Hindawi

Advances in Civil Engineering

Volume 2021, Article ID 6621440, 11 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6621440

Research Article
Application of Structural Deformation Monitoring Based on
Close-Range Photogrammetry Technology

Jun Hu,1,2 Ensheng Liu ,3,4 and Jiayu Yu1,2

1
State Key Laboratory of Mountain Bridge and Tunnel Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, China
2
School of Civil Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, China
3
College of Building Engineering, Jinggangshan University, Jian 343009, Jiangxi, China
4
College of Surveying and Geo-Informatics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China

Correspondence should be addressed to Ensheng Liu; [email protected]

Received 8 December 2020; Revised 5 January 2021; Accepted 20 January 2021; Published 20 February 2021

Academic Editor: Sang-Bing Tsai

Copyright © 2021 Jun Hu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which
permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

The problem of structural deformation monitoring has always been a research hotspot in engineering architecture. Research
on structural deformation monitoring is the main way to solve the risk of engineering construction. Based on using close-
range photogrammetry technology to monitor structural deformation, combining with image recognition technology to
collect and process image data, and using the conditions of direct linear transformation and collinear equation to calculate
based on the extracted coordinates of the measuring point, finally, according to the coordinates of the measuring point and
the deflection value of the bridge structure, the study is carried out. Experiment: first, five sets of data are used to calibrate the
close-range photogrammetry equipment of measurement point accuracy are analyzed, then the bridge piers and the
measurement point coordinates, the lasso, under different load on the accuracy of close-range photogrammetry technology
is analyzed, according to the relevant data of the error of the close-range photogrammetry technology are analyzed, and
through the calculation of different measurement methods to analyze the direct linear transformation manifested in the
article. The final results show that the X-axis coordinate range of the measured points in the auxiliary spatial coordinate
system is 25∼40, Y-axis coordinate range is 8∼36, and Z-axis coordinate range is 10∼35. The coordinates of measuring points
of bridge cables are distributed in the fourth quadrant of the spatial coordinate system. The accuracy values of all coordinates
of the measuring points under the close-range photogrammetry equipment are less than 0.1 mm, indicating that the close-
range photogrammetry equipment has a good effect on the calibration of measuring points, and the error generated when
the load action of each measuring point of the bridge cable is 10 N is greater than that generated when the load action is 20 N.
In different calculation and measurement methods, the results obtained by total station measurement and calculation
method are reduced by about 0.04∼0.07 m compared with the actual value; the results obtained by direct linear trans-
formation method are increased by about 0.02∼0.04 m compared with the actual value; and the results obtained by other
measurement and calculation methods are increased by about 0.04∼0.06 m compared with the actual value.

1. Introduction time, it needs to be repaired regularly; otherwise, the

interior and main body of the building will have structural
1.1. Background Meaning. In recent years, China’s econ- deformation and other problems, which can easily cause
omy has developed rapidly, and there is an increasing the building to break and collapse, posing a huge threat to
demand for building construction [1], which is accom- people's life, health, and property safety The deformation
panied by quality risks brought by various buildings and of the building is mainly caused by rain erosion, air ox-
threats to people’s life and property safety. All buildings idation, and aging of the stressed parts under long-term
have a certain service life. If the building is used for a long load, which lead to the reduction of the strength and
2 Advances in Civil Engineering

