkakataon na magbigay ng

kaalaman sa mga lider ng komunidad hinggil
sa mga lokal na isyu.
(Interested in the opportunity to provide

feedback to community’s leaders regarding
local issue)
92
6. Pakikipagtulungan sa mga nagbibigay ng
serbisyong pangkalusugan para sa maayos at
dekalidad na pangangalaga sa kalusugan.
(Collaborates with healthcare providers for

accessible and quality healthcare services)
7. Tumutugon sa mga pangangailangan at

hinaing ng mga residente sa komunidad
(Community's response to the needs and

concerns of its residents)
8. Nagbibigay ng mahahalagang impormasyon

tungkol sa pamamahala at pampublikong mga
gawain sa mga residente.
(The community communicates important

information about governance and public
affairs to its residents.)
9. Ang mga lider ng komunidad ay nakatutok

sa pagsusulong ng sa mga proseso ng
paggawa ng desisyon .
(Community leaders prioritize transparency in

decision-making processes)
10. Pagpapahalaga sa fidbak ng komunidad

sa pagpapabuti ng mga serbisyo sa
pangangalagang pangkalusugan
(Value of community feedback in improving

healthcare services)
93
N. Biodiversity and Environment High Priority Not Not
Conservation Priority Priority Applicable
1. Pakikilahok ng Komunidad sa Paggawa ng

mga desisyon Tungkol sa Kapaligiran
(Community Engagement in Environmental

Decision Making)
2. Pamamahala ng Basura
(Waste Management)
3. Pagbibigay ng kaalaman kung paano ang

tamang pagsusuri ng mga maaaring maging
sanhi ng kapahamakan
(Capacity Building on National Hazard risk

Assessment)
4. Pagbibigay ng impormasyon kung paano

gumawa ng mga materyales (brochure, video,
poster) na nagpapalaganap ng kaalaman
tungkol sa kalikasan.
(Development of Information-Education-
Communication (IEC) materials on
Environment)
5. Pagbibigay ng edukasyon patungkol sa

kapaligiran (pagbabago ng klima, mga
hakbang sa adaptasyon, at rehabilitasyon)
(Environment education (climate change,

adaptation measures and environmental
rehabilitations))
94
6. Probisyon sa kalusugan at ligtas na
kapaligiran para sa mga batang may espesyal
na pangangailangan.
(Provisions on health and safety environment

for children with special needs)
7. Pagpapatupad ng mga gawi o pagsasanay

para sa pagpapanatili ng kagubatan.
(Implementation of sustainable forestry

management practices)
8. Kamalayan sa Paggamit ng mga kemikal

tulad ng pesticides at herbicides para sa
pagpatay sa mga pesteng nakakasira sa mga
tanim.
(Awareness of the use of pesticides and

herbicides).
9. Mga Programa sa Pagpapabuti ng Kalidad

ng Hangin
(Air Quality Improvement Programs)
10. Pangangalaga sa Natural na kapaligaran o

tahanan ng mga may buhay.
(Preservation of Natural Habitats)

95
96
97
APPENDIC F
SHORT REPORT OF PLAGIARISM SOFTWARE

98
99
APPENDIX C
INFORMED CONSENT FORM
100
101
102
103
104
APPEDIX D
Research Ethics Review Committee Evaluation
`
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
APPENDIX E
Short Report of Plagiarism
114
115
APPENDIX G
116
APPENDIX F
Report of Language Software
A. CURRICULUM VITAE
117
APPENDIX G
Curriculum Vitae of Student Researchers
118
119
120

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Republic of the Philippines

Bachelor of Science in Nursing

COMMUNITY NEEDS ASSESSMENT: A FRAMEWORK FROM DEVELOPING

A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of College of Health

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the

Bachelor of Science in Nursing

Bachelor of Science in Nursing

CHAPTER I - THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

CHAPTER II - REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES

CHAPTER III - RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Bachelor of Science in Nursing

C. Informed Consent Form 78

Bachelor of Science in Nursing

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

"Alone, we can do so little; together, we can do so much” - Helen Keller.

A complex web of interconnectedness that depends on the well-being of all members

A Community Need Assessment serves more than just identifying needs; it is

A well-conducted Community Need Assessment addresses essential areas such as

In conclusion, a Community Needs Assessment is a crucial first step toward creating

According to Neuman's Systems Model conceptualizes individuals and families as

Applying this theory to Community needs assessments is valuable. It encourages

King's Goal Attainment Theory emphasizes a collaborative approach between nurses

can enhance community needs assessments by emphasizing dialogue, mutual goal

The process involves the development and implementation of a comprehensive

4. What recommendations can be offered based on the results of the study?

The null hypothesis will be tested in this study:

There is significant difference between the needs of selected barangays in Cabuyao,

Scope and Limitations

It is focused on the adoption of Pamantasan Ng Cabuyao's community extension

Significance of the Study

Community Needs. This refers to the requirements, shortcomings, or holes in a community

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Community Needs Assessment

Subsequently, the OSCE article, "An Assessment of Kosovo's Municipal Community

improving understanding of global community participation mechanisms. While maintaining

Additionally, Wieland et al.'s 2020 article, "Community-Engaged Approaches for

Furthermore, Buys and Rennekamp (2020), in their article "Cooperative Extension as

In Addition, in the study of Yolanda Suarez-Balcazar's (2020) article, "Meaningful

with the principles of "Community Needs Assessment." Suarez-Balcazar's objective stance

Additionally, the study of Suzanne Fleming, M. Arensberg, R. Blancato (2023) is about

and researchers in implementing more impactful and targeted community health

Moreover, on the study by Gundran, C. P. D. et al. (2023) Given its geographical

While the community scored highly in characteristics of well-being such as a strong

In contrast, Treadwell et al. (2020) highlights the significance of a community-based

The study of Warguez et al. (2023) examined community involvement in coastal

Moreover, according to Boakye, M.D.S. et al. (2021) Community Health Workers

Antimalarial Drugs (ACT), as their primary needs, emphasizing the challenge of

The study highlighted the importance of remuneration, as the current allowance

Moreover, as reported by Sarmiento, P. J. D. et al. (2021) On a global scale,

Subsequently, Camacho, L. D. et al. (2020) study overall attempts to consolidate the

successful if 1) it is built around an integrated and ecosystem-based approach that

Community needs assessment in Developing Community

Furthermore, Lin et al.'s (2020) integrative review on community engagement for

Additionally, Williamson et al. (2020), in their article on community-based participatory

Krings and Schusler's (2020) research makes a significant contribution by examining

Similarly, the study of Dapar and Alejandro (2020) on ethnobotanical practices in

Additionally, according to Pedersen, J. F. et al. (2022) This study investigates

Furthermore, as stated by Park, H. N. et al. (2022) This study investigates the

Community needs assessment Programs and Services