stiffness of the building. As a very important part of traffic the analysis results were verified by experimentation [5]. Sun
engineering, bridge deformation has been concerned by reviewed the research and development history of aircraft
many architects and people from all walks of life. structural deformation monitoring; analyzed the main
Close-range photogrammetry technology is a very im- technical types, advantages and disadvantages, on-board
portant measurement method in the research of building applicability, deformation reconstruction algorithms, and
deformation monitoring. Close-range photogrammetry typical application examples of optical fiber monitoring
technology can accurately record the information of the technology; pointed out the key issues and main application
measured object in an instant and obtain the point position modes; and updated materials, standardization, intelligence,
relationship of the measured object; and this technology is and other aspects to explore the future direction of devel-
very practical to measure objects of any shape and can also opment [6]. Zhang used a distributed long-diameter optical
measure the information of dynamic objects, and it can also fiber sensor to test and analyze the environmental vibration
help people measure dangerous objects. The image infor- of a large-span rigid frame bridge [7]. He proposed the
mation obtained in the close-range photogrammetry tech- concept of a long-diameter optical fiber sensor and its ad-
nology can be stored for a long time, which is convenient for vantages in revealing local and overall structural features.
the analysis of subsequent experiments. The long-span bridge was monitored, and a method for
calculating the structural deformation distribution from the
measured long strain was proposed. The measured long-
1.2. Related Work. At present, many scholars have carried gauge dynamic strain was used to identify the modal of the
out relevant research on the application of structural de- bridge under study, and the strain and displacement modes
formation monitoring. Kim used close-range photogram- were identified from it [8]. Although the above methods
metry to study the main reflecting surface monitoring have achieved good results, there are still some defects. Kim’s
system based on high-efficiency algorithms, in order to and Chen’s methods require high experimental costs,
become a continuous automatic monitoring system for Lopato’s method is not comprehensive enough, and Sun’s
structural deformation in the near future. Kim used TLS to and Zhang’s methods require too much data.
estimate 10 fitting lines on the characteristic points dis-
tributed on the main reflecting surface. On the basis of
nonintersecting straight lines, the nearest point algorithm 1.3. Innovation in This Article. This paper uses close-range
was used to calculate the composite intersection point of the photogrammetry technology to capture the relevant data of
fitting lines, and the calculation was based on the intuitive the bridge, which can obtain high-precision bridge images
basis of time series analysis. The result can provide the and can obtain the information of multiple measurement
numerical change at the intersection point represented by points of the bridge at the same time, which reduces the time
the three axes, opening the way for predicting the defor- of experimental data collection. The close-range photo-
mation rate and direction [2]. Chen proposed a spatio- grammetry technology does not need to directly contact with
temporal clustering and health diagnosis method for the measured object, which guarantees the natural state of
ultrahigh concrete arch DAMS based on the monitoring data the object. The experiment uses direct linear conversion and
of vertical meter [3]. First, he proposed a spatiotemporal collinear condition equations to calculate the data, which
expression method for deformation monitoring data, which improves the calculation efficiency of the experimental data.
upgraded a time series with punctuation to a time series of This research uses image recognition technology to process
curved surface with cross section, dam axis, and time change the images obtained in the experiment and calibrate the
direction; second, on the basis of deeply discussing the measurement points while enhancing the image.
similarity characteristics of deformation space and time, the
comprehensive similarity indexes of absolute distance, in- 2. Related Technologies for Structural
cremental distance, and growth rate distance are con- Deformation Monitoring
structed; third, on the basis of preserving key features (i.e.,
extremum point and turning point), a time clustering 2.1. Close-Range Photogrammetry. Close-range photo-
method is proposed by eliminating irrelevant details (i.e., grammetry is a branch of photogrammetry and remote
noise point); and finally, a multiscale fuzzy C-means data sensing technology. Close-range photogrammetry can ob-
mining method and its iterative algorithm are designed to tain relevant information of the Earth and other objects in
realize the temporal and spatial clustering of dam defor- the surrounding environment from noncontact imaging and
mation [4]. Lopato introduced the application of microstrip other sensing systems through recording, measurement,
antenna sensors in the deformation monitoring of bent steel analysis, and expression within the range of photography
structures. This sensor element can be used in a structural distances less than 100 m [9, 10]. Close-range photogram-
health monitoring system, using patch sensors to measure metry is also a photogrammetry of the shape and movement
deformation. For samples in the bending process, the sensor of various objects [11]. This technology has been widely used
geometry becomes nonplanar. This fact has an impact on the in various research studies in the fields of topography, in-
measured resonance frequency, so it needs to be studied. In dustry, biomedicine, and architecture. Close-range photo-
order to analyze the influence of the curvature of the patch grammetry technology has become more and more perfect
sensor on the resonance frequency during the bending and mature after decades of development and research, and
process, Lopato conducted a finite element simulation, and it can meet the requirements of image accuracy and
Advances in Civil Engineering 3

precision in various fields [12]. At present, the research focus building, the construction and design and rationality of the
of close-range photogrammetry technology has changed building can be tested and the quality of the project can be
from geometric measurement accuracy to automation and detected, which is of great significance to the prediction
3D modeling based on virtual reality technology. and prevention of future accidents of the construction
Compared with other three-dimensional measurement project.
technologies, the close-range photogrammetry technology In deformation monitoring, direct linear transforma-
has real-time performance in obtaining relevant information tion can be used to calculate and analyze the object in-
of the measured object and can also measure objects with formation in the close-range film and television
more measurement points. Proximity photogrammetry measurement coordinate system [22]. Using the direct
technology is a noncontact measurement method. It does linear change method, find the coordinates in the space
not need to directly contact the object to be measured. above the image coordinates, calculate, and analyze the
Therefore, it has no higher requirements on the measure- direct linear relationship.
ment environment and the measurement object and can
adapt to harsh environments [13, 14]. Close-range photo- λ􏼂 x y 1 􏼃T � G􏼂 X Y 1 􏼃T . (1)
grammetry can not only measure static objects but also The left side of formula (1) represents the pixel coor-
measure the shape and motion state of dynamic objects. It dinates, the right side represents the object point coordi-
plays an important role in the measurement of the micro- nates, λ is the scale factor between them, and G is the
scopic world and distant objects [15]. With the continuous perspective matrix:
advancement of technology, close-range photogrammetry
technology can provide users with high-precision reliability g11 g12 g13
⎡⎢⎢⎢ ⎥⎤⎥⎥
measurements according to different processing methods G � ⎢⎢⎣ g21 g22 g23 ⎥⎥⎥⎥⎦.
⎢
⎢ (2)
and capital investment. Close-range photogrammetry
technology can not only measure the three-dimensional g31 g32 1
coordinates of the target point but also measure charac- Substituting formula (2) into formula (1) and elimi-
teristic quantities such as amplitude and low-speed motion nating the scale factor, two linear equations can be obtained:
frequency [16].
Although the performance of close-range photogram- g11 X + g12 Y + g13 − xg31 X − yg32 Y � x,
metry measurement accuracy is good, it is not necessarily the 􏼨 (3)
g21 X + g22 Y + g23 − yg31 X − yg32 Y � y.
best technology choice for all measurement objects. Re-
searchers need to select appropriate measurement methods
according to all aspects of the experiment. In addition, the
technical content of close-range photogrammetry is rela- 2.3. Image Identification. Image recognition refers to a
tively high, and the requirements for hardware equipment technology of feature extraction and classification recog-
and technical personnel are also relatively high. If the nition of collected image data through computer equipment
hardware equipment has defects or the technology does not [23]. The traditional image recognition process is divided
meet the requirements, it will cause errors in the mea- into image acquisition, image preprocessing, feature ex-
surement results and affect the final results of the traction, and image recognition. The related problem of
experiment. image recognition is the mapping from the simulation space
to the category space, which needs to take the main features
of the image as the basis to extract the relevant information
2.2. Deformation Monitoring. Deformation monitoring of the effective features [24–26]. The image data collected in
refers to the long-term observation of the deformation close-range photogrammetry are digital images. Digital
phenomenon of deformed objects through special mea- image processing and recognition started at a very early
suring equipment and technology and the analysis and time. A digital image has more advantages than an analog
prediction of the deformation form and development trend image, which are mainly reflected in the storage, trans-
of deformed objects [17, 18]. The measured objects of portation, and processing of data. These advantages provide
deformation monitoring can be the whole Earth, or a a strong power for image recognition technology. After
certain region, or a building. According to the measured continuous improvement and development, the three main
objects, deformation monitoring can be divided into global recognition methods of image recognition technology are
deformation monitoring, regional deformation monitor- statistical pattern recognition, structural pattern recogni-
ing, and engineering deformation monitoring [19, 20]. The tion, and fuzzy pattern recognition [27].
measurement precision of deformation monitoring is very In the process of image recognition and processing,
high, and it belongs to precision measurement [21]. In the image segmentation is an indispensable key technology. It
monitoring of the structural deformation of the building, divides the tested image into several parts according to
by observing whether the structure of the building is de- specific attributes through some technical means, which is a
formed or not, the abnormal situation of the building can key step from image processing to image analysis [28]. There
be discovered and dealt with in time, thereby ensuring the are many existing image segmentation methods, including
safety of the engineering personnel and the building. Using segmentation methods based on image features and seg-
deformation monitoring to analyze the deformation of the mentation methods based on specific theoretical tools [29].
4 Advances in Civil Engineering

Among many image segmentation methods, gray threshold xθβ 1 0 0 xθ xθ

segmentation is the most commonly used method. This kind ⎡⎢⎢⎢ ⎤⎥ ⎡⎢ ⎤⎥⎡⎢ ⎤⎥ ⎡⎢ ⎤⎥
⎢⎢⎢ y ⎥⎥⎥⎥ � ⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢ 0 cos β −sin β ⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢ y ⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥ � R ⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢ y ⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥. (5)
of method mainly determines an appropriate threshold ⎢⎣ θβ ⎥⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦⎢⎣ θ ⎥⎦ β⎢ ⎣ θ ⎥⎦
value, then compares the threshold value with the gray value zθβ 0 sin β cos β zθ zθ
of the image, and divides the image according to the
threshold value [30, 31]. Image recognition plays an im- The value of this point xθβ is the same as the value of xθ
portant role in computer vision, artificial intelligence, and in these two coordinate systems. The coordinate relationship
other fields and is widely used in motion recognition, face between the point in the auxiliary space coordinate system
recognition, image processing, and other related research and the coordinate system S − xθβ yθβ zθβ can be expressed as
[32]. X cos α 0 −sin α xθβ xθβ
⎡⎢⎢⎢ ⎤⎥⎥⎥ ⎡⎢⎢⎢ ⎤⎥⎥⎥⎡⎢⎢⎢ ⎤⎥⎥⎥ ⎡⎢⎢⎢ ⎤⎥⎥⎥
⎢⎢⎢ Y ⎥⎥ � ⎢⎢ 0 1
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 ⎥⎥⎥⎥⎦⎢⎢⎢⎢⎣ yθβ ⎥⎥⎥⎥⎦ � Rα ⎢⎢⎢⎢⎣ yθβ ⎥⎥⎥⎥⎦. (6)
3. Structural Deformation Monitoring
Z sin α 0 cos α zθβ zθβ
Experiment Design
The value of Y at this point is the same as the value of yθβ
3.1. Data Collection. For study of deformation monitoring
in these two coordinate systems. Substitute formula (4) into
structures, first, it is necessary to get a digital image data of
formula (5), and finally merge into formula (6) to get the
the measured object. Digital image acquisition object has to
coordinates of the point in the auxiliary space coordinate
be measured by the need for a spectral band of electro-
system:
magnetic energy-sensitive element and capable of physical-
electrical signal into a digital signal digitized devices [33]. X x a0 a1 a2 x
These image acquisition devices can receive external stimuli ⎡⎢⎢⎢ ⎤⎥⎥⎥ ⎡⎢⎢⎢ ⎤⎥⎥⎥ ⎡⎢⎢⎢ ⎤⎥⎥⎥⎡⎢⎢⎢ ⎤⎥⎥⎥
⎢⎢⎢ Y ⎥⎥ � R R R ⎢⎢⎢ y ⎥⎥⎥ � ⎢⎢⎢ b b b ⎥⎥⎢⎢⎢ y ⎥⎥⎥. (7)
and generate responses. The physical components can re- ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ α β θ⎢ ⎣ ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 1 2 ⎥⎦⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
ceive radiation and generate electrical signals proportional Z −e c0 c1 c2 −e
to electromagnetic radiation and then convert the electrical
In formula (7),
signals into digital signals through digital devices and
transmit them to the computer. a0 � cos α cos θ − sin α sin β sin θ, (8)

a1 � −cos α sin θ − sin α sin β sin θ, (9)

3.2. Application of Collinear Condition Equation in Structural
Deformation Monitoring. There are three commonly used
a2 � −sin α cos β, (10)
coordinate systems in close-range photogrammetry, which
are the image plane coordinate system O − xy, the image
space coordinate system S − xyz, and the object space co- b0 � cos β sin θ, (11)
ordinate system O − XYZ. The collinear condition equation
in deformation monitoring is a condition equation de- b1 � cos β cos θ, (12)
scribing that the image point, photography center, and
object direction point should be on the same straight line. It b2 � −sin β, (13)
is the most important analytical basis in photogrammetry.
There is a point A in the space coordinate system S − xyz c0 � sin α cos θ + cos α cos β cos θ, (14)
whose coordinate is S − xyz, and the coordinate (X, Y, Z) of
this point in the auxiliary space coordinate system S − XYZ c1 � −sin α sin θ + cos α sin β cos θ, (15)
needs to be solved. It is known that the transformation from
a spatial coordinate system to an auxiliary spatial coordinate
c2 � cos α cos β. (16)
system requires the sequential rotation of three angles
(α ⟶ β ⟶ θ), all of which are defined as positive values. Since R is an orthogonal matrix, for formula (7),
The relationship between the point in the coordinate system
and the spatial coordinate system S − xθ yθ zθ can be x X a0 b0 c0 X
expressed as ⎡⎢⎢⎢ ⎤⎥⎥⎥ ⎡⎢⎢⎢ ⎤⎥⎥⎥ ⎡⎢⎢⎢ ⎤⎥⎡⎢ ⎤⎥
⎢⎢⎢ y ⎥⎥⎥ � R ⎢⎢⎢ Y ⎥⎥⎥ � ⎢⎢⎢ a b c ⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢ Y ⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥.
−1
(17)
xθ cos θ −sin θ 0 x x ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 1 1 1 ⎥⎦⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
⎢
⎡
⎢
⎢ ⎤⎥⎥⎥ ⎡ ⎢
⎢
⎢ ⎤⎥⎥⎥⎡ ⎢
⎢
⎢ ⎤⎥⎥⎥ ⎢
⎡
⎢
⎢ ⎤⎥⎥⎥ −e Z a2 b2 c2 Z
⎢
⎢ ⎥⎥⎥ � ⎢
⎢ ⎥⎥⎥⎢⎢ ⎥⎥⎥ � R ⎢⎢ ⎥⎥
⎢
⎢ y
⎣ ⎦ ⎣
θ ⎥ ⎢
⎢ sin θ cos θ 0 ⎥ ⎢
⎢
⎦⎣ ⎦y ⎥ θ ⎣ ⎥⎥⎦.
⎢
⎢ y (4)
zθ 0 0 1 −e −e Suppose (Xs , Ys , Zs ) is the object space coordinate of the
shooting point, (X0 , Y0 , Z0 ) is the object point space co-
The value of this point zθ is the same as z in these two ordinate, k is the scaling factor between the coordinate and
coordinate systems. The coordinate relationship between the (X0 − Xs , Y0 − Ys , Z0 − Zs ) in the auxiliary space coordinate
point in the coordinate system S − xθβ yθβ zθβ and the co- system, and e is the internal orientation element of the
ordinate system S − xθ yθ zθ can be expressed as image, we can get
Advances in Civil Engineering 5

x X a0 b 0 c 0 X − X s Table 1: Measuring point coordinates and accuracy statistics table.

⎢
⎡
⎢ ⎤⎥⎥⎥ ⎡⎢⎢⎢ ⎤⎥⎥⎥ ⎡
⎢
⎢ ⎤⎥⎥⎥⎡⎢ ⎤⎥⎥⎥
⎢
⎢
⎢ ⎥ − 1 ⎢
⎢ ⎥ ⎢⎥ ⎢
⎢ ⎥⎥⎢
⎢
⎢
⎢ ⎥⎥ X Y Z X-precision Y-precision Z-precision
⎣ y ⎥⎥⎦ � k ⎢⎢⎣ Y ⎥⎥⎦ � ⎢
⎢
⎢ ⎣ a1 b1 c1 ⎥⎥⎦⎢
⎢ ⎣ Y − Ys ⎥⎥⎦.
⎢ (18)
1 0.146 −0.384 0.257 0.00322 0.00331 0.00110
−e Z a2 b 2 c 2 Z − Zs 2 0.279 0.681 −0.334 0.00131 0.00111 0.00141
Expand formula (18) to get 3 0.242 −0.322 −0.241 0.00312 0.00314 0.00212
4 0.357 0.935 0.376 0.00102 0.00107 0.00113
x � k− 1 􏼂a0 X0 − Xs 􏼁 + b0 Y0 − Ys 􏼁 + c0 Z0 − Zs 􏼁􏼃, 5 0.196 0.472 0.164 0.00113 0.00122 0.00211
(19)
close-range photogrammetric equipment has a good effect
y � k− 1 􏼂a1 X0 − Xs 􏼁 + b1 Y0 − Ys 􏼁 + c1 Z0 − Zs 􏼁􏼃, on the calibration of the measurement points.
(20)
4.2. Using Close-Range Photogrammetry to Analyze the Bridge
−e � k− 1 􏼂a2 X0 − Xs 􏼁 + b2 Y0 − Ys 􏼁 + c2 Z0 − Zs 􏼁􏼃.
4.2.1. Coordinates of Bridge Pier Measuring Point.
(21)
Measure the x, y, and z coordinate values in the space co-
Divide formula (19) to formula (21) by two, and the final ordinate system using the six-point close-range photo-
expression is as follows: grammetry technology of the bridge pier, then use the direct
linear transformation and the collinearity equation to cal-
a0 X0 − Xs 􏼁 + b0 Y0 − Ys 􏼁 + c0 Z0 − Zs 􏼁 culate and measure the coordinate transformation space,
x � −e , (22)
a2 X0 − Xs 􏼁 + b2 Y0 − Ys 􏼁 + c2 Z0 − Zs 􏼁 and obtain x, y, z of the auxiliary space coordinate system.
The results are shown in Table 2.
a1 X0 − Xs 􏼁 + b1 Y0 − Ys 􏼁 + c1 Z0 − Zs 􏼁 According to the data in Table 2, we can see the coor-
y � −e . (23) dinates of the bridge pier measurement points in the space
a2 X0 − Xs 􏼁 + b2 Y0 − Ys 􏼁 + c2 Z0 − Zs 􏼁
coordinate system, as well as the auxiliary space coordinates
calculated by the direct linear transformation and the col-
linear condition equation. In order to observe the data in the
4. Structural Deformation Monitoring table more intuitively, we convert the data into a graph form,
Data Analysis and the final result is shown in Figure 2.
According to the data in Figure 2, we can see that the x-
4.1. Accuracy Analysis of Close-Range Photogrammetry
axis coordinate range of the bridge pier measurement point
Equipment. In the experiment, close-range photogram-
in the space coordinate system is 40∼55, and there are more
metric equipment was used to capture the images of the
points in the range of 50∼55. The y-axis coordinates range
measured objects, and then the accuracy of the equipment
from 30 to 55, and there are many points falling between 40
was verified by using PhotoModeler Pro5 software.
and 50. The coordinate range of the z-axis is 35–50, and there
According to the verification results, the coordinates and
are many points that fall between 35 and 40. The X-axis
coordinate accuracy of the five measurement points of the
coordinate range of the pier measurement point in the
measured objects could be obtained. The results are shown in
auxiliary space coordinate system is 25∼40, the Y-axis co-
Table 1, and the precision unit is mm.
ordinate range is 8∼36, and the Z-axis coordinate range is
According to the data in Table 1, we can see the coor-
10∼35.
dinate values of the five measuring points measured by the
close-range photogrammetry equipment and the accuracy
values between the coordinate values. In order to observe the 4.2.2. Deformation Coordinates of Bridge Cables. Analyze
data in the table more intuitively, we convert the data into a the cable deformation on the bridge, and calculate the X-axis
graph form, and the final result is shown in Figure 1. and Y-axis spatial coordinates of the six measurement points
According to the data in Figure 1, we can see that the of the bridge cable under no load, 10 N and 20 N loads. The
X-axis coordinates of the measurement points taken by final results are shown in Table 3.
the close-range photogrammetric equipment are all According to the data in Table 3, we can see that the
positive, indicating that these measurement points are spatial coordinates of the X-axis and Y-axis of the bridge
distributed on the right side of the X-axis. The data in the cables under no load and 10 N and 20 N loads have little
figure shows that the accuracy of X-axis, Y-axis, and Z-axis difference. In order to observe the data changes more in-
in close-range photogrammetry equipment ranges from tuitively, we convert the data in the table into a graph form,
0.00102 to 0.00322 mm, from 0.00107 to 0.00331 mm, and and the final result is shown in Figure 3.
from 0.00110 to 0.00212 mm, respectively. It can be seen According to the data in Figure 3, bridge cable mea-
that the precision values of all coordinates of the mea- surement point coordinates are distributed in the space
surement points are less than 0.1 mm, indicating that the coordinate system in the fourth quadrant, cable bridge under
6 Advances in Civil Engineering

1.2 0.0035
1
0.003
0.8
0.0025
0.6
Coordinate

Precision
0.4 0.002

0.2 0.0015
0
0.001
–0.2
0.0005
–0.4
–0.6 0
1 2 3 4 5
Control points

X-precision X
Y-precision Y
Z-precision Z
Figure 1: Measuring point coordinates and accuracy statistics.

Table 2: Object coordinate statistics of bridge pier measurement According to the data in Table 4, we can see that the error
points. generated when the load is 10 N is larger than the error
x y z X Y Z generated when the load is 20 N. In order to observe the data
in the table more intuitively, we convert the data in the table
1 42.96 39.66 36.22 28 15 11
2 54.08 44.32 37.61 39 31 13 into a graph form, and the final result is shown in Figure 4.
3 53.51 43.45 48.14 40 28 35 According to the data in Figure 4, we can see that under
4 53.09 33.97 47.31 37 8 33 the condition of a load of 10 N, the close-range photo-
5 51.28 45.21 35.82 35 33 10 grammetry technique has a maximum error of position 1,
6 46.25 52.44 37.46 34 36 15 with an error value of 5.69%, and a minimum error of
position 4, with an error value of 2.36%. When the load is 20
N, the maximum error is No. 1 position, the error value is
no-load measurement point X-axis coordinate range be- 1.86%, the minimum error is No. 6 position, and the error
tween 40 and 50 and maximum and minimum values are value is 0.74%. This can be seen from the data in the figure
49.03 and 42.36, respectively, and Y coordinates range be- that the error generated when the load of each measuring
tween −4 and −8 and maximum and minimum values of 4.92 point is 10 N is greater than the error generated when the
and 7.79, respectively. The X-axis coordinate range of the load is 20 N.
bridge cable under 10 N and 20 N loads is consistent with
that under no load. The X-axis maximum and minimum
values of the measuring points under 10 N loads are 49.06 4.2.4. Error Analysis of Measuring Points. The measurement
and 42.38, respectively, and the Y-axis maximum and errors of the six measurement points on X-axis, Y-axis, Z-
minimum values are −4.81 and −7.76, respectively. Under axis, and the direction of point position were analyzed,
the action of 20 N load, the maximum and minimum values and the accuracy values of each measurement point on X-
of X-axis coordinates of the measurement point are 49.01 axis, Y-axis, Z–axis, and the direction of point position
and 42.33, respectively, and the maximum and minimum were calculated. The statistical results were shown in
values of Y-axis are −4.77 and −7.74, respectively. It can be Table 5 (unit: mm).
seen that the spatial coordinates of bridge cable deformation According to the data in Table 5, we can see the error
have little difference, and the coordinates of measuring values of the six measurement points on the X-axis, Y-axis,
points have little change. Z-axis, and the point direction. According to the data in the
table, the error of the measurement points can be analyzed.
4.2.3. Analysis of Accuracy of Close-Range Photogrammetry. In order to observe the data in the table more intuitively, we
In order to verify the accuracy of the close-range photo- convert the data in the table into a graph form, and the final
grammetry technique, two methods are used to compare the result is shown in Figure 5.
measurement results. The calculation results of the bridge According to the data in Figure 5, we can see that the
cables under the 10 N and 20 N loads and the measurement largest measurement error of these six measurement points
results obtained by the close-range photogrammetry tech- in the X-axis direction is point 5, and the error value is
nique are statistically calculated, and the error values are 1.135 mm. The largest measurement error in the Y-axis
calculated. The final results are shown in Table 4. direction is point 1, with an error value of 1.879 mm. The
Advances in Civil Engineering 7

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
1 2 3 4 5 6

x X
y Y
z Z
Figure 2: The coordinate statistics of the bridge pier measurement points.

Table 3: Cable deformation coordinate statistics.

No load-X No load-Y 10 N-X 10 N-Y 20 N-X 20 N-Y
1 44.39 −4.92 44.37 −4.81 44.41 −4.77
2 43.38 −5.18 43.41 −5.22 43.36 −5.16
3 49.03 −6.04 49.06 −6.11 49.01 −6.08
4 45.56 −6.16 45.53 −6.13 45.59 −6.1
5 47.63 −7.18 47.66 −7.21 47.62 −7.16
6 42.36 −7.79 42.38 −7.76 42.33 −7.74

Cable coordinate statistics

160 0
–4.92 –5.18 –6.04 –6.16
–7.18
140
–7.79
–5
120 49.01 47.62
44.41 43.36
–4.81 45.59
X-axis coordinates

Y-axis coordinates

–5.22 –6.11 –6.13 42.33

100 –10
–4.77 –7.21 –7.76
80 –5.16
44.37 45.53
60 43.41 49.06 47.66 –15
–6.08
–6.1 42.38
40
–7.16 –20
44.39 –7.74
20
43.38 49.03 45.56 47.63 42.36
0 –25
1 2 3 4 5 6
Measuring point

No load-X No load-Y
10N-X 10N-Y
20N-X 20 N-Y
Figure 3: Coordinate statistics of bridge cable deformation.
8 Advances in Civil Engineering

Table 4: Comparison of cable deformation.

Calculated-10 N Measurements-10 N Error-10 N (%) Calculated-20 N Measurements-20 N Error-20 N (%)
1 1.23 1.3 5.69 2.15 2.19 1.86
2 1.12 1.07 4.46 2.42 2.4 0.83
3 1.19 1.1 7.56 2.23 2.26 1.35
4 1.27 1.3 2.36 2.82 2.78 1.42
5 1.03 1.0 2.91 2.58 2.61 1.16
6 1.34 1.3 2.99 2.71 2.69 0.74

Comparison of cable deformation

3 8.00

7.00
2.5 2.42
2.23 2.82 2.58
2.15 6.00
2.71
2
5.00
Load action

Error (%)
1.5 1.34 4.00
1.3 1.27 1.3 1.3
1.23 1.19
1.12 1.07 1.1
1.03 1 3.00
1
2.00
0.5
1.00
2.19 2.4 2.26 2.78 2.61 2.69
0 0.00
1 2 3 4 5 6
Measuring point

Error-10 N Calculated-20 N
Error-20N Measurements-20 N
Calculated-10N Measurements-10 N
Figure 4: Comparison of deformation of bridge cables.

Table 5: Accuracy statistics of measuring points. data of measurement points. By comparing with the actual
X Y Z Point position values, the advantages of the measurement and calculation
1 0.539 1.879 0.527 1.623 method selected in this paper were analyzed. The calculation
2 0.655 1.759 0.487 1.952 results are shown in Table 6.
3 0.342 1.412 0.478 1.369 According to the data in Table 6, we can see that the
4 0.829 1.543 0.277 1.293 measurement calculation method with the smallest differ-
5 1.135 1.621 0.661 1.082 ence from the actual value is the direct linear transformation
6 0.257 1.733 0.515 1.334 method, and the other methods have more errors. In order
to observe the data in the table more intuitively, we convert
largest measurement error in the Z-axis direction is point 5, the data in the table into a graph form, and the final result is
and the error value is 0.661 mm. The point with the largest shown in Figure 6.
measurement error is point 2, with an error value of According to the data in Figure 6, we can see that the
1.952 mm. It can be seen that the coordinate error of the results obtained by the total station measurement and cal-
measuring point in this experiment is not big, and the culation method are reduced by about 0.004∼0.007 mm
measuring instrument used is more accurate. compared with the actual value; the results obtained by the
direct linear transformation method are increased by about
0.002∼0.004 mm compared with the actual value; and the
4.3. Comparison of Measurement Performance of Different results obtained by other measurement and calculation
Methods. Under the same conditions, total station method, methods are increased by about 0.004∼0.006 mm compared
direct linear transformation method, and other photo- with the actual value. Thus, the difference between the results
grammetric methods were used to calculate and analyze the obtained by the direct linear transformation calculation
Advances in Civil Engineering 9

Measurement point accuracy

6 0.257 1.733 0.515 1.334

5 1.135 1.621 0.661 1.082

Measuring point
4 0.829 1.543 0.277 1.293

3 0.342 1.412 0.478 1.369

2 0.655 1.759 0.487 1.952

1 0.539 1.879 0.527 1.623

1 2 3 4 5 6
X 0.539 0.655 0.342 0.829 1.135 0.257
Y 1.879 1.759 1.412 1.543 1.621 1.733
Z 0.527 0.487 0.478 0.277 0.661 0.515
Point position 1.623 1.952 1.369 1.293 1.082 1.334
Precision
Figure 5: Accuracy statistics of measurement points.

Table 6: Comparison table of calculation results of different methods.

Actual value Total station DLT Others
1 1.322 1.315 1.326 1.328
2 1.641 1.637 1.644 1.649
3 1.417 1.412 1.419 1.421
4 2.364 2.358 2.366 2.368
5 1.846 1.841 1.848 1.850
6 2.231 2.224 2.235 2.237

Comparison of calculation results

10
9
8 2.368
2.237
7
Calculated value

1.85
6 2.366
1.649
2.235
5 1.328 1.421
1.848
4 1.644
1.326 1.419 2.358
3 2.224
1.841
1.637
2 1.315 1.412
1 2.364 2.231
1.641 1.417 1.846
1.322
0
1 2 3 4 5 6
Measuring point

Actual value DLT

Total station Others
Figure 6: Comparison of calculation results of different methods.
10 Advances in Civil Engineering

method and the actual value is the smallest, indicating that Acknowledgments
the method used in this paper has a better performance in
calculation and measurement. This work was supported by the Open Fund of the State Key
Laboratory of Mountain Bridge and Tunnel Engineering
(SKLBT-19-005).
5. Conclusions
